docs/system/s390x/cpu-topology.rst - qemu - Git at Google

 .. _cpu-topology-s390x:

 CPU topology on s390x
 =====================

 Since QEMU 8.2, CPU topology on s390x provides up to 3 levels of
 topology containers: drawers, books and sockets. They define a
 tree-shaped hierarchy.

 The socket container has one or more CPU entries.
 Each of these CPU entries consists of a bitmap and three CPU attributes:

 - CPU type
 - entitlement
 - dedication

 Each bit set in the bitmap correspond to a core-id of a vCPU with matching
 attributes.

 This documentation provides general information on S390 CPU topology,
 how to enable it and explains the new CPU attributes.
 For information on how to modify the S390 CPU topology and how to
 monitor polarization changes, see ``docs/devel/s390-cpu-topology.rst``.

 Prerequisites
 -------------

 To use the CPU topology, you currently need to choose the KVM accelerator.
 See :ref:`Accelerators` for more details about accelerators and how to select them.

 The s390x host needs to use a Linux kernel v6.0 or newer (which provides the so-called
 ``KVM_CAP_S390_CPU_TOPOLOGY`` capability that allows QEMU to signal the
 CPU topology facility via the so-called STFLE bit 11 to the VM).

 Enabling CPU topology
 ---------------------

 Currently, CPU topology is enabled by default only in the "host" CPU model.

 Enabling CPU topology in another CPU model is done by setting the CPU flag
 ``ctop`` to ``on`` as in:

 .. code-block:: bash

    -cpu gen16b,ctop=on

 Having the topology disabled by default allows migration between
 old and new QEMU without adding new flags.

 Default topology usage
 ----------------------

 The CPU topology can be specified on the QEMU command line
 with the ``-smp`` or the ``-device`` QEMU command arguments.

 Note also that since 7.2 threads are no longer supported in the topology
 and the ``-smp`` command line argument accepts only ``threads=1``.

 If none of the containers attributes (drawers, books, sockets) are
 specified for the ``-smp`` flag, the number of these containers
 is 1.

 Thus the following two options will result in the same topology:

 .. code-block:: bash

     -smp cpus=5,drawer=1,books=1,sockets=8,cores=4,maxcpus=32

 and

 .. code-block:: bash

     -smp cpus=5,sockets=8,cores=4,maxcpus=32

 When a CPU is defined by the ``-smp`` command argument, its position
 inside the topology is calculated by adding the CPUs to the topology
 based on the core-id starting with core-0 at position 0 of socket-0,
 book-0, drawer-0 and filling all CPUs of socket-0 before filling socket-1
 of book-0 and so on up to the last socket of the last book of the last
 drawer.

 When a CPU is defined by the ``-device`` command argument, the
 tree topology attributes must all be defined or all not defined.

 .. code-block:: bash

     -device gen16b-s390x-cpu,drawer-id=1,book-id=1,socket-id=2,core-id=1

 or

 .. code-block:: bash

     -device gen16b-s390x-cpu,core-id=1,dedicated=true

 If none of the tree attributes (drawer, book, sockets), are specified
 for the ``-device`` argument, like for all CPUs defined with the ``-smp``
 command argument the topology tree attributes will be set by simply
 adding the CPUs to the topology based on the core-id.

 QEMU will not try to resolve collisions and will report an error if the
 CPU topology defined explicitly or implicitly on a ``-device``
 argument collides with the definition of a CPU implicitly defined
 on the ``-smp`` argument.

 When the topology modifier attributes are not defined for the
 ``-device`` command argument they takes following default values:

 - dedicated: ``false``
 - entitlement: ``medium``


 Hot plug
 ++++++++

 New CPUs can be plugged using the device_add hmp command as in:

 .. code-block:: bash

   (qemu) device_add gen16b-s390x-cpu,core-id=9

 The placement of the CPU is derived from the core-id as described above.

 The topology can of course also be fully defined:

 .. code-block:: bash

     (qemu) device_add gen16b-s390x-cpu,drawer-id=1,book-id=1,socket-id=2,core-id=1


 Examples
 ++++++++

 In the following machine we define 8 sockets with 4 cores each.

 .. code-block:: bash

   $ qemu-system-s390x -accel kvm -m 2G \
     -cpu gen16b,ctop=on \
     -smp cpus=5,sockets=8,cores=4,maxcpus=32 \
     -device host-s390x-cpu,core-id=14 \

 A new CPUs can be plugged using the device_add hmp command as before:

 .. code-block:: bash

   (qemu) device_add gen16b-s390x-cpu,core-id=9

 The core-id defines the placement of the core in the topology by
 starting with core 0 in socket 0 up to maxcpus.

 In the example above:

 * There are 5 CPUs provided to the guest with the ``-smp`` command line
   They will take the core-ids 0,1,2,3,4
   As we have 4 cores in a socket, we have 4 CPUs provided
   to the guest in socket 0, with core-ids 0,1,2,3.
   The last CPU, with core-id 4, will be on socket 1.

 * the core with ID 14 provided by the ``-device`` command line will
   be placed in socket 3, with core-id 14

 * the core with ID 9 provided by the ``device_add`` qmp command will
   be placed in socket 2, with core-id 9


 Polarization, entitlement and dedication
 ----------------------------------------

 Polarization
 ++++++++++++

 The polarization affects how the CPUs of a shared host are utilized/distributed
 among guests.
 The guest determines the polarization by using the PTF instruction.

 Polarization defines two models of CPU provisioning: horizontal
 and vertical.

 The horizontal polarization is the default model on boot and after
 subsystem reset. When horizontal polarization is in effect all vCPUs should
 have about equal resource provisioning.

 In the vertical polarization model vCPUs are unequal, but overall more resources
 might be available.
 The guest can make use of the vCPU entitlement information provided by the host
 to optimize kernel thread scheduling.

 A subsystem reset puts all vCPU of the configuration into the
 horizontal polarization.

 Entitlement
 +++++++++++

 The vertical polarization specifies that the guest's vCPU can get
 different real CPU provisioning:

 - a vCPU with vertical high entitlement specifies that this
   vCPU gets 100% of the real CPU provisioning.

 - a vCPU with vertical medium entitlement specifies that this
   vCPU shares the real CPU with other vCPUs.

 - a vCPU with vertical low entitlement specifies that this
   vCPU only gets real CPU provisioning when no other vCPUs needs it.

 In the case a vCPU with vertical high entitlement does not use
 the real CPU, the unused "slack" can be dispatched to other vCPU
 with medium or low entitlement.

 A vCPU can be "dedicated" in which case the vCPU is fully dedicated to a single
 real CPU.

 The dedicated bit is an indication of affinity of a vCPU for a real CPU
 while the entitlement indicates the sharing or exclusivity of use.

 Defining the topology on the command line
 -----------------------------------------

 The topology can entirely be defined using -device cpu statements,
 with the exception of CPU 0 which must be defined with the -smp
 argument.

 For example, here we set the position of the cores 1,2,3 to
 drawer 1, book 1, socket 2 and cores 0,9 and 14 to drawer 0,
 book 0, socket 0 without defining entitlement or dedication.
 Core 4 will be set on its default position on socket 1
 (since we have 4 core per socket) and we define it as dedicated and
 with vertical high entitlement.

 .. code-block:: bash

   $ qemu-system-s390x -accel kvm -m 2G \
     -cpu gen16b,ctop=on \
     -smp cpus=1,sockets=8,cores=4,maxcpus=32 \
     \
     -device gen16b-s390x-cpu,drawer-id=1,book-id=1,socket-id=2,core-id=1 \
     -device gen16b-s390x-cpu,drawer-id=1,book-id=1,socket-id=2,core-id=2 \
     -device gen16b-s390x-cpu,drawer-id=1,book-id=1,socket-id=2,core-id=3 \
     \
     -device gen16b-s390x-cpu,drawer-id=0,book-id=0,socket-id=0,core-id=9 \
     -device gen16b-s390x-cpu,drawer-id=0,book-id=0,socket-id=0,core-id=14 \
     \
     -device gen16b-s390x-cpu,core-id=4,dedicated=on,entitlement=high

 The entitlement defined for the CPU 4 will only be used after the guest
 successfully enables vertical polarization by using the PTF instruction.
	.. _cpu-topology-s390x:

	CPU topology on s390x
	=====================

	Since QEMU 8.2, CPU topology on s390x provides up to 3 levels of
	topology containers: drawers, books and sockets. They define a
	tree-shaped hierarchy.

	The socket container has one or more CPU entries.
	Each of these CPU entries consists of a bitmap and three CPU attributes:

	- CPU type
	- entitlement
	- dedication

	Each bit set in the bitmap correspond to a core-id of a vCPU with matching
	attributes.

	This documentation provides general information on S390 CPU topology,
	how to enable it and explains the new CPU attributes.
	For information on how to modify the S390 CPU topology and how to
	monitor polarization changes, see ``docs/devel/s390-cpu-topology.rst``.

	Prerequisites
	-------------

	To use the CPU topology, you currently need to choose the KVM accelerator.
	See :ref:`Accelerators` for more details about accelerators and how to select them.

	The s390x host needs to use a Linux kernel v6.0 or newer (which provides the so-called
	``KVM_CAP_S390_CPU_TOPOLOGY`` capability that allows QEMU to signal the
	CPU topology facility via the so-called STFLE bit 11 to the VM).

	Enabling CPU topology
	---------------------

	Currently, CPU topology is enabled by default only in the "host" CPU model.

	Enabling CPU topology in another CPU model is done by setting the CPU flag
	``ctop`` to ``on`` as in:

	.. code-block:: bash

	-cpu gen16b,ctop=on

	Having the topology disabled by default allows migration between
	old and new QEMU without adding new flags.

	Default topology usage
	----------------------

	The CPU topology can be specified on the QEMU command line
	with the ``-smp`` or the ``-device`` QEMU command arguments.

	Note also that since 7.2 threads are no longer supported in the topology
	and the ``-smp`` command line argument accepts only ``threads=1``.

	If none of the containers attributes (drawers, books, sockets) are
	specified for the ``-smp`` flag, the number of these containers
	is 1.

	Thus the following two options will result in the same topology:

	.. code-block:: bash

	-smp cpus=5,drawer=1,books=1,sockets=8,cores=4,maxcpus=32

	and

	.. code-block:: bash

	-smp cpus=5,sockets=8,cores=4,maxcpus=32

	When a CPU is defined by the ``-smp`` command argument, its position
	inside the topology is calculated by adding the CPUs to the topology
	based on the core-id starting with core-0 at position 0 of socket-0,
	book-0, drawer-0 and filling all CPUs of socket-0 before filling socket-1
	of book-0 and so on up to the last socket of the last book of the last
	drawer.

	When a CPU is defined by the ``-device`` command argument, the
	tree topology attributes must all be defined or all not defined.

	.. code-block:: bash

	-device gen16b-s390x-cpu,drawer-id=1,book-id=1,socket-id=2,core-id=1

	or

	.. code-block:: bash

	-device gen16b-s390x-cpu,core-id=1,dedicated=true

	If none of the tree attributes (drawer, book, sockets), are specified
	for the ``-device`` argument, like for all CPUs defined with the ``-smp``
	command argument the topology tree attributes will be set by simply
	adding the CPUs to the topology based on the core-id.

	QEMU will not try to resolve collisions and will report an error if the
	CPU topology defined explicitly or implicitly on a ``-device``
	argument collides with the definition of a CPU implicitly defined
	on the ``-smp`` argument.

	When the topology modifier attributes are not defined for the
	``-device`` command argument they takes following default values:

	- dedicated: ``false``
	- entitlement: ``medium``


	Hot plug
	++++++++

	New CPUs can be plugged using the device_add hmp command as in:

	.. code-block:: bash

	(qemu) device_add gen16b-s390x-cpu,core-id=9

	The placement of the CPU is derived from the core-id as described above.

	The topology can of course also be fully defined:

	.. code-block:: bash

	(qemu) device_add gen16b-s390x-cpu,drawer-id=1,book-id=1,socket-id=2,core-id=1


	Examples
	++++++++

	In the following machine we define 8 sockets with 4 cores each.

	.. code-block:: bash

	$ qemu-system-s390x -accel kvm -m 2G \
	-cpu gen16b,ctop=on \
	-smp cpus=5,sockets=8,cores=4,maxcpus=32 \
	-device host-s390x-cpu,core-id=14 \

	A new CPUs can be plugged using the device_add hmp command as before:

	.. code-block:: bash

	(qemu) device_add gen16b-s390x-cpu,core-id=9

	The core-id defines the placement of the core in the topology by
	starting with core 0 in socket 0 up to maxcpus.

	In the example above:

	* There are 5 CPUs provided to the guest with the ``-smp`` command line
	They will take the core-ids 0,1,2,3,4
	As we have 4 cores in a socket, we have 4 CPUs provided
	to the guest in socket 0, with core-ids 0,1,2,3.
	The last CPU, with core-id 4, will be on socket 1.

	* the core with ID 14 provided by the ``-device`` command line will
	be placed in socket 3, with core-id 14

	* the core with ID 9 provided by the ``device_add`` qmp command will
	be placed in socket 2, with core-id 9


	Polarization, entitlement and dedication
	----------------------------------------

	Polarization
	++++++++++++

	The polarization affects how the CPUs of a shared host are utilized/distributed
	among guests.
	The guest determines the polarization by using the PTF instruction.

	Polarization defines two models of CPU provisioning: horizontal
	and vertical.

	The horizontal polarization is the default model on boot and after
	subsystem reset. When horizontal polarization is in effect all vCPUs should
	have about equal resource provisioning.

	In the vertical polarization model vCPUs are unequal, but overall more resources
	might be available.
	The guest can make use of the vCPU entitlement information provided by the host
	to optimize kernel thread scheduling.

	A subsystem reset puts all vCPU of the configuration into the
	horizontal polarization.

	Entitlement
	+++++++++++

	The vertical polarization specifies that the guest's vCPU can get
	different real CPU provisioning:

	- a vCPU with vertical high entitlement specifies that this
	vCPU gets 100% of the real CPU provisioning.

	- a vCPU with vertical medium entitlement specifies that this
	vCPU shares the real CPU with other vCPUs.

	- a vCPU with vertical low entitlement specifies that this
	vCPU only gets real CPU provisioning when no other vCPUs needs it.

	In the case a vCPU with vertical high entitlement does not use
	the real CPU, the unused "slack" can be dispatched to other vCPU
	with medium or low entitlement.

	A vCPU can be "dedicated" in which case the vCPU is fully dedicated to a single
	real CPU.

	The dedicated bit is an indication of affinity of a vCPU for a real CPU
	while the entitlement indicates the sharing or exclusivity of use.

	Defining the topology on the command line
	-----------------------------------------

	The topology can entirely be defined using -device cpu statements,
	with the exception of CPU 0 which must be defined with the -smp
	argument.

	For example, here we set the position of the cores 1,2,3 to
	drawer 1, book 1, socket 2 and cores 0,9 and 14 to drawer 0,
	book 0, socket 0 without defining entitlement or dedication.
	Core 4 will be set on its default position on socket 1
	(since we have 4 core per socket) and we define it as dedicated and
	with vertical high entitlement.

	.. code-block:: bash

	$ qemu-system-s390x -accel kvm -m 2G \
	-cpu gen16b,ctop=on \
	-smp cpus=1,sockets=8,cores=4,maxcpus=32 \
	\
	-device gen16b-s390x-cpu,drawer-id=1,book-id=1,socket-id=2,core-id=1 \
	-device gen16b-s390x-cpu,drawer-id=1,book-id=1,socket-id=2,core-id=2 \
	-device gen16b-s390x-cpu,drawer-id=1,book-id=1,socket-id=2,core-id=3 \
	\
	-device gen16b-s390x-cpu,drawer-id=0,book-id=0,socket-id=0,core-id=9 \
	-device gen16b-s390x-cpu,drawer-id=0,book-id=0,socket-id=0,core-id=14 \
	\
	-device gen16b-s390x-cpu,core-id=4,dedicated=on,entitlement=high

	The entitlement defined for the CPU 4 will only be used after the guest
	successfully enables vertical polarization by using the PTF instruction.