docs/devel/loads-stores.rst - qemu - Git at Google

 ..
    Copyright (c) 2017 Linaro Limited
    Written by Peter Maydell

 ===================
 Load and Store APIs
 ===================

 QEMU internally has multiple families of functions for performing
 loads and stores. This document attempts to enumerate them all
 and indicate when to use them. It does not provide detailed
 documentation of each API -- for that you should look at the
 documentation comments in the relevant header files.


 ``ld*_p and st*_p``
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

 These functions operate on a host pointer, and should be used
 when you already have a pointer into host memory (corresponding
 to guest ram or a local buffer). They deal with doing accesses
 with the desired endianness and with correctly handling
 potentially unaligned pointer values.

 Function names follow the pattern:

 load: ``ld{type}{sign}{size}_{endian}_p(ptr)``

 store: ``st{type}{size}_{endian}_p(ptr, val)``

 ``type``
  - (empty) : integer access
  - ``f`` : float access

 ``sign``
  - (empty) : for 32 or 64 bit sizes (including floats and doubles)
  - ``u`` : unsigned
  - ``s`` : signed

 ``size``
  - ``b`` : 8 bits
  - ``w`` : 16 bits
  - ``l`` : 32 bits
  - ``q`` : 64 bits

 ``endian``
  - ``he`` : host endian
  - ``be`` : big endian
  - ``le`` : little endian

 The ``_{endian}`` infix is omitted for target-endian accesses.

 The target endian accessors are only available to source
 files which are built per-target.

 There are also functions which take the size as an argument:

 load: ``ldn{endian}_p(ptr, sz)``

 which performs an unsigned load of ``sz`` bytes from ``ptr``
 as an ``{endian}`` order value and returns it in a uint64_t.

 store: ``stn{endian}_p(ptr, sz, val)``

 which stores ``val`` to ``ptr`` as an ``{endian}`` order value
 of size ``sz`` bytes.


 Regexes for git grep
  - ``\<ldf\?[us]\?[bwlq]\(_[hbl]e\)\?_p\>``
  - ``\<stf\?[bwlq]\(_[hbl]e\)\?_p\>``
  - ``\<ldn_\([hbl]e\)?_p\>``
  - ``\<stn_\([hbl]e\)?_p\>``

 ``cpu_{ld,st}*_mmuidx_ra``
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

 These functions operate on a guest virtual address plus a context,
 known as a "mmu index" or ``mmuidx``, which controls how that virtual
 address is translated.  The meaning of the indexes are target specific,
 but specifying a particular index might be necessary if, for instance,
 the helper requires an "always as non-privileged" access rather that
 the default access for the current state of the guest CPU.

 These functions may cause a guest CPU exception to be taken
 (e.g. for an alignment fault or MMU fault) which will result in
 guest CPU state being updated and control longjmp'ing out of the
 function call.  They should therefore only be used in code that is
 implementing emulation of the guest CPU.

 The ``retaddr`` parameter is used to control unwinding of the
 guest CPU state in case of a guest CPU exception.  This is passed
 to ``cpu_restore_state()``.  Therefore the value should either be 0,
 to indicate that the guest CPU state is already synchronized, or
 the result of ``GETPC()`` from the top level ``HELPER(foo)``
 function, which is a return address into the generated code.

 Function names follow the pattern:

 load: ``cpu_ld{sign}{size}{end}_mmuidx_ra(env, ptr, mmuidx, retaddr)``

 store: ``cpu_st{size}{end}_mmuidx_ra(env, ptr, val, mmuidx, retaddr)``

 ``sign``
  - (empty) : for 32 or 64 bit sizes
  - ``u`` : unsigned
  - ``s`` : signed

 ``size``
  - ``b`` : 8 bits
  - ``w`` : 16 bits
  - ``l`` : 32 bits
  - ``q`` : 64 bits

 ``end``
  - (empty) : for target endian, or 8 bit sizes
  - ``_be`` : big endian
  - ``_le`` : little endian

 Regexes for git grep:
  - ``\<cpu_ld[us]\?[bwlq](_[bl]e)\?_mmuidx_ra\>``
  - ``\<cpu_st[bwlq](_[bl]e)\?_mmuidx_ra\>``

 ``cpu_{ld,st}*_data_ra``
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

 These functions work like the ``cpu_{ld,st}_mmuidx_ra`` functions
 except that the ``mmuidx`` parameter is taken from the current mode
 of the guest CPU, as determined by ``cpu_mmu_index(env, false)``.

 These are generally the preferred way to do accesses by guest
 virtual address from helper functions, unless the access should
 be performed with a context other than the default.

 Function names follow the pattern:

 load: ``cpu_ld{sign}{size}{end}_data_ra(env, ptr, ra)``

 store: ``cpu_st{size}{end}_data_ra(env, ptr, val, ra)``

 ``sign``
  - (empty) : for 32 or 64 bit sizes
  - ``u`` : unsigned
  - ``s`` : signed

 ``size``
  - ``b`` : 8 bits
  - ``w`` : 16 bits
  - ``l`` : 32 bits
  - ``q`` : 64 bits

 ``end``
  - (empty) : for target endian, or 8 bit sizes
  - ``_be`` : big endian
  - ``_le`` : little endian

 Regexes for git grep:
  - ``\<cpu_ld[us]\?[bwlq](_[bl]e)\?_data_ra\>``
  - ``\<cpu_st[bwlq](_[bl]e)\?_data_ra\>``

 ``cpu_{ld,st}*_data``
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

 These functions work like the ``cpu_{ld,st}_data_ra`` functions
 except that the ``retaddr`` parameter is 0, and thus does not
 unwind guest CPU state.

 This means they must only be used from helper functions where the
 translator has saved all necessary CPU state.  These functions are
 the right choice for calls made from hooks like the CPU ``do_interrupt``
 hook or when you know for certain that the translator had to save all
 the CPU state anyway.

 Function names follow the pattern:

 load: ``cpu_ld{sign}{size}{end}_data(env, ptr)``

 store: ``cpu_st{size}{end}_data(env, ptr, val)``

 ``sign``
  - (empty) : for 32 or 64 bit sizes
  - ``u`` : unsigned
  - ``s`` : signed

 ``size``
  - ``b`` : 8 bits
  - ``w`` : 16 bits
  - ``l`` : 32 bits
  - ``q`` : 64 bits

 ``end``
  - (empty) : for target endian, or 8 bit sizes
  - ``_be`` : big endian
  - ``_le`` : little endian

 Regexes for git grep
  - ``\<cpu_ld[us]\?[bwlq](_[bl]e)\?_data\>``
  - ``\<cpu_st[bwlq](_[bl]e)\?_data\+\>``

 ``cpu_ld*_code``
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

 These functions perform a read for instruction execution.  The ``mmuidx``
 parameter is taken from the current mode of the guest CPU, as determined
 by ``cpu_mmu_index(env, true)``.  The ``retaddr`` parameter is 0, and
 thus does not unwind guest CPU state, because CPU state is always
 synchronized while translating instructions.  Any guest CPU exception
 that is raised will indicate an instruction execution fault rather than
 a data read fault.

 In general these functions should not be used directly during translation.
 There are wrapper functions that are to be used which also take care of
 plugins for tracing.

 Function names follow the pattern:

 load: ``cpu_ld{sign}{size}_code(env, ptr)``

 ``sign``
  - (empty) : for 32 or 64 bit sizes
  - ``u`` : unsigned
  - ``s`` : signed

 ``size``
  - ``b`` : 8 bits
  - ``w`` : 16 bits
  - ``l`` : 32 bits
  - ``q`` : 64 bits

 Regexes for git grep:
  - ``\<cpu_ld[us]\?[bwlq]_code\>``

 ``translator_ld*``
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

 These functions are a wrapper for ``cpu_ld*_code`` which also perform
 any actions required by any tracing plugins.  They are only to be
 called during the translator callback ``translate_insn``.

 There is a set of functions ending in ``_swap`` which, if the parameter
 is true, returns the value in the endianness that is the reverse of
 the guest native endianness, as determined by ``TARGET_WORDS_BIGENDIAN``.

 Function names follow the pattern:

 load: ``translator_ld{sign}{size}(env, ptr)``

 swap: ``translator_ld{sign}{size}_swap(env, ptr, swap)``

 ``sign``
  - (empty) : for 32 or 64 bit sizes
  - ``u`` : unsigned
  - ``s`` : signed

 ``size``
  - ``b`` : 8 bits
  - ``w`` : 16 bits
  - ``l`` : 32 bits
  - ``q`` : 64 bits

 Regexes for git grep
  - ``\<translator_ld[us]\?[bwlq]\(_swap\)\?\>``

 ``helper_*_{ld,st}*_mmu``
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

 These functions are intended primarily to be called by the code
 generated by the TCG backend. They may also be called by target
 CPU helper function code. Like the ``cpu_{ld,st}_mmuidx_ra`` functions
 they perform accesses by guest virtual address, with a given ``mmuidx``.

 These functions specify an ``opindex`` parameter which encodes
 (among other things) the mmu index to use for the access.  This parameter
 should be created by calling ``make_memop_idx()``.

 The ``retaddr`` parameter should be the result of GETPC() called directly
 from the top level HELPER(foo) function (or 0 if no guest CPU state
 unwinding is required).

 **TODO** The names of these functions are a bit odd for historical
 reasons because they were originally expected to be called only from
 within generated code. We should rename them to bring them more in
 line with the other memory access functions. The explicit endianness
 is the only feature they have beyond ``*_mmuidx_ra``.

 load: ``helper_{endian}_ld{sign}{size}_mmu(env, addr, opindex, retaddr)``

 store: ``helper_{endian}_st{size}_mmu(env, addr, val, opindex, retaddr)``

 ``sign``
  - (empty) : for 32 or 64 bit sizes
  - ``u`` : unsigned
  - ``s`` : signed

 ``size``
  - ``b`` : 8 bits
  - ``w`` : 16 bits
  - ``l`` : 32 bits
  - ``q`` : 64 bits

 ``endian``
  - ``le`` : little endian
  - ``be`` : big endian
  - ``ret`` : target endianness

 Regexes for git grep
  - ``\<helper_\(le\|be\|ret\)_ld[us]\?[bwlq]_mmu\>``
  - ``\<helper_\(le\|be\|ret\)_st[bwlq]_mmu\>``

 ``address_space_*``
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

 These functions are the primary ones to use when emulating CPU
 or device memory accesses. They take an AddressSpace, which is the
 way QEMU defines the view of memory that a device or CPU has.
 (They generally correspond to being the "master" end of a hardware bus
 or bus fabric.)

 Each CPU has an AddressSpace. Some kinds of CPU have more than
 one AddressSpace (for instance Arm guest CPUs have an AddressSpace
 for the Secure world and one for NonSecure if they implement TrustZone).
 Devices which can do DMA-type operations should generally have an
 AddressSpace. There is also a "system address space" which typically
 has all the devices and memory that all CPUs can see. (Some older
 device models use the "system address space" rather than properly
 modelling that they have an AddressSpace of their own.)

 Functions are provided for doing byte-buffer reads and writes,
 and also for doing one-data-item loads and stores.

 In all cases the caller provides a MemTxAttrs to specify bus
 transaction attributes, and can check whether the memory transaction
 succeeded using a MemTxResult return code.

 ``address_space_read(address_space, addr, attrs, buf, len)``

 ``address_space_write(address_space, addr, attrs, buf, len)``

 ``address_space_rw(address_space, addr, attrs, buf, len, is_write)``

 ``address_space_ld{sign}{size}_{endian}(address_space, addr, attrs, txresult)``

 ``address_space_st{size}_{endian}(address_space, addr, val, attrs, txresult)``

 ``sign``
  - (empty) : for 32 or 64 bit sizes
  - ``u`` : unsigned

 (No signed load operations are provided.)

 ``size``
  - ``b`` : 8 bits
  - ``w`` : 16 bits
  - ``l`` : 32 bits
  - ``q`` : 64 bits

 ``endian``
  - ``le`` : little endian
  - ``be`` : big endian

 The ``_{endian}`` suffix is omitted for byte accesses.

 Regexes for git grep
  - ``\<address_space_\(read\|write\|rw\)\>``
  - ``\<address_space_ldu\?[bwql]\(_[lb]e\)\?\>``
  - ``\<address_space_st[bwql]\(_[lb]e\)\?\>``

 ``address_space_write_rom``
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

 This function performs a write by physical address like
 ``address_space_write``, except that if the write is to a ROM then
 the ROM contents will be modified, even though a write by the guest
 CPU to the ROM would be ignored. This is used for non-guest writes
 like writes from the gdb debug stub or initial loading of ROM contents.

 Note that portions of the write which attempt to write data to a
 device will be silently ignored -- only real RAM and ROM will
 be written to.

 Regexes for git grep
  - ``address_space_write_rom``

 ``{ld,st}*_phys``
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

 These are functions which are identical to
 ``address_space_{ld,st}*``, except that they always pass
 ``MEMTXATTRS_UNSPECIFIED`` for the transaction attributes, and ignore
 whether the transaction succeeded or failed.

 The fact that they ignore whether the transaction succeeded means
 they should not be used in new code, unless you know for certain
 that your code will only be used in a context where the CPU or
 device doing the access has no way to report such an error.

 ``load: ld{sign}{size}_{endian}_phys``

 ``store: st{size}_{endian}_phys``

 ``sign``
  - (empty) : for 32 or 64 bit sizes
  - ``u`` : unsigned

 (No signed load operations are provided.)

 ``size``
  - ``b`` : 8 bits
  - ``w`` : 16 bits
  - ``l`` : 32 bits
  - ``q`` : 64 bits

 ``endian``
  - ``le`` : little endian
  - ``be`` : big endian

 The ``_{endian}_`` infix is omitted for byte accesses.

 Regexes for git grep
  - ``\<ldu\?[bwlq]\(_[bl]e\)\?_phys\>``
  - ``\<st[bwlq]\(_[bl]e\)\?_phys\>``

 ``cpu_physical_memory_*``
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

 These are convenience functions which are identical to
 ``address_space_*`` but operate specifically on the system address space,
 always pass a ``MEMTXATTRS_UNSPECIFIED`` set of memory attributes and
 ignore whether the memory transaction succeeded or failed.
 For new code they are better avoided:

 * there is likely to be behaviour you need to model correctly for a
   failed read or write operation
 * a device should usually perform operations on its own AddressSpace
   rather than using the system address space

 ``cpu_physical_memory_read``

 ``cpu_physical_memory_write``

 ``cpu_physical_memory_rw``

 Regexes for git grep
  - ``\<cpu_physical_memory_\(read\|write\|rw\)\>``

 ``cpu_memory_rw_debug``
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

 Access CPU memory by virtual address for debug purposes.

 This function is intended for use by the GDB stub and similar code.
 It takes a virtual address, converts it to a physical address via
 an MMU lookup using the current settings of the specified CPU,
 and then performs the access (using ``address_space_rw`` for
 reads or ``cpu_physical_memory_write_rom`` for writes).
 This means that if the access is a write to a ROM then this
 function will modify the contents (whereas a normal guest CPU access
 would ignore the write attempt).

 ``cpu_memory_rw_debug``

 ``dma_memory_*``
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

 These behave like ``address_space_*``, except that they perform a DMA
 barrier operation first.

 **TODO**: We should provide guidance on when you need the DMA
 barrier operation and when it's OK to use ``address_space_*``, and
 make sure our existing code is doing things correctly.

 ``dma_memory_read``

 ``dma_memory_write``

 ``dma_memory_rw``

 Regexes for git grep
  - ``\<dma_memory_\(read\|write\|rw\)\>``

 ``pci_dma_*`` and ``{ld,st}*_pci_dma``
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

 These functions are specifically for PCI device models which need to
 perform accesses where the PCI device is a bus master. You pass them a
 ``PCIDevice *`` and they will do ``dma_memory_*`` operations on the
 correct address space for that device.

 ``pci_dma_read``

 ``pci_dma_write``

 ``pci_dma_rw``

 ``load: ld{sign}{size}_{endian}_pci_dma``

 ``store: st{size}_{endian}_pci_dma``

 ``sign``
  - (empty) : for 32 or 64 bit sizes
  - ``u`` : unsigned

 (No signed load operations are provided.)

 ``size``
  - ``b`` : 8 bits
  - ``w`` : 16 bits
  - ``l`` : 32 bits
  - ``q`` : 64 bits

 ``endian``
  - ``le`` : little endian
  - ``be`` : big endian

 The ``_{endian}_`` infix is omitted for byte accesses.

 Regexes for git grep
  - ``\<pci_dma_\(read\|write\|rw\)\>``
  - ``\<ldu\?[bwlq]\(_[bl]e\)\?_pci_dma\>``
  - ``\<st[bwlq]\(_[bl]e\)\?_pci_dma\>``
	..
	Copyright (c) 2017 Linaro Limited
	Written by Peter Maydell

	===================
	Load and Store APIs
	===================

	QEMU internally has multiple families of functions for performing
	loads and stores. This document attempts to enumerate them all
	and indicate when to use them. It does not provide detailed
	documentation of each API -- for that you should look at the
	documentation comments in the relevant header files.


	``ld_p and st_p``
	~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

	These functions operate on a host pointer, and should be used
	when you already have a pointer into host memory (corresponding
	to guest ram or a local buffer). They deal with doing accesses
	with the desired endianness and with correctly handling
	potentially unaligned pointer values.

	Function names follow the pattern:

	load: ``ld{type}{sign}{size}_{endian}_p(ptr)``

	store: ``st{type}{size}_{endian}_p(ptr, val)``

	``type``
	- (empty) : integer access
	- ``f`` : float access

	``sign``
	- (empty) : for 32 or 64 bit sizes (including floats and doubles)
	- ``u`` : unsigned
	- ``s`` : signed

	``size``
	- ``b`` : 8 bits
	- ``w`` : 16 bits
	- ``l`` : 32 bits
	- ``q`` : 64 bits

	``endian``
	- ``he`` : host endian
	- ``be`` : big endian
	- ``le`` : little endian

	The ``_{endian}`` infix is omitted for target-endian accesses.

	The target endian accessors are only available to source
	files which are built per-target.

	There are also functions which take the size as an argument:

	load: ``ldn{endian}_p(ptr, sz)``

	which performs an unsigned load of ``sz`` bytes from ``ptr``
	as an ``{endian}`` order value and returns it in a uint64_t.

	store: ``stn{endian}_p(ptr, sz, val)``

	which stores ``val`` to ``ptr`` as an ``{endian}`` order value
	of size ``sz`` bytes.


	Regexes for git grep
	- ``\<ldf\?[us]\?[bwlq]\(_[hbl]e\)\?_p\>``
	- ``\<stf\?[bwlq]\(_[hbl]e\)\?_p\>``
	- ``\<ldn_\([hbl]e\)?_p\>``
	- ``\<stn_\([hbl]e\)?_p\>``

	``cpu_{ld,st}*_mmuidx_ra``
	~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

	These functions operate on a guest virtual address plus a context,
	known as a "mmu index" or ``mmuidx``, which controls how that virtual
	address is translated. The meaning of the indexes are target specific,
	but specifying a particular index might be necessary if, for instance,
	the helper requires an "always as non-privileged" access rather that
	the default access for the current state of the guest CPU.

	These functions may cause a guest CPU exception to be taken
	(e.g. for an alignment fault or MMU fault) which will result in
	guest CPU state being updated and control longjmp'ing out of the
	function call. They should therefore only be used in code that is
	implementing emulation of the guest CPU.

	The ``retaddr`` parameter is used to control unwinding of the
	guest CPU state in case of a guest CPU exception. This is passed
	to ``cpu_restore_state()``. Therefore the value should either be 0,
	to indicate that the guest CPU state is already synchronized, or
	the result of ``GETPC()`` from the top level ``HELPER(foo)``
	function, which is a return address into the generated code.

	Function names follow the pattern:

	load: ``cpu_ld{sign}{size}{end}_mmuidx_ra(env, ptr, mmuidx, retaddr)``

	store: ``cpu_st{size}{end}_mmuidx_ra(env, ptr, val, mmuidx, retaddr)``

	``sign``
	- (empty) : for 32 or 64 bit sizes
	- ``u`` : unsigned
	- ``s`` : signed

	``size``
	- ``b`` : 8 bits
	- ``w`` : 16 bits
	- ``l`` : 32 bits
	- ``q`` : 64 bits

	``end``
	- (empty) : for target endian, or 8 bit sizes
	- ``_be`` : big endian
	- ``_le`` : little endian

	Regexes for git grep:
	- ``\<cpu_ld[us]\?[bwlq](_[bl]e)\?_mmuidx_ra\>``
	- ``\<cpu_st[bwlq](_[bl]e)\?_mmuidx_ra\>``

	``cpu_{ld,st}*_data_ra``
	~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

	These functions work like the ``cpu_{ld,st}_mmuidx_ra`` functions
	except that the ``mmuidx`` parameter is taken from the current mode
	of the guest CPU, as determined by ``cpu_mmu_index(env, false)``.

	These are generally the preferred way to do accesses by guest
	virtual address from helper functions, unless the access should
	be performed with a context other than the default.

	Function names follow the pattern:

	load: ``cpu_ld{sign}{size}{end}_data_ra(env, ptr, ra)``

	store: ``cpu_st{size}{end}_data_ra(env, ptr, val, ra)``

	``sign``
	- (empty) : for 32 or 64 bit sizes
	- ``u`` : unsigned
	- ``s`` : signed

	``size``
	- ``b`` : 8 bits
	- ``w`` : 16 bits
	- ``l`` : 32 bits
	- ``q`` : 64 bits

	``end``
	- (empty) : for target endian, or 8 bit sizes
	- ``_be`` : big endian
	- ``_le`` : little endian

	Regexes for git grep:
	- ``\<cpu_ld[us]\?[bwlq](_[bl]e)\?_data_ra\>``
	- ``\<cpu_st[bwlq](_[bl]e)\?_data_ra\>``

	``cpu_{ld,st}*_data``
	~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

	These functions work like the ``cpu_{ld,st}_data_ra`` functions
	except that the ``retaddr`` parameter is 0, and thus does not
	unwind guest CPU state.

	This means they must only be used from helper functions where the
	translator has saved all necessary CPU state. These functions are
	the right choice for calls made from hooks like the CPU ``do_interrupt``
	hook or when you know for certain that the translator had to save all
	the CPU state anyway.

	Function names follow the pattern:

	load: ``cpu_ld{sign}{size}{end}_data(env, ptr)``

	store: ``cpu_st{size}{end}_data(env, ptr, val)``

	``sign``
	- (empty) : for 32 or 64 bit sizes
	- ``u`` : unsigned
	- ``s`` : signed

	``size``
	- ``b`` : 8 bits
	- ``w`` : 16 bits
	- ``l`` : 32 bits
	- ``q`` : 64 bits

	``end``
	- (empty) : for target endian, or 8 bit sizes
	- ``_be`` : big endian
	- ``_le`` : little endian

	Regexes for git grep
	- ``\<cpu_ld[us]\?[bwlq](_[bl]e)\?_data\>``
	- ``\<cpu_st[bwlq](_[bl]e)\?_data\+\>``

	``cpu_ld*_code``
	~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

	These functions perform a read for instruction execution. The ``mmuidx``
	parameter is taken from the current mode of the guest CPU, as determined
	by ``cpu_mmu_index(env, true)``. The ``retaddr`` parameter is 0, and
	thus does not unwind guest CPU state, because CPU state is always
	synchronized while translating instructions. Any guest CPU exception
	that is raised will indicate an instruction execution fault rather than
	a data read fault.

	In general these functions should not be used directly during translation.
	There are wrapper functions that are to be used which also take care of
	plugins for tracing.

	Function names follow the pattern:

	load: ``cpu_ld{sign}{size}_code(env, ptr)``

	``sign``
	- (empty) : for 32 or 64 bit sizes
	- ``u`` : unsigned
	- ``s`` : signed

	``size``
	- ``b`` : 8 bits
	- ``w`` : 16 bits
	- ``l`` : 32 bits
	- ``q`` : 64 bits

	Regexes for git grep:
	- ``\<cpu_ld[us]\?[bwlq]_code\>``

	``translator_ld*``
	~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

	These functions are a wrapper for ``cpu_ld*_code`` which also perform
	any actions required by any tracing plugins. They are only to be
	called during the translator callback ``translate_insn``.

	There is a set of functions ending in ``_swap`` which, if the parameter
	is true, returns the value in the endianness that is the reverse of
	the guest native endianness, as determined by ``TARGET_WORDS_BIGENDIAN``.

	Function names follow the pattern:

	load: ``translator_ld{sign}{size}(env, ptr)``

	swap: ``translator_ld{sign}{size}_swap(env, ptr, swap)``

	``sign``
	- (empty) : for 32 or 64 bit sizes
	- ``u`` : unsigned
	- ``s`` : signed

	``size``
	- ``b`` : 8 bits
	- ``w`` : 16 bits
	- ``l`` : 32 bits
	- ``q`` : 64 bits

	Regexes for git grep
	- ``\<translator_ld[us]\?[bwlq]\(_swap\)\?\>``

	``helper__{ld,st}_mmu``
	~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

	These functions are intended primarily to be called by the code
	generated by the TCG backend. They may also be called by target
	CPU helper function code. Like the ``cpu_{ld,st}_mmuidx_ra`` functions
	they perform accesses by guest virtual address, with a given ``mmuidx``.

	These functions specify an ``opindex`` parameter which encodes
	(among other things) the mmu index to use for the access. This parameter
	should be created by calling ``make_memop_idx()``.

	The ``retaddr`` parameter should be the result of GETPC() called directly
	from the top level HELPER(foo) function (or 0 if no guest CPU state
	unwinding is required).

	TODO The names of these functions are a bit odd for historical
	reasons because they were originally expected to be called only from
	within generated code. We should rename them to bring them more in
	line with the other memory access functions. The explicit endianness
	is the only feature they have beyond ``*_mmuidx_ra``.

	load: ``helper_{endian}_ld{sign}{size}_mmu(env, addr, opindex, retaddr)``

	store: ``helper_{endian}_st{size}_mmu(env, addr, val, opindex, retaddr)``

	``sign``
	- (empty) : for 32 or 64 bit sizes
	- ``u`` : unsigned
	- ``s`` : signed

	``size``
	- ``b`` : 8 bits
	- ``w`` : 16 bits
	- ``l`` : 32 bits
	- ``q`` : 64 bits

	``endian``
	- ``le`` : little endian
	- ``be`` : big endian
	- ``ret`` : target endianness

	Regexes for git grep
	- ``\<helper_\(le\\|be\\|ret\)_ld[us]\?[bwlq]_mmu\>``
	- ``\<helper_\(le\\|be\\|ret\)_st[bwlq]_mmu\>``

	``address_space_*``
	~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

	These functions are the primary ones to use when emulating CPU
	or device memory accesses. They take an AddressSpace, which is the
	way QEMU defines the view of memory that a device or CPU has.
	(They generally correspond to being the "master" end of a hardware bus
	or bus fabric.)

	Each CPU has an AddressSpace. Some kinds of CPU have more than
	one AddressSpace (for instance Arm guest CPUs have an AddressSpace
	for the Secure world and one for NonSecure if they implement TrustZone).
	Devices which can do DMA-type operations should generally have an
	AddressSpace. There is also a "system address space" which typically
	has all the devices and memory that all CPUs can see. (Some older
	device models use the "system address space" rather than properly
	modelling that they have an AddressSpace of their own.)

	Functions are provided for doing byte-buffer reads and writes,
	and also for doing one-data-item loads and stores.

	In all cases the caller provides a MemTxAttrs to specify bus
	transaction attributes, and can check whether the memory transaction
	succeeded using a MemTxResult return code.

	``address_space_read(address_space, addr, attrs, buf, len)``

	``address_space_write(address_space, addr, attrs, buf, len)``

	``address_space_rw(address_space, addr, attrs, buf, len, is_write)``

	``address_space_ld{sign}{size}_{endian}(address_space, addr, attrs, txresult)``

	``address_space_st{size}_{endian}(address_space, addr, val, attrs, txresult)``

	``sign``
	- (empty) : for 32 or 64 bit sizes
	- ``u`` : unsigned

	(No signed load operations are provided.)

	``size``
	- ``b`` : 8 bits
	- ``w`` : 16 bits
	- ``l`` : 32 bits
	- ``q`` : 64 bits

	``endian``
	- ``le`` : little endian
	- ``be`` : big endian

	The ``_{endian}`` suffix is omitted for byte accesses.

	Regexes for git grep
	- ``\<address_space_\(read\\|write\\|rw\)\>``
	- ``\<address_space_ldu\?[bwql]\(_[lb]e\)\?\>``
	- ``\<address_space_st[bwql]\(_[lb]e\)\?\>``

	``address_space_write_rom``
	~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

	This function performs a write by physical address like
	``address_space_write``, except that if the write is to a ROM then
	the ROM contents will be modified, even though a write by the guest
	CPU to the ROM would be ignored. This is used for non-guest writes
	like writes from the gdb debug stub or initial loading of ROM contents.

	Note that portions of the write which attempt to write data to a
	device will be silently ignored -- only real RAM and ROM will
	be written to.

	Regexes for git grep
	- ``address_space_write_rom``

	``{ld,st}*_phys``
	~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

	These are functions which are identical to
	``address_space_{ld,st}*``, except that they always pass
	``MEMTXATTRS_UNSPECIFIED`` for the transaction attributes, and ignore
	whether the transaction succeeded or failed.

	The fact that they ignore whether the transaction succeeded means
	they should not be used in new code, unless you know for certain
	that your code will only be used in a context where the CPU or
	device doing the access has no way to report such an error.

	``load: ld{sign}{size}_{endian}_phys``

	``store: st{size}_{endian}_phys``

	``sign``
	- (empty) : for 32 or 64 bit sizes
	- ``u`` : unsigned

	(No signed load operations are provided.)

	``size``
	- ``b`` : 8 bits
	- ``w`` : 16 bits
	- ``l`` : 32 bits
	- ``q`` : 64 bits

	``endian``
	- ``le`` : little endian
	- ``be`` : big endian

	The ``_{endian}_`` infix is omitted for byte accesses.

	Regexes for git grep
	- ``\<ldu\?[bwlq]\(_[bl]e\)\?_phys\>``
	- ``\<st[bwlq]\(_[bl]e\)\?_phys\>``

	``cpu_physical_memory_*``
	~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

	These are convenience functions which are identical to
	``address_space_*`` but operate specifically on the system address space,
	always pass a ``MEMTXATTRS_UNSPECIFIED`` set of memory attributes and
	ignore whether the memory transaction succeeded or failed.
	For new code they are better avoided:

	* there is likely to be behaviour you need to model correctly for a
	failed read or write operation
	* a device should usually perform operations on its own AddressSpace
	rather than using the system address space

	``cpu_physical_memory_read``

	``cpu_physical_memory_write``

	``cpu_physical_memory_rw``

	Regexes for git grep
	- ``\<cpu_physical_memory_\(read\\|write\\|rw\)\>``

	``cpu_memory_rw_debug``
	~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

	Access CPU memory by virtual address for debug purposes.

	This function is intended for use by the GDB stub and similar code.
	It takes a virtual address, converts it to a physical address via
	an MMU lookup using the current settings of the specified CPU,
	and then performs the access (using ``address_space_rw`` for
	reads or ``cpu_physical_memory_write_rom`` for writes).
	This means that if the access is a write to a ROM then this
	function will modify the contents (whereas a normal guest CPU access
	would ignore the write attempt).

	``cpu_memory_rw_debug``

	``dma_memory_*``
	~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

	These behave like ``address_space_*``, except that they perform a DMA
	barrier operation first.

	TODO: We should provide guidance on when you need the DMA
	barrier operation and when it's OK to use ``address_space_*``, and
	make sure our existing code is doing things correctly.

	``dma_memory_read``

	``dma_memory_write``

	``dma_memory_rw``

	Regexes for git grep
	- ``\<dma_memory_\(read\\|write\\|rw\)\>``

	``pci_dma_`` and ``{ld,st}_pci_dma``
	~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

	These functions are specifically for PCI device models which need to
	perform accesses where the PCI device is a bus master. You pass them a
	``PCIDevice `` and they will do ``dma_memory_`` operations on the
	correct address space for that device.

	``pci_dma_read``

	``pci_dma_write``

	``pci_dma_rw``

	``load: ld{sign}{size}_{endian}_pci_dma``

	``store: st{size}_{endian}_pci_dma``

	``sign``
	- (empty) : for 32 or 64 bit sizes
	- ``u`` : unsigned

	(No signed load operations are provided.)

	``size``
	- ``b`` : 8 bits
	- ``w`` : 16 bits
	- ``l`` : 32 bits
	- ``q`` : 64 bits

	``endian``
	- ``le`` : little endian
	- ``be`` : big endian

	The ``_{endian}_`` infix is omitted for byte accesses.

	Regexes for git grep
	- ``\<pci_dma_\(read\\|write\\|rw\)\>``
	- ``\<ldu\?[bwlq]\(_[bl]e\)\?_pci_dma\>``
	- ``\<st[bwlq]\(_[bl]e\)\?_pci_dma\>``