hw/nvme/ctrl.c - qemu - Git at Google

 /*
  * QEMU NVM Express Controller
  *
  * Copyright (c) 2012, Intel Corporation
  *
  * Written by Keith Busch <keith.busch@intel.com>
  *
  * This code is licensed under the GNU GPL v2 or later.
  */

 /**
  * Reference Specs: http://www.nvmexpress.org, 1.4, 1.3, 1.2, 1.1, 1.0e
  *
  *  https://nvmexpress.org/developers/nvme-specification/
  *
  *
  * Notes on coding style
  * ---------------------
  * While QEMU coding style prefers lowercase hexadecimals in constants, the
  * NVMe subsystem use thes format from the NVMe specifications in the comments
  * (i.e. 'h' suffix instead of '0x' prefix).
  *
  * Usage
  * -----
  * See docs/system/nvme.rst for extensive documentation.
  *
  * Add options:
  *      -drive file=<file>,if=none,id=<drive_id>
  *      -device nvme-subsys,id=<subsys_id>,nqn=<nqn_id>
  *      -device nvme,serial=<serial>,id=<bus_name>, \
  *              cmb_size_mb=<cmb_size_mb[optional]>, \
  *              [pmrdev=<mem_backend_file_id>,] \
  *              max_ioqpairs=<N[optional]>, \
  *              aerl=<N[optional]>,aer_max_queued=<N[optional]>, \
  *              mdts=<N[optional]>,vsl=<N[optional]>, \
  *              zoned.zasl=<N[optional]>, \
  *              subsys=<subsys_id>
  *      -device nvme-ns,drive=<drive_id>,bus=<bus_name>,nsid=<nsid>,\
  *              zoned=<true|false[optional]>, \
  *              subsys=<subsys_id>,detached=<true|false[optional]>
  *
  * Note cmb_size_mb denotes size of CMB in MB. CMB is assumed to be at
  * offset 0 in BAR2 and supports only WDS, RDS and SQS for now. By default, the
  * device will use the "v1.4 CMB scheme" - use the `legacy-cmb` parameter to
  * always enable the CMBLOC and CMBSZ registers (v1.3 behavior).
  *
  * Enabling pmr emulation can be achieved by pointing to memory-backend-file.
  * For example:
  * -object memory-backend-file,id=<mem_id>,share=on,mem-path=<file_path>, \
  *  size=<size> .... -device nvme,...,pmrdev=<mem_id>
  *
  * The PMR will use BAR 4/5 exclusively.
  *
  * To place controller(s) and namespace(s) to a subsystem, then provide
  * nvme-subsys device as above.
  *
  * nvme subsystem device parameters
  * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
  * - `nqn`
  *   This parameter provides the `<nqn_id>` part of the string
  *   `nqn.2019-08.org.qemu:<nqn_id>` which will be reported in the SUBNQN field
  *   of subsystem controllers. Note that `<nqn_id>` should be unique per
  *   subsystem, but this is not enforced by QEMU. If not specified, it will
  *   default to the value of the `id` parameter (`<subsys_id>`).
  *
  * nvme device parameters
  * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
  * - `subsys`
  *   Specifying this parameter attaches the controller to the subsystem and
  *   the SUBNQN field in the controller will report the NQN of the subsystem
  *   device. This also enables multi controller capability represented in
  *   Identify Controller data structure in CMIC (Controller Multi-path I/O and
  *   Namesapce Sharing Capabilities).
  *
  * - `aerl`
  *   The Asynchronous Event Request Limit (AERL). Indicates the maximum number
  *   of concurrently outstanding Asynchronous Event Request commands support
  *   by the controller. This is a 0's based value.
  *
  * - `aer_max_queued`
  *   This is the maximum number of events that the device will enqueue for
  *   completion when there are no outstanding AERs. When the maximum number of
  *   enqueued events are reached, subsequent events will be dropped.
  *
  * - `mdts`
  *   Indicates the maximum data transfer size for a command that transfers data
  *   between host-accessible memory and the controller. The value is specified
  *   as a power of two (2^n) and is in units of the minimum memory page size
  *   (CAP.MPSMIN). The default value is 7 (i.e. 512 KiB).
  *
  * - `vsl`
  *   Indicates the maximum data size limit for the Verify command. Like `mdts`,
  *   this value is specified as a power of two (2^n) and is in units of the
  *   minimum memory page size (CAP.MPSMIN). The default value is 7 (i.e. 512
  *   KiB).
  *
  * - `zoned.zasl`
  *   Indicates the maximum data transfer size for the Zone Append command. Like
  *   `mdts`, the value is specified as a power of two (2^n) and is in units of
  *   the minimum memory page size (CAP.MPSMIN). The default value is 0 (i.e.
  *   defaulting to the value of `mdts`).
  *
  * nvme namespace device parameters
  * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
  * - `shared`
  *   When the parent nvme device (as defined explicitly by the 'bus' parameter
  *   or implicitly by the most recently defined NvmeBus) is linked to an
  *   nvme-subsys device, the namespace will be attached to all controllers in
  *   the subsystem. If set to 'off' (the default), the namespace will remain a
  *   private namespace and may only be attached to a single controller at a
  *   time.
  *
  * - `detached`
  *   This parameter is only valid together with the `subsys` parameter. If left
  *   at the default value (`false/off`), the namespace will be attached to all
  *   controllers in the NVMe subsystem at boot-up. If set to `true/on`, the
  *   namespace will be be available in the subsystem not not attached to any
  *   controllers.
  *
  * Setting `zoned` to true selects Zoned Command Set at the namespace.
  * In this case, the following namespace properties are available to configure
  * zoned operation:
  *     zoned.zone_size=<zone size in bytes, default: 128MiB>
  *         The number may be followed by K, M, G as in kilo-, mega- or giga-.
  *
  *     zoned.zone_capacity=<zone capacity in bytes, default: zone size>
  *         The value 0 (default) forces zone capacity to be the same as zone
  *         size. The value of this property may not exceed zone size.
  *
  *     zoned.descr_ext_size=<zone descriptor extension size, default 0>
  *         This value needs to be specified in 64B units. If it is zero,
  *         namespace(s) will not support zone descriptor extensions.
  *
  *     zoned.max_active=<Maximum Active Resources (zones), default: 0>
  *         The default value means there is no limit to the number of
  *         concurrently active zones.
  *
  *     zoned.max_open=<Maximum Open Resources (zones), default: 0>
  *         The default value means there is no limit to the number of
  *         concurrently open zones.
  *
  *     zoned.cross_read=<enable RAZB, default: false>
  *         Setting this property to true enables Read Across Zone Boundaries.
  */

 #include "qemu/osdep.h"
 #include "qemu/cutils.h"
 #include "qemu/error-report.h"
 #include "qemu/log.h"
 #include "qemu/units.h"
 #include "qapi/error.h"
 #include "qapi/visitor.h"
 #include "sysemu/sysemu.h"
 #include "sysemu/block-backend.h"
 #include "sysemu/hostmem.h"
 #include "hw/pci/msix.h"
 #include "migration/vmstate.h"

 #include "nvme.h"
 #include "trace.h"

 #define NVME_MAX_IOQPAIRS 0xffff
 #define NVME_DB_SIZE  4
 #define NVME_SPEC_VER 0x00010400
 #define NVME_CMB_BIR 2
 #define NVME_PMR_BIR 4
 #define NVME_TEMPERATURE 0x143
 #define NVME_TEMPERATURE_WARNING 0x157
 #define NVME_TEMPERATURE_CRITICAL 0x175
 #define NVME_NUM_FW_SLOTS 1
 #define NVME_DEFAULT_MAX_ZA_SIZE (128 * KiB)

 #define NVME_GUEST_ERR(trace, fmt, ...) \
     do { \
         (trace_##trace)(__VA_ARGS__); \
         qemu_log_mask(LOG_GUEST_ERROR, #trace \
             " in %s: " fmt "\n", __func__, ## __VA_ARGS__); \
     } while (0)

 static const bool nvme_feature_support[NVME_FID_MAX] = {
     [NVME_ARBITRATION]              = true,
     [NVME_POWER_MANAGEMENT]         = true,
     [NVME_TEMPERATURE_THRESHOLD]    = true,
     [NVME_ERROR_RECOVERY]           = true,
     [NVME_VOLATILE_WRITE_CACHE]     = true,
     [NVME_NUMBER_OF_QUEUES]         = true,
     [NVME_INTERRUPT_COALESCING]     = true,
     [NVME_INTERRUPT_VECTOR_CONF]    = true,
     [NVME_WRITE_ATOMICITY]          = true,
     [NVME_ASYNCHRONOUS_EVENT_CONF]  = true,
     [NVME_TIMESTAMP]                = true,
     [NVME_COMMAND_SET_PROFILE]      = true,
 };

 static const uint32_t nvme_feature_cap[NVME_FID_MAX] = {
     [NVME_TEMPERATURE_THRESHOLD]    = NVME_FEAT_CAP_CHANGE,
     [NVME_ERROR_RECOVERY]           = NVME_FEAT_CAP_CHANGE | NVME_FEAT_CAP_NS,
     [NVME_VOLATILE_WRITE_CACHE]     = NVME_FEAT_CAP_CHANGE,
     [NVME_NUMBER_OF_QUEUES]         = NVME_FEAT_CAP_CHANGE,
     [NVME_ASYNCHRONOUS_EVENT_CONF]  = NVME_FEAT_CAP_CHANGE,
     [NVME_TIMESTAMP]                = NVME_FEAT_CAP_CHANGE,
     [NVME_COMMAND_SET_PROFILE]      = NVME_FEAT_CAP_CHANGE,
 };

 static const uint32_t nvme_cse_acs[256] = {
     [NVME_ADM_CMD_DELETE_SQ]        = NVME_CMD_EFF_CSUPP,
     [NVME_ADM_CMD_CREATE_SQ]        = NVME_CMD_EFF_CSUPP,
     [NVME_ADM_CMD_GET_LOG_PAGE]     = NVME_CMD_EFF_CSUPP,
     [NVME_ADM_CMD_DELETE_CQ]        = NVME_CMD_EFF_CSUPP,
     [NVME_ADM_CMD_CREATE_CQ]        = NVME_CMD_EFF_CSUPP,
     [NVME_ADM_CMD_IDENTIFY]         = NVME_CMD_EFF_CSUPP,
     [NVME_ADM_CMD_ABORT]            = NVME_CMD_EFF_CSUPP,
     [NVME_ADM_CMD_SET_FEATURES]     = NVME_CMD_EFF_CSUPP,
     [NVME_ADM_CMD_GET_FEATURES]     = NVME_CMD_EFF_CSUPP,
     [NVME_ADM_CMD_ASYNC_EV_REQ]     = NVME_CMD_EFF_CSUPP,
     [NVME_ADM_CMD_NS_ATTACHMENT]    = NVME_CMD_EFF_CSUPP | NVME_CMD_EFF_NIC,
     [NVME_ADM_CMD_FORMAT_NVM]       = NVME_CMD_EFF_CSUPP | NVME_CMD_EFF_LBCC,
 };

 static const uint32_t nvme_cse_iocs_none[256];

 static const uint32_t nvme_cse_iocs_nvm[256] = {
     [NVME_CMD_FLUSH]                = NVME_CMD_EFF_CSUPP | NVME_CMD_EFF_LBCC,
     [NVME_CMD_WRITE_ZEROES]         = NVME_CMD_EFF_CSUPP | NVME_CMD_EFF_LBCC,
     [NVME_CMD_WRITE]                = NVME_CMD_EFF_CSUPP | NVME_CMD_EFF_LBCC,
     [NVME_CMD_READ]                 = NVME_CMD_EFF_CSUPP,
     [NVME_CMD_DSM]                  = NVME_CMD_EFF_CSUPP | NVME_CMD_EFF_LBCC,
     [NVME_CMD_VERIFY]               = NVME_CMD_EFF_CSUPP,
     [NVME_CMD_COPY]                 = NVME_CMD_EFF_CSUPP | NVME_CMD_EFF_LBCC,
     [NVME_CMD_COMPARE]              = NVME_CMD_EFF_CSUPP,
 };

 static const uint32_t nvme_cse_iocs_zoned[256] = {
     [NVME_CMD_FLUSH]                = NVME_CMD_EFF_CSUPP | NVME_CMD_EFF_LBCC,
     [NVME_CMD_WRITE_ZEROES]         = NVME_CMD_EFF_CSUPP | NVME_CMD_EFF_LBCC,
     [NVME_CMD_WRITE]                = NVME_CMD_EFF_CSUPP | NVME_CMD_EFF_LBCC,
     [NVME_CMD_READ]                 = NVME_CMD_EFF_CSUPP,
     [NVME_CMD_DSM]                  = NVME_CMD_EFF_CSUPP | NVME_CMD_EFF_LBCC,
     [NVME_CMD_VERIFY]               = NVME_CMD_EFF_CSUPP,
     [NVME_CMD_COPY]                 = NVME_CMD_EFF_CSUPP | NVME_CMD_EFF_LBCC,
     [NVME_CMD_COMPARE]              = NVME_CMD_EFF_CSUPP,
     [NVME_CMD_ZONE_APPEND]          = NVME_CMD_EFF_CSUPP | NVME_CMD_EFF_LBCC,
     [NVME_CMD_ZONE_MGMT_SEND]       = NVME_CMD_EFF_CSUPP | NVME_CMD_EFF_LBCC,
     [NVME_CMD_ZONE_MGMT_RECV]       = NVME_CMD_EFF_CSUPP,
 };

 static void nvme_process_sq(void *opaque);

 static uint16_t nvme_sqid(NvmeRequest *req)
 {
     return le16_to_cpu(req->sq->sqid);
 }

 static void nvme_assign_zone_state(NvmeNamespace *ns, NvmeZone *zone,
                                    NvmeZoneState state)
 {
     if (QTAILQ_IN_USE(zone, entry)) {
         switch (nvme_get_zone_state(zone)) {
         case NVME_ZONE_STATE_EXPLICITLY_OPEN:
             QTAILQ_REMOVE(&ns->exp_open_zones, zone, entry);
             break;
         case NVME_ZONE_STATE_IMPLICITLY_OPEN:
             QTAILQ_REMOVE(&ns->imp_open_zones, zone, entry);
             break;
         case NVME_ZONE_STATE_CLOSED:
             QTAILQ_REMOVE(&ns->closed_zones, zone, entry);
             break;
         case NVME_ZONE_STATE_FULL:
             QTAILQ_REMOVE(&ns->full_zones, zone, entry);
         default:
             ;
         }
     }

     nvme_set_zone_state(zone, state);

     switch (state) {
     case NVME_ZONE_STATE_EXPLICITLY_OPEN:
         QTAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&ns->exp_open_zones, zone, entry);
         break;
     case NVME_ZONE_STATE_IMPLICITLY_OPEN:
         QTAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&ns->imp_open_zones, zone, entry);
         break;
     case NVME_ZONE_STATE_CLOSED:
         QTAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&ns->closed_zones, zone, entry);
         break;
     case NVME_ZONE_STATE_FULL:
         QTAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&ns->full_zones, zone, entry);
     case NVME_ZONE_STATE_READ_ONLY:
         break;
     default:
         zone->d.za = 0;
     }
 }

 /*
  * Check if we can open a zone without exceeding open/active limits.
  * AOR stands for "Active and Open Resources" (see TP 4053 section 2.5).
  */
 static int nvme_aor_check(NvmeNamespace *ns, uint32_t act, uint32_t opn)
 {
     if (ns->params.max_active_zones != 0 &&
         ns->nr_active_zones + act > ns->params.max_active_zones) {
         trace_pci_nvme_err_insuff_active_res(ns->params.max_active_zones);
         return NVME_ZONE_TOO_MANY_ACTIVE | NVME_DNR;
     }
     if (ns->params.max_open_zones != 0 &&
         ns->nr_open_zones + opn > ns->params.max_open_zones) {
         trace_pci_nvme_err_insuff_open_res(ns->params.max_open_zones);
         return NVME_ZONE_TOO_MANY_OPEN | NVME_DNR;
     }

     return NVME_SUCCESS;
 }

 static bool nvme_addr_is_cmb(NvmeCtrl *n, hwaddr addr)
 {
     hwaddr hi, lo;

     if (!n->cmb.cmse) {
         return false;
     }

     lo = n->params.legacy_cmb ? n->cmb.mem.addr : n->cmb.cba;
     hi = lo + int128_get64(n->cmb.mem.size);

     return addr >= lo && addr < hi;
 }

 static inline void *nvme_addr_to_cmb(NvmeCtrl *n, hwaddr addr)
 {
     hwaddr base = n->params.legacy_cmb ? n->cmb.mem.addr : n->cmb.cba;
     return &n->cmb.buf[addr - base];
 }

 static bool nvme_addr_is_pmr(NvmeCtrl *n, hwaddr addr)
 {
     hwaddr hi;

     if (!n->pmr.cmse) {
         return false;
     }

     hi = n->pmr.cba + int128_get64(n->pmr.dev->mr.size);

     return addr >= n->pmr.cba && addr < hi;
 }

 static inline void *nvme_addr_to_pmr(NvmeCtrl *n, hwaddr addr)
 {
     return memory_region_get_ram_ptr(&n->pmr.dev->mr) + (addr - n->pmr.cba);
 }

 static int nvme_addr_read(NvmeCtrl *n, hwaddr addr, void *buf, int size)
 {
     hwaddr hi = addr + size - 1;
     if (hi < addr) {
         return 1;
     }

     if (n->bar.cmbsz && nvme_addr_is_cmb(n, addr) && nvme_addr_is_cmb(n, hi)) {
         memcpy(buf, nvme_addr_to_cmb(n, addr), size);
         return 0;
     }

     if (nvme_addr_is_pmr(n, addr) && nvme_addr_is_pmr(n, hi)) {
         memcpy(buf, nvme_addr_to_pmr(n, addr), size);
         return 0;
     }

     return pci_dma_read(&n->parent_obj, addr, buf, size);
 }

 static int nvme_addr_write(NvmeCtrl *n, hwaddr addr, void *buf, int size)
 {
     hwaddr hi = addr + size - 1;
     if (hi < addr) {
         return 1;
     }

     if (n->bar.cmbsz && nvme_addr_is_cmb(n, addr) && nvme_addr_is_cmb(n, hi)) {
         memcpy(nvme_addr_to_cmb(n, addr), buf, size);
         return 0;
     }

     if (nvme_addr_is_pmr(n, addr) && nvme_addr_is_pmr(n, hi)) {
         memcpy(nvme_addr_to_pmr(n, addr), buf, size);
         return 0;
     }

     return pci_dma_write(&n->parent_obj, addr, buf, size);
 }

 static bool nvme_nsid_valid(NvmeCtrl *n, uint32_t nsid)
 {
     return nsid &&
         (nsid == NVME_NSID_BROADCAST || nsid <= NVME_MAX_NAMESPACES);
 }

 static int nvme_check_sqid(NvmeCtrl *n, uint16_t sqid)
 {
     return sqid < n->params.max_ioqpairs + 1 && n->sq[sqid] != NULL ? 0 : -1;
 }

 static int nvme_check_cqid(NvmeCtrl *n, uint16_t cqid)
 {
     return cqid < n->params.max_ioqpairs + 1 && n->cq[cqid] != NULL ? 0 : -1;
 }

 static void nvme_inc_cq_tail(NvmeCQueue *cq)
 {
     cq->tail++;
     if (cq->tail >= cq->size) {
         cq->tail = 0;
         cq->phase = !cq->phase;
     }
 }

 static void nvme_inc_sq_head(NvmeSQueue *sq)
 {
     sq->head = (sq->head + 1) % sq->size;
 }

 static uint8_t nvme_cq_full(NvmeCQueue *cq)
 {
     return (cq->tail + 1) % cq->size == cq->head;
 }

 static uint8_t nvme_sq_empty(NvmeSQueue *sq)
 {
     return sq->head == sq->tail;
 }

 static void nvme_irq_check(NvmeCtrl *n)
 {
     if (msix_enabled(&(n->parent_obj))) {
         return;
     }
     if (~n->bar.intms & n->irq_status) {
         pci_irq_assert(&n->parent_obj);
     } else {
         pci_irq_deassert(&n->parent_obj);
     }
 }

 static void nvme_irq_assert(NvmeCtrl *n, NvmeCQueue *cq)
 {
     if (cq->irq_enabled) {
         if (msix_enabled(&(n->parent_obj))) {
             trace_pci_nvme_irq_msix(cq->vector);
             msix_notify(&(n->parent_obj), cq->vector);
         } else {
             trace_pci_nvme_irq_pin();
             assert(cq->vector < 32);
             n->irq_status |= 1 << cq->vector;
             nvme_irq_check(n);
         }
     } else {
         trace_pci_nvme_irq_masked();
     }
 }

 static void nvme_irq_deassert(NvmeCtrl *n, NvmeCQueue *cq)
 {
     if (cq->irq_enabled) {
         if (msix_enabled(&(n->parent_obj))) {
             return;
         } else {
             assert(cq->vector < 32);
             n->irq_status &= ~(1 << cq->vector);
             nvme_irq_check(n);
         }
     }
 }

 static void nvme_req_clear(NvmeRequest *req)
 {
     req->ns = NULL;
     req->opaque = NULL;
     req->aiocb = NULL;
     memset(&req->cqe, 0x0, sizeof(req->cqe));
     req->status = NVME_SUCCESS;
 }

 static inline void nvme_sg_init(NvmeCtrl *n, NvmeSg *sg, bool dma)
 {
     if (dma) {
         pci_dma_sglist_init(&sg->qsg, &n->parent_obj, 0);
         sg->flags = NVME_SG_DMA;
     } else {
         qemu_iovec_init(&sg->iov, 0);
     }

     sg->flags |= NVME_SG_ALLOC;
 }

 static inline void nvme_sg_unmap(NvmeSg *sg)
 {
     if (!(sg->flags & NVME_SG_ALLOC)) {
         return;
     }

     if (sg->flags & NVME_SG_DMA) {
         qemu_sglist_destroy(&sg->qsg);
     } else {
         qemu_iovec_destroy(&sg->iov);
     }

     memset(sg, 0x0, sizeof(*sg));
 }

 /*
  * When metadata is transfered as extended LBAs, the DPTR mapped into `sg`
  * holds both data and metadata. This function splits the data and metadata
  * into two separate QSG/IOVs.
  */
 static void nvme_sg_split(NvmeSg *sg, NvmeNamespace *ns, NvmeSg *data,
                           NvmeSg *mdata)
 {
     NvmeSg *dst = data;
     uint32_t trans_len, count = ns->lbasz;
     uint64_t offset = 0;
     bool dma = sg->flags & NVME_SG_DMA;
     size_t sge_len;
     size_t sg_len = dma ? sg->qsg.size : sg->iov.size;
     int sg_idx = 0;

     assert(sg->flags & NVME_SG_ALLOC);

     while (sg_len) {
         sge_len = dma ? sg->qsg.sg[sg_idx].len : sg->iov.iov[sg_idx].iov_len;

         trans_len = MIN(sg_len, count);
         trans_len = MIN(trans_len, sge_len - offset);

         if (dst) {
             if (dma) {
                 qemu_sglist_add(&dst->qsg, sg->qsg.sg[sg_idx].base + offset,
                                 trans_len);
             } else {
                 qemu_iovec_add(&dst->iov,
                                sg->iov.iov[sg_idx].iov_base + offset,
                                trans_len);
             }
         }

         sg_len -= trans_len;
         count -= trans_len;
         offset += trans_len;

         if (count == 0) {
             dst = (dst == data) ? mdata : data;
             count = (dst == data) ? ns->lbasz : ns->lbaf.ms;
         }

         if (sge_len == offset) {
             offset = 0;
             sg_idx++;
         }
     }
 }

 static uint16_t nvme_map_addr_cmb(NvmeCtrl *n, QEMUIOVector *iov, hwaddr addr,
                                   size_t len)
 {
     if (!len) {
         return NVME_SUCCESS;
     }

     trace_pci_nvme_map_addr_cmb(addr, len);

     if (!nvme_addr_is_cmb(n, addr) || !nvme_addr_is_cmb(n, addr + len - 1)) {
         return NVME_DATA_TRAS_ERROR;
     }

     qemu_iovec_add(iov, nvme_addr_to_cmb(n, addr), len);

     return NVME_SUCCESS;
 }

 static uint16_t nvme_map_addr_pmr(NvmeCtrl *n, QEMUIOVector *iov, hwaddr addr,
                                   size_t len)
 {
     if (!len) {
         return NVME_SUCCESS;
     }

     if (!nvme_addr_is_pmr(n, addr) || !nvme_addr_is_pmr(n, addr + len - 1)) {
         return NVME_DATA_TRAS_ERROR;
     }

     qemu_iovec_add(iov, nvme_addr_to_pmr(n, addr), len);

     return NVME_SUCCESS;
 }

 static uint16_t nvme_map_addr(NvmeCtrl *n, NvmeSg *sg, hwaddr addr, size_t len)
 {
     bool cmb = false, pmr = false;

     if (!len) {
         return NVME_SUCCESS;
     }

     trace_pci_nvme_map_addr(addr, len);

     if (nvme_addr_is_cmb(n, addr)) {
         cmb = true;
     } else if (nvme_addr_is_pmr(n, addr)) {
         pmr = true;
     }

     if (cmb || pmr) {
         if (sg->flags & NVME_SG_DMA) {
             return NVME_INVALID_USE_OF_CMB | NVME_DNR;
         }

         if (cmb) {
             return nvme_map_addr_cmb(n, &sg->iov, addr, len);
         } else {
             return nvme_map_addr_pmr(n, &sg->iov, addr, len);
         }
     }

     if (!(sg->flags & NVME_SG_DMA)) {
         return NVME_INVALID_USE_OF_CMB | NVME_DNR;
     }

     qemu_sglist_add(&sg->qsg, addr, len);

     return NVME_SUCCESS;
 }

 static inline bool nvme_addr_is_dma(NvmeCtrl *n, hwaddr addr)
 {
     return !(nvme_addr_is_cmb(n, addr) || nvme_addr_is_pmr(n, addr));
 }

 static uint16_t nvme_map_prp(NvmeCtrl *n, NvmeSg *sg, uint64_t prp1,
                              uint64_t prp2, uint32_t len)
 {
     hwaddr trans_len = n->page_size - (prp1 % n->page_size);
     trans_len = MIN(len, trans_len);
     int num_prps = (len >> n->page_bits) + 1;
     uint16_t status;
     int ret;

     trace_pci_nvme_map_prp(trans_len, len, prp1, prp2, num_prps);

     nvme_sg_init(n, sg, nvme_addr_is_dma(n, prp1));

     status = nvme_map_addr(n, sg, prp1, trans_len);
     if (status) {
         goto unmap;
     }

     len -= trans_len;
     if (len) {
         if (len > n->page_size) {
             uint64_t prp_list[n->max_prp_ents];
             uint32_t nents, prp_trans;
             int i = 0;

             /*
              * The first PRP list entry, pointed to by PRP2 may contain offset.
              * Hence, we need to calculate the number of entries in based on
              * that offset.
              */
             nents = (n->page_size - (prp2 & (n->page_size - 1))) >> 3;
             prp_trans = MIN(n->max_prp_ents, nents) * sizeof(uint64_t);
             ret = nvme_addr_read(n, prp2, (void *)prp_list, prp_trans);
             if (ret) {
                 trace_pci_nvme_err_addr_read(prp2);
                 status = NVME_DATA_TRAS_ERROR;
                 goto unmap;
             }
             while (len != 0) {
                 uint64_t prp_ent = le64_to_cpu(prp_list[i]);

                 if (i == nents - 1 && len > n->page_size) {
                     if (unlikely(prp_ent & (n->page_size - 1))) {
                         trace_pci_nvme_err_invalid_prplist_ent(prp_ent);
                         status = NVME_INVALID_PRP_OFFSET | NVME_DNR;
                         goto unmap;
                     }

                     i = 0;
                     nents = (len + n->page_size - 1) >> n->page_bits;
                     nents = MIN(nents, n->max_prp_ents);
                     prp_trans = nents * sizeof(uint64_t);
                     ret = nvme_addr_read(n, prp_ent, (void *)prp_list,
                                          prp_trans);
                     if (ret) {
                         trace_pci_nvme_err_addr_read(prp_ent);
                         status = NVME_DATA_TRAS_ERROR;
                         goto unmap;
                     }
                     prp_ent = le64_to_cpu(prp_list[i]);
                 }

                 if (unlikely(prp_ent & (n->page_size - 1))) {
                     trace_pci_nvme_err_invalid_prplist_ent(prp_ent);
                     status = NVME_INVALID_PRP_OFFSET | NVME_DNR;
                     goto unmap;
                 }

                 trans_len = MIN(len, n->page_size);
                 status = nvme_map_addr(n, sg, prp_ent, trans_len);
                 if (status) {
                     goto unmap;
                 }

                 len -= trans_len;
                 i++;
             }
         } else {
             if (unlikely(prp2 & (n->page_size - 1))) {
                 trace_pci_nvme_err_invalid_prp2_align(prp2);
                 status = NVME_INVALID_PRP_OFFSET | NVME_DNR;
                 goto unmap;
             }
             status = nvme_map_addr(n, sg, prp2, len);
             if (status) {
                 goto unmap;
             }
         }
     }

     return NVME_SUCCESS;

 unmap:
     nvme_sg_unmap(sg);
     return status;
 }

 /*
  * Map 'nsgld' data descriptors from 'segment'. The function will subtract the
  * number of bytes mapped in len.
  */
 static uint16_t nvme_map_sgl_data(NvmeCtrl *n, NvmeSg *sg,
                                   NvmeSglDescriptor *segment, uint64_t nsgld,
                                   size_t *len, NvmeCmd *cmd)
 {
     dma_addr_t addr, trans_len;
     uint32_t dlen;
     uint16_t status;

     for (int i = 0; i < nsgld; i++) {
         uint8_t type = NVME_SGL_TYPE(segment[i].type);

         switch (type) {
         case NVME_SGL_DESCR_TYPE_BIT_BUCKET:
             if (cmd->opcode == NVME_CMD_WRITE) {
                 continue;
             }
         case NVME_SGL_DESCR_TYPE_DATA_BLOCK:
             break;
         case NVME_SGL_DESCR_TYPE_SEGMENT:
         case NVME_SGL_DESCR_TYPE_LAST_SEGMENT:
             return NVME_INVALID_NUM_SGL_DESCRS | NVME_DNR;
         default:
             return NVME_SGL_DESCR_TYPE_INVALID | NVME_DNR;
         }

         dlen = le32_to_cpu(segment[i].len);

         if (!dlen) {
             continue;
         }

         if (*len == 0) {
             /*
              * All data has been mapped, but the SGL contains additional
              * segments and/or descriptors. The controller might accept
              * ignoring the rest of the SGL.
              */
             uint32_t sgls = le32_to_cpu(n->id_ctrl.sgls);
             if (sgls & NVME_CTRL_SGLS_EXCESS_LENGTH) {
                 break;
             }

             trace_pci_nvme_err_invalid_sgl_excess_length(dlen);
             return NVME_DATA_SGL_LEN_INVALID | NVME_DNR;
         }

         trans_len = MIN(*len, dlen);

         if (type == NVME_SGL_DESCR_TYPE_BIT_BUCKET) {
             goto next;
         }

         addr = le64_to_cpu(segment[i].addr);

         if (UINT64_MAX - addr < dlen) {
             return NVME_DATA_SGL_LEN_INVALID | NVME_DNR;
         }

         status = nvme_map_addr(n, sg, addr, trans_len);
         if (status) {
             return status;
         }

 next:
         *len -= trans_len;
     }

     return NVME_SUCCESS;
 }

 static uint16_t nvme_map_sgl(NvmeCtrl *n, NvmeSg *sg, NvmeSglDescriptor sgl,
                              size_t len, NvmeCmd *cmd)
 {
     /*
      * Read the segment in chunks of 256 descriptors (one 4k page) to avoid
      * dynamically allocating a potentially huge SGL. The spec allows the SGL
      * to be larger (as in number of bytes required to describe the SGL
      * descriptors and segment chain) than the command transfer size, so it is
      * not bounded by MDTS.
      */
     const int SEG_CHUNK_SIZE = 256;

     NvmeSglDescriptor segment[SEG_CHUNK_SIZE], *sgld, *last_sgld;
     uint64_t nsgld;
     uint32_t seg_len;
     uint16_t status;
     hwaddr addr;
     int ret;

     sgld = &sgl;
     addr = le64_to_cpu(sgl.addr);

     trace_pci_nvme_map_sgl(NVME_SGL_TYPE(sgl.type), len);

     nvme_sg_init(n, sg, nvme_addr_is_dma(n, addr));

     /*
      * If the entire transfer can be described with a single data block it can
      * be mapped directly.
      */
     if (NVME_SGL_TYPE(sgl.type) == NVME_SGL_DESCR_TYPE_DATA_BLOCK) {
         status = nvme_map_sgl_data(n, sg, sgld, 1, &len, cmd);
         if (status) {
             goto unmap;
         }

         goto out;
     }

     for (;;) {
         switch (NVME_SGL_TYPE(sgld->type)) {
         case NVME_SGL_DESCR_TYPE_SEGMENT:
         case NVME_SGL_DESCR_TYPE_LAST_SEGMENT:
             break;
         default:
             return NVME_INVALID_SGL_SEG_DESCR | NVME_DNR;
         }

         seg_len = le32_to_cpu(sgld->len);

         /* check the length of the (Last) Segment descriptor */
         if ((!seg_len || seg_len & 0xf) &&
             (NVME_SGL_TYPE(sgld->type) != NVME_SGL_DESCR_TYPE_BIT_BUCKET)) {
             return NVME_INVALID_SGL_SEG_DESCR | NVME_DNR;
         }

         if (UINT64_MAX - addr < seg_len) {
             return NVME_DATA_SGL_LEN_INVALID | NVME_DNR;
         }

         nsgld = seg_len / sizeof(NvmeSglDescriptor);

         while (nsgld > SEG_CHUNK_SIZE) {
             if (nvme_addr_read(n, addr, segment, sizeof(segment))) {
                 trace_pci_nvme_err_addr_read(addr);
                 status = NVME_DATA_TRAS_ERROR;
                 goto unmap;
             }

             status = nvme_map_sgl_data(n, sg, segment, SEG_CHUNK_SIZE,
                                        &len, cmd);
             if (status) {
                 goto unmap;
             }

             nsgld -= SEG_CHUNK_SIZE;
             addr += SEG_CHUNK_SIZE * sizeof(NvmeSglDescriptor);
         }

         ret = nvme_addr_read(n, addr, segment, nsgld *
                              sizeof(NvmeSglDescriptor));
         if (ret) {
             trace_pci_nvme_err_addr_read(addr);
             status = NVME_DATA_TRAS_ERROR;
             goto unmap;
         }

         last_sgld = &segment[nsgld - 1];

         /*
          * If the segment ends with a Data Block or Bit Bucket Descriptor Type,
          * then we are done.
          */
         switch (NVME_SGL_TYPE(last_sgld->type)) {
         case NVME_SGL_DESCR_TYPE_DATA_BLOCK:
         case NVME_SGL_DESCR_TYPE_BIT_BUCKET:
             status = nvme_map_sgl_data(n, sg, segment, nsgld, &len, cmd);
             if (status) {
                 goto unmap;
             }

             goto out;

         default:
             break;
         }

         /*
          * If the last descriptor was not a Data Block or Bit Bucket, then the
          * current segment must not be a Last Segment.
          */
         if (NVME_SGL_TYPE(sgld->type) == NVME_SGL_DESCR_TYPE_LAST_SEGMENT) {
             status = NVME_INVALID_SGL_SEG_DESCR | NVME_DNR;
             goto unmap;
         }

         sgld = last_sgld;
         addr = le64_to_cpu(sgld->addr);

         /*
          * Do not map the last descriptor; it will be a Segment or Last Segment
          * descriptor and is handled by the next iteration.
          */
         status = nvme_map_sgl_data(n, sg, segment, nsgld - 1, &len, cmd);
         if (status) {
             goto unmap;
         }
     }

 out:
     /* if there is any residual left in len, the SGL was too short */
     if (len) {
         status = NVME_DATA_SGL_LEN_INVALID | NVME_DNR;
         goto unmap;
     }

     return NVME_SUCCESS;

 unmap:
     nvme_sg_unmap(sg);
     return status;
 }

 uint16_t nvme_map_dptr(NvmeCtrl *n, NvmeSg *sg, size_t len,
                        NvmeCmd *cmd)
 {
     uint64_t prp1, prp2;

     switch (NVME_CMD_FLAGS_PSDT(cmd->flags)) {
     case NVME_PSDT_PRP:
         prp1 = le64_to_cpu(cmd->dptr.prp1);
         prp2 = le64_to_cpu(cmd->dptr.prp2);

         return nvme_map_prp(n, sg, prp1, prp2, len);
     case NVME_PSDT_SGL_MPTR_CONTIGUOUS:
     case NVME_PSDT_SGL_MPTR_SGL:
         return nvme_map_sgl(n, sg, cmd->dptr.sgl, len, cmd);
     default:
         return NVME_INVALID_FIELD;
     }
 }

 static uint16_t nvme_map_mptr(NvmeCtrl *n, NvmeSg *sg, size_t len,
                               NvmeCmd *cmd)
 {
     int psdt = NVME_CMD_FLAGS_PSDT(cmd->flags);
     hwaddr mptr = le64_to_cpu(cmd->mptr);
     uint16_t status;

     if (psdt == NVME_PSDT_SGL_MPTR_SGL) {
         NvmeSglDescriptor sgl;

         if (nvme_addr_read(n, mptr, &sgl, sizeof(sgl))) {
             return NVME_DATA_TRAS_ERROR;
         }

         status = nvme_map_sgl(n, sg, sgl, len, cmd);
         if (status && (status & 0x7ff) == NVME_DATA_SGL_LEN_INVALID) {
             status = NVME_MD_SGL_LEN_INVALID | NVME_DNR;
         }

         return status;
     }

     nvme_sg_init(n, sg, nvme_addr_is_dma(n, mptr));
     status = nvme_map_addr(n, sg, mptr, len);
     if (status) {
         nvme_sg_unmap(sg);
     }

     return status;
 }

 static uint16_t nvme_map_data(NvmeCtrl *n, uint32_t nlb, NvmeRequest *req)
 {
     NvmeNamespace *ns = req->ns;
     NvmeRwCmd *rw = (NvmeRwCmd *)&req->cmd;
     uint16_t ctrl = le16_to_cpu(rw->control);
     size_t len = nvme_l2b(ns, nlb);
     uint16_t status;

     if (NVME_ID_NS_DPS_TYPE(ns->id_ns.dps) &&
         (ctrl & NVME_RW_PRINFO_PRACT && ns->lbaf.ms == 8)) {
         goto out;
     }

     if (nvme_ns_ext(ns)) {
         NvmeSg sg;

         len += nvme_m2b(ns, nlb);

         status = nvme_map_dptr(n, &sg, len, &req->cmd);
         if (status) {
             return status;
         }

         nvme_sg_init(n, &req->sg, sg.flags & NVME_SG_DMA);
         nvme_sg_split(&sg, ns, &req->sg, NULL);
         nvme_sg_unmap(&sg);

         return NVME_SUCCESS;
     }

 out:
     return nvme_map_dptr(n, &req->sg, len, &req->cmd);
 }

 static uint16_t nvme_map_mdata(NvmeCtrl *n, uint32_t nlb, NvmeRequest *req)
 {
     NvmeNamespace *ns = req->ns;
     size_t len = nvme_m2b(ns, nlb);
     uint16_t status;

     if (nvme_ns_ext(ns)) {
         NvmeSg sg;

         len += nvme_l2b(ns, nlb);

         status = nvme_map_dptr(n, &sg, len, &req->cmd);
         if (status) {
             return status;
         }

         nvme_sg_init(n, &req->sg, sg.flags & NVME_SG_DMA);
         nvme_sg_split(&sg, ns, NULL, &req->sg);
         nvme_sg_unmap(&sg);

         return NVME_SUCCESS;
     }

     return nvme_map_mptr(n, &req->sg, len, &req->cmd);
 }

 static uint16_t nvme_tx_interleaved(NvmeCtrl *n, NvmeSg *sg, uint8_t *ptr,
                                     uint32_t len, uint32_t bytes,
                                     int32_t skip_bytes, int64_t offset,
                                     NvmeTxDirection dir)
 {
     hwaddr addr;
     uint32_t trans_len, count = bytes;
     bool dma = sg->flags & NVME_SG_DMA;
     int64_t sge_len;
     int sg_idx = 0;
     int ret;

     assert(sg->flags & NVME_SG_ALLOC);

     while (len) {
         sge_len = dma ? sg->qsg.sg[sg_idx].len : sg->iov.iov[sg_idx].iov_len;

         if (sge_len - offset < 0) {
             offset -= sge_len;
             sg_idx++;
             continue;
         }

         if (sge_len == offset) {
             offset = 0;
             sg_idx++;
             continue;
         }

         trans_len = MIN(len, count);
         trans_len = MIN(trans_len, sge_len - offset);

         if (dma) {
             addr = sg->qsg.sg[sg_idx].base + offset;
         } else {
             addr = (hwaddr)(uintptr_t)sg->iov.iov[sg_idx].iov_base + offset;
         }

         if (dir == NVME_TX_DIRECTION_TO_DEVICE) {
             ret = nvme_addr_read(n, addr, ptr, trans_len);
         } else {
             ret = nvme_addr_write(n, addr, ptr, trans_len);
         }

         if (ret) {
             return NVME_DATA_TRAS_ERROR;
         }

         ptr += trans_len;
         len -= trans_len;
         count -= trans_len;
         offset += trans_len;

         if (count == 0) {
             count = bytes;
             offset += skip_bytes;
         }
     }

     return NVME_SUCCESS;
 }

 static uint16_t nvme_tx(NvmeCtrl *n, NvmeSg *sg, uint8_t *ptr, uint32_t len,
                         NvmeTxDirection dir)
 {
     assert(sg->flags & NVME_SG_ALLOC);

     if (sg->flags & NVME_SG_DMA) {
         uint64_t residual;

         if (dir == NVME_TX_DIRECTION_TO_DEVICE) {
             residual = dma_buf_write(ptr, len, &sg->qsg);
         } else {
             residual = dma_buf_read(ptr, len, &sg->qsg);
         }

         if (unlikely(residual)) {
             trace_pci_nvme_err_invalid_dma();
             return NVME_INVALID_FIELD | NVME_DNR;
         }
     } else {
         size_t bytes;

         if (dir == NVME_TX_DIRECTION_TO_DEVICE) {
             bytes = qemu_iovec_to_buf(&sg->iov, 0, ptr, len);
         } else {
             bytes = qemu_iovec_from_buf(&sg->iov, 0, ptr, len);
         }

         if (unlikely(bytes != len)) {
             trace_pci_nvme_err_invalid_dma();
             return NVME_INVALID_FIELD | NVME_DNR;
         }
     }

     return NVME_SUCCESS;
 }

 static inline uint16_t nvme_c2h(NvmeCtrl *n, uint8_t *ptr, uint32_t len,
                                 NvmeRequest *req)
 {
     uint16_t status;

     status = nvme_map_dptr(n, &req->sg, len, &req->cmd);
     if (status) {
         return status;
     }

     return nvme_tx(n, &req->sg, ptr, len, NVME_TX_DIRECTION_FROM_DEVICE);
 }

 static inline uint16_t nvme_h2c(NvmeCtrl *n, uint8_t *ptr, uint32_t len,
                                 NvmeRequest *req)
 {
     uint16_t status;

     status = nvme_map_dptr(n, &req->sg, len, &req->cmd);
     if (status) {
         return status;
     }

     return nvme_tx(n, &req->sg, ptr, len, NVME_TX_DIRECTION_TO_DEVICE);
 }

 uint16_t nvme_bounce_data(NvmeCtrl *n, uint8_t *ptr, uint32_t len,
                           NvmeTxDirection dir, NvmeRequest *req)
 {
     NvmeNamespace *ns = req->ns;
     NvmeRwCmd *rw = (NvmeRwCmd *)&req->cmd;
     uint16_t ctrl = le16_to_cpu(rw->control);

     if (nvme_ns_ext(ns) &&
         !(ctrl & NVME_RW_PRINFO_PRACT && ns->lbaf.ms == 8)) {
         return nvme_tx_interleaved(n, &req->sg, ptr, len, ns->lbasz,
                                    ns->lbaf.ms, 0, dir);
     }

     return nvme_tx(n, &req->sg, ptr, len, dir);
 }

 uint16_t nvme_bounce_mdata(NvmeCtrl *n, uint8_t *ptr, uint32_t len,
                            NvmeTxDirection dir, NvmeRequest *req)
 {
     NvmeNamespace *ns = req->ns;
     uint16_t status;

     if (nvme_ns_ext(ns)) {
         return nvme_tx_interleaved(n, &req->sg, ptr, len, ns->lbaf.ms,
                                    ns->lbasz, ns->lbasz, dir);
     }

     nvme_sg_unmap(&req->sg);

     status = nvme_map_mptr(n, &req->sg, len, &req->cmd);
     if (status) {
         return status;
     }

     return nvme_tx(n, &req->sg, ptr, len, dir);
 }

 static inline void nvme_blk_read(BlockBackend *blk, int64_t offset,
                                  BlockCompletionFunc *cb, NvmeRequest *req)
 {
     assert(req->sg.flags & NVME_SG_ALLOC);

     if (req->sg.flags & NVME_SG_DMA) {
         req->aiocb = dma_blk_read(blk, &req->sg.qsg, offset, BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE,
                                   cb, req);
     } else {
         req->aiocb = blk_aio_preadv(blk, offset, &req->sg.iov, 0, cb, req);
     }
 }

 static inline void nvme_blk_write(BlockBackend *blk, int64_t offset,
                                   BlockCompletionFunc *cb, NvmeRequest *req)
 {
     assert(req->sg.flags & NVME_SG_ALLOC);

     if (req->sg.flags & NVME_SG_DMA) {
         req->aiocb = dma_blk_write(blk, &req->sg.qsg, offset, BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE,
                                    cb, req);
     } else {
         req->aiocb = blk_aio_pwritev(blk, offset, &req->sg.iov, 0, cb, req);
     }
 }

 static void nvme_post_cqes(void *opaque)
 {
     NvmeCQueue *cq = opaque;
     NvmeCtrl *n = cq->ctrl;
     NvmeRequest *req, *next;
     int ret;

     QTAILQ_FOREACH_SAFE(req, &cq->req_list, entry, next) {
         NvmeSQueue *sq;
         hwaddr addr;

         if (nvme_cq_full(cq)) {
             break;
         }

         sq = req->sq;
         req->cqe.status = cpu_to_le16((req->status << 1) | cq->phase);
         req->cqe.sq_id = cpu_to_le16(sq->sqid);
         req->cqe.sq_head = cpu_to_le16(sq->head);
         addr = cq->dma_addr + cq->tail * n->cqe_size;
         ret = pci_dma_write(&n->parent_obj, addr, (void *)&req->cqe,
                             sizeof(req->cqe));
         if (ret) {
             trace_pci_nvme_err_addr_write(addr);
             trace_pci_nvme_err_cfs();
             n->bar.csts = NVME_CSTS_FAILED;
             break;
         }
         QTAILQ_REMOVE(&cq->req_list, req, entry);
         nvme_inc_cq_tail(cq);
         nvme_sg_unmap(&req->sg);
         QTAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&sq->req_list, req, entry);
     }
     if (cq->tail != cq->head) {
         nvme_irq_assert(n, cq);
     }
 }

 static void nvme_enqueue_req_completion(NvmeCQueue *cq, NvmeRequest *req)
 {
     assert(cq->cqid == req->sq->cqid);
     trace_pci_nvme_enqueue_req_completion(nvme_cid(req), cq->cqid,
                                           req->status);

     if (req->status) {
         trace_pci_nvme_err_req_status(nvme_cid(req), nvme_nsid(req->ns),
                                       req->status, req->cmd.opcode);
     }

     QTAILQ_REMOVE(&req->sq->out_req_list, req, entry);
     QTAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&cq->req_list, req, entry);
     timer_mod(cq->timer, qemu_clock_get_ns(QEMU_CLOCK_VIRTUAL) + 500);
 }

 static void nvme_process_aers(void *opaque)
 {
     NvmeCtrl *n = opaque;
     NvmeAsyncEvent *event, *next;

     trace_pci_nvme_process_aers(n->aer_queued);

     QTAILQ_FOREACH_SAFE(event, &n->aer_queue, entry, next) {
         NvmeRequest *req;
         NvmeAerResult *result;

         /* can't post cqe if there is nothing to complete */
         if (!n->outstanding_aers) {
             trace_pci_nvme_no_outstanding_aers();
             break;
         }

         /* ignore if masked (cqe posted, but event not cleared) */
         if (n->aer_mask & (1 << event->result.event_type)) {
             trace_pci_nvme_aer_masked(event->result.event_type, n->aer_mask);
             continue;
         }

         QTAILQ_REMOVE(&n->aer_queue, event, entry);
         n->aer_queued--;

         n->aer_mask |= 1 << event->result.event_type;
         n->outstanding_aers--;

         req = n->aer_reqs[n->outstanding_aers];

         result = (NvmeAerResult *) &req->cqe.result;
         result->event_type = event->result.event_type;
         result->event_info = event->result.event_info;
         result->log_page = event->result.log_page;
         g_free(event);

         trace_pci_nvme_aer_post_cqe(result->event_type, result->event_info,
                                     result->log_page);

         nvme_enqueue_req_completion(&n->admin_cq, req);
     }
 }

 static void nvme_enqueue_event(NvmeCtrl *n, uint8_t event_type,
                                uint8_t event_info, uint8_t log_page)
 {
     NvmeAsyncEvent *event;

     trace_pci_nvme_enqueue_event(event_type, event_info, log_page);

     if (n->aer_queued == n->params.aer_max_queued) {
         trace_pci_nvme_enqueue_event_noqueue(n->aer_queued);
         return;
     }

     event = g_new(NvmeAsyncEvent, 1);
     event->result = (NvmeAerResult) {
         .event_type = event_type,
         .event_info = event_info,
         .log_page   = log_page,
     };

     QTAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&n->aer_queue, event, entry);
     n->aer_queued++;

     nvme_process_aers(n);
 }

 static void nvme_smart_event(NvmeCtrl *n, uint8_t event)
 {
     uint8_t aer_info;

     /* Ref SPEC <Asynchronous Event Information 0x2013 SMART / Health Status> */
     if (!(NVME_AEC_SMART(n->features.async_config) & event)) {
         return;
     }

     switch (event) {
     case NVME_SMART_SPARE:
         aer_info = NVME_AER_INFO_SMART_SPARE_THRESH;
         break;
     case NVME_SMART_TEMPERATURE:
         aer_info = NVME_AER_INFO_SMART_TEMP_THRESH;
         break;
     case NVME_SMART_RELIABILITY:
     case NVME_SMART_MEDIA_READ_ONLY:
     case NVME_SMART_FAILED_VOLATILE_MEDIA:
     case NVME_SMART_PMR_UNRELIABLE:
         aer_info = NVME_AER_INFO_SMART_RELIABILITY;
         break;
     default:
         return;
     }

     nvme_enqueue_event(n, NVME_AER_TYPE_SMART, aer_info, NVME_LOG_SMART_INFO);
 }

 static void nvme_clear_events(NvmeCtrl *n, uint8_t event_type)
 {
     n->aer_mask &= ~(1 << event_type);
     if (!QTAILQ_EMPTY(&n->aer_queue)) {
         nvme_process_aers(n);
     }
 }

 static inline uint16_t nvme_check_mdts(NvmeCtrl *n, size_t len)
 {
     uint8_t mdts = n->params.mdts;

     if (mdts && len > n->page_size << mdts) {
         trace_pci_nvme_err_mdts(len);
         return NVME_INVALID_FIELD | NVME_DNR;
     }

     return NVME_SUCCESS;
 }

 static inline uint16_t nvme_check_bounds(NvmeNamespace *ns, uint64_t slba,
                                          uint32_t nlb)
 {
     uint64_t nsze = le64_to_cpu(ns->id_ns.nsze);

     if (unlikely(UINT64_MAX - slba < nlb || slba + nlb > nsze)) {
         trace_pci_nvme_err_invalid_lba_range(slba, nlb, nsze);
         return NVME_LBA_RANGE | NVME_DNR;
     }

     return NVME_SUCCESS;
 }

 static uint16_t nvme_check_dulbe(NvmeNamespace *ns, uint64_t slba,
                                  uint32_t nlb)
 {
     BlockDriverState *bs = blk_bs(ns->blkconf.blk);

     int64_t pnum = 0, bytes = nvme_l2b(ns, nlb);
     int64_t offset = nvme_l2b(ns, slba);
     bool zeroed;
     int ret;

     Error *local_err = NULL;

     /*
      * `pnum` holds the number of bytes after offset that shares the same
      * allocation status as the byte at offset. If `pnum` is different from
      * `bytes`, we should check the allocation status of the next range and
      * continue this until all bytes have been checked.
      */
     do {
         bytes -= pnum;

         ret = bdrv_block_status(bs, offset, bytes, &pnum, NULL, NULL);
         if (ret < 0) {
             error_setg_errno(&local_err, -ret, "unable to get block status");
             error_report_err(local_err);

             return NVME_INTERNAL_DEV_ERROR;
         }

         zeroed = !!(ret & BDRV_BLOCK_ZERO);

         trace_pci_nvme_block_status(offset, bytes, pnum, ret, zeroed);

         if (zeroed) {
             return NVME_DULB;
         }

         offset += pnum;
     } while (pnum != bytes);

     return NVME_SUCCESS;
 }

 static void nvme_aio_err(NvmeRequest *req, int ret)
 {
     uint16_t status = NVME_SUCCESS;
     Error *local_err = NULL;

     switch (req->cmd.opcode) {
     case NVME_CMD_READ:
         status = NVME_UNRECOVERED_READ;
         break;
     case NVME_CMD_FLUSH:
     case NVME_CMD_WRITE:
     case NVME_CMD_WRITE_ZEROES:
     case NVME_CMD_ZONE_APPEND:
         status = NVME_WRITE_FAULT;
         break;
     default:
         status = NVME_INTERNAL_DEV_ERROR;
         break;
     }

     trace_pci_nvme_err_aio(nvme_cid(req), strerror(-ret), status);

     error_setg_errno(&local_err, -ret, "aio failed");
     error_report_err(local_err);

     /*
      * Set the command status code to the first encountered error but allow a
      * subsequent Internal Device Error to trump it.
      */
     if (req->status && status != NVME_INTERNAL_DEV_ERROR) {
         return;
     }

     req->status = status;
 }

 static inline uint32_t nvme_zone_idx(NvmeNamespace *ns, uint64_t slba)
 {
     return ns->zone_size_log2 > 0 ? slba >> ns->zone_size_log2 :
                                     slba / ns->zone_size;
 }

 static inline NvmeZone *nvme_get_zone_by_slba(NvmeNamespace *ns, uint64_t slba)
 {
     uint32_t zone_idx = nvme_zone_idx(ns, slba);

     assert(zone_idx < ns->num_zones);
     return &ns->zone_array[zone_idx];
 }

 static uint16_t nvme_check_zone_state_for_write(NvmeZone *zone)
 {
     uint64_t zslba = zone->d.zslba;

     switch (nvme_get_zone_state(zone)) {
     case NVME_ZONE_STATE_EMPTY:
     case NVME_ZONE_STATE_IMPLICITLY_OPEN:
     case NVME_ZONE_STATE_EXPLICITLY_OPEN:
     case NVME_ZONE_STATE_CLOSED:
         return NVME_SUCCESS;
     case NVME_ZONE_STATE_FULL:
         trace_pci_nvme_err_zone_is_full(zslba);
         return NVME_ZONE_FULL;
     case NVME_ZONE_STATE_OFFLINE:
         trace_pci_nvme_err_zone_is_offline(zslba);
         return NVME_ZONE_OFFLINE;
     case NVME_ZONE_STATE_READ_ONLY:
         trace_pci_nvme_err_zone_is_read_only(zslba);
         return NVME_ZONE_READ_ONLY;
     default:
         assert(false);
     }

     return NVME_INTERNAL_DEV_ERROR;
 }

 static uint16_t nvme_check_zone_write(NvmeNamespace *ns, NvmeZone *zone,
                                       uint64_t slba, uint32_t nlb)
 {
     uint64_t zcap = nvme_zone_wr_boundary(zone);
     uint16_t status;

     status = nvme_check_zone_state_for_write(zone);
     if (status) {
         return status;
     }

     if (unlikely(slba != zone->w_ptr)) {
         trace_pci_nvme_err_write_not_at_wp(slba, zone->d.zslba, zone->w_ptr);
         return NVME_ZONE_INVALID_WRITE;
     }

     if (unlikely((slba + nlb) > zcap)) {
         trace_pci_nvme_err_zone_boundary(slba, nlb, zcap);
         return NVME_ZONE_BOUNDARY_ERROR;
     }

     return NVME_SUCCESS;
 }

 static uint16_t nvme_check_zone_state_for_read(NvmeZone *zone)
 {
     switch (nvme_get_zone_state(zone)) {
     case NVME_ZONE_STATE_EMPTY:
     case NVME_ZONE_STATE_IMPLICITLY_OPEN:
     case NVME_ZONE_STATE_EXPLICITLY_OPEN:
     case NVME_ZONE_STATE_FULL:
     case NVME_ZONE_STATE_CLOSED:
     case NVME_ZONE_STATE_READ_ONLY:
         return NVME_SUCCESS;
     case NVME_ZONE_STATE_OFFLINE:
         trace_pci_nvme_err_zone_is_offline(zone->d.zslba);
         return NVME_ZONE_OFFLINE;
     default:
         assert(false);
     }

     return NVME_INTERNAL_DEV_ERROR;
 }

 static uint16_t nvme_check_zone_read(NvmeNamespace *ns, uint64_t slba,
                                      uint32_t nlb)
 {
     NvmeZone *zone = nvme_get_zone_by_slba(ns, slba);
     uint64_t bndry = nvme_zone_rd_boundary(ns, zone);
     uint64_t end = slba + nlb;
     uint16_t status;

     status = nvme_check_zone_state_for_read(zone);
     if (status) {
         ;
     } else if (unlikely(end > bndry)) {
         if (!ns->params.cross_zone_read) {
             status = NVME_ZONE_BOUNDARY_ERROR;
         } else {
             /*
              * Read across zone boundary - check that all subsequent
              * zones that are being read have an appropriate state.
              */
             do {
                 zone++;
                 status = nvme_check_zone_state_for_read(zone);
                 if (status) {
                     break;
                 }
             } while (end > nvme_zone_rd_boundary(ns, zone));
         }
     }

     return status;
 }

 static uint16_t nvme_zrm_finish(NvmeNamespace *ns, NvmeZone *zone)
 {
     switch (nvme_get_zone_state(zone)) {
     case NVME_ZONE_STATE_FULL:
         return NVME_SUCCESS;

     case NVME_ZONE_STATE_IMPLICITLY_OPEN:
     case NVME_ZONE_STATE_EXPLICITLY_OPEN:
         nvme_aor_dec_open(ns);
         /* fallthrough */
     case NVME_ZONE_STATE_CLOSED:
         nvme_aor_dec_active(ns);
         /* fallthrough */
     case NVME_ZONE_STATE_EMPTY:
         nvme_assign_zone_state(ns, zone, NVME_ZONE_STATE_FULL);
         return NVME_SUCCESS;

     default:
         return NVME_ZONE_INVAL_TRANSITION;
     }
 }

 static uint16_t nvme_zrm_close(NvmeNamespace *ns, NvmeZone *zone)
 {
     switch (nvme_get_zone_state(zone)) {
     case NVME_ZONE_STATE_EXPLICITLY_OPEN:
     case NVME_ZONE_STATE_IMPLICITLY_OPEN:
         nvme_aor_dec_open(ns);
         nvme_assign_zone_state(ns, zone, NVME_ZONE_STATE_CLOSED);
         /* fall through */
     case NVME_ZONE_STATE_CLOSED:
         return NVME_SUCCESS;

     default:
         return NVME_ZONE_INVAL_TRANSITION;
     }
 }

 static void nvme_zrm_auto_transition_zone(NvmeNamespace *ns)
 {
     NvmeZone *zone;

     if (ns->params.max_open_zones &&
         ns->nr_open_zones == ns->params.max_open_zones) {
         zone = QTAILQ_FIRST(&ns->imp_open_zones);
         if (zone) {
             /*
              * Automatically close this implicitly open zone.
              */
             QTAILQ_REMOVE(&ns->imp_open_zones, zone, entry);
             nvme_zrm_close(ns, zone);
         }
     }
 }

 enum {
     NVME_ZRM_AUTO = 1 << 0,
 };

 static uint16_t nvme_zrm_open_flags(NvmeNamespace *ns, NvmeZone *zone,
                                     int flags)
 {
     int act = 0;
     uint16_t status;

     switch (nvme_get_zone_state(zone)) {
     case NVME_ZONE_STATE_EMPTY:
         act = 1;

         /* fallthrough */

     case NVME_ZONE_STATE_CLOSED:
         nvme_zrm_auto_transition_zone(ns);
         status = nvme_aor_check(ns, act, 1);
         if (status) {
             return status;
         }

         if (act) {
             nvme_aor_inc_active(ns);
         }

         nvme_aor_inc_open(ns);

         if (flags & NVME_ZRM_AUTO) {
             nvme_assign_zone_state(ns, zone, NVME_ZONE_STATE_IMPLICITLY_OPEN);
             return NVME_SUCCESS;
         }

         /* fallthrough */

     case NVME_ZONE_STATE_IMPLICITLY_OPEN:
         if (flags & NVME_ZRM_AUTO) {
             return NVME_SUCCESS;
         }

         nvme_assign_zone_state(ns, zone, NVME_ZONE_STATE_EXPLICITLY_OPEN);

         /* fallthrough */

     case NVME_ZONE_STATE_EXPLICITLY_OPEN:
         return NVME_SUCCESS;

     default:
         return NVME_ZONE_INVAL_TRANSITION;
     }
 }

 static inline uint16_t nvme_zrm_auto(NvmeNamespace *ns, NvmeZone *zone)
 {
     return nvme_zrm_open_flags(ns, zone, NVME_ZRM_AUTO);
 }

 static inline uint16_t nvme_zrm_open(NvmeNamespace *ns, NvmeZone *zone)
 {
     return nvme_zrm_open_flags(ns, zone, 0);
 }

 static void nvme_advance_zone_wp(NvmeNamespace *ns, NvmeZone *zone,
                                  uint32_t nlb)
 {
     zone->d.wp += nlb;

     if (zone->d.wp == nvme_zone_wr_boundary(zone)) {
         nvme_zrm_finish(ns, zone);
     }
 }

 static void nvme_finalize_zoned_write(NvmeNamespace *ns, NvmeRequest *req)
 {
     NvmeRwCmd *rw = (NvmeRwCmd *)&req->cmd;
     NvmeZone *zone;
     uint64_t slba;
     uint32_t nlb;

     slba = le64_to_cpu(rw->slba);
     nlb = le16_to_cpu(rw->nlb) + 1;
     zone = nvme_get_zone_by_slba(ns, slba);

     nvme_advance_zone_wp(ns, zone, nlb);
 }

 static inline bool nvme_is_write(NvmeRequest *req)
 {
     NvmeRwCmd *rw = (NvmeRwCmd *)&req->cmd;

     return rw->opcode == NVME_CMD_WRITE ||
            rw->opcode == NVME_CMD_ZONE_APPEND ||
            rw->opcode == NVME_CMD_WRITE_ZEROES;
 }

 static void nvme_misc_cb(void *opaque, int ret)
 {
     NvmeRequest *req = opaque;
     NvmeNamespace *ns = req->ns;

     BlockBackend *blk = ns->blkconf.blk;
     BlockAcctCookie *acct = &req->acct;
     BlockAcctStats *stats = blk_get_stats(blk);

     trace_pci_nvme_misc_cb(nvme_cid(req), blk_name(blk));

     if (ret) {
         block_acct_failed(stats, acct);
         nvme_aio_err(req, ret);
     } else {
         block_acct_done(stats, acct);
     }

     nvme_enqueue_req_completion(nvme_cq(req), req);
 }

 void nvme_rw_complete_cb(void *opaque, int ret)
 {
     NvmeRequest *req = opaque;
     NvmeNamespace *ns = req->ns;
     BlockBackend *blk = ns->blkconf.blk;
     BlockAcctCookie *acct = &req->acct;
     BlockAcctStats *stats = blk_get_stats(blk);

     trace_pci_nvme_rw_complete_cb(nvme_cid(req), blk_name(blk));

     if (ret) {
         block_acct_failed(stats, acct);
         nvme_aio_err(req, ret);
     } else {
         block_acct_done(stats, acct);
     }

     if (ns->params.zoned && nvme_is_write(req)) {
         nvme_finalize_zoned_write(ns, req);
     }

     nvme_enqueue_req_completion(nvme_cq(req), req);
 }

 static void nvme_rw_cb(void *opaque, int ret)
 {
     NvmeRequest *req = opaque;
     NvmeNamespace *ns = req->ns;

     BlockBackend *blk = ns->blkconf.blk;

     trace_pci_nvme_rw_cb(nvme_cid(req), blk_name(blk));

     if (ret) {
         goto out;
     }

     if (ns->lbaf.ms) {
         NvmeRwCmd *rw = (NvmeRwCmd *)&req->cmd;
         uint64_t slba = le64_to_cpu(rw->slba);
         uint32_t nlb = (uint32_t)le16_to_cpu(rw->nlb) + 1;
         uint64_t offset = nvme_moff(ns, slba);

         if (req->cmd.opcode == NVME_CMD_WRITE_ZEROES) {
             size_t mlen = nvme_m2b(ns, nlb);

             req->aiocb = blk_aio_pwrite_zeroes(blk, offset, mlen,
                                                BDRV_REQ_MAY_UNMAP,
                                                nvme_rw_complete_cb, req);
             return;
         }

         if (nvme_ns_ext(ns) || req->cmd.mptr) {
             uint16_t status;

             nvme_sg_unmap(&req->sg);
             status = nvme_map_mdata(nvme_ctrl(req), nlb, req);
             if (status) {
                 ret = -EFAULT;
                 goto out;
             }

             if (req->cmd.opcode == NVME_CMD_READ) {
                 return nvme_blk_read(blk, offset, nvme_rw_complete_cb, req);
             }

             return nvme_blk_write(blk, offset, nvme_rw_complete_cb, req);
         }
     }

 out:
     nvme_rw_complete_cb(req, ret);
 }

 struct nvme_aio_format_ctx {
     NvmeRequest   *req;
     NvmeNamespace *ns;

     /* number of outstanding write zeroes for this namespace */
     int *count;
 };

 static void nvme_aio_format_cb(void *opaque, int ret)
 {
     struct nvme_aio_format_ctx *ctx = opaque;
     NvmeRequest *req = ctx->req;
     NvmeNamespace *ns = ctx->ns;
     uintptr_t *num_formats = (uintptr_t *)&req->opaque;
     int *count = ctx->count;

     g_free(ctx);

     if (ret) {
         nvme_aio_err(req, ret);
     }

     if (--(*count)) {
         return;
     }

     g_free(count);
     ns->status = 0x0;

     if (--(*num_formats)) {
         return;
     }

     nvme_enqueue_req_completion(nvme_cq(req), req);
 }

 struct nvme_aio_flush_ctx {
     NvmeRequest     *req;
     NvmeNamespace   *ns;
     BlockAcctCookie acct;
 };

 static void nvme_aio_flush_cb(void *opaque, int ret)
 {
     struct nvme_aio_flush_ctx *ctx = opaque;
     NvmeRequest *req = ctx->req;
     uintptr_t *num_flushes = (uintptr_t *)&req->opaque;

     BlockBackend *blk = ctx->ns->blkconf.blk;
     BlockAcctCookie *acct = &ctx->acct;
     BlockAcctStats *stats = blk_get_stats(blk);

     trace_pci_nvme_aio_flush_cb(nvme_cid(req), blk_name(blk));

     if (!ret) {
         block_acct_done(stats, acct);
     } else {
         block_acct_failed(stats, acct);
         nvme_aio_err(req, ret);
     }

     (*num_flushes)--;
     g_free(ctx);

     if (*num_flushes) {
         return;
     }

     nvme_enqueue_req_completion(nvme_cq(req), req);
 }

 static void nvme_verify_cb(void *opaque, int ret)
 {
     NvmeBounceContext *ctx = opaque;
     NvmeRequest *req = ctx->req;
     NvmeNamespace *ns = req->ns;
     BlockBackend *blk = ns->blkconf.blk;
     BlockAcctCookie *acct = &req->acct;
     BlockAcctStats *stats = blk_get_stats(blk);
     NvmeRwCmd *rw = (NvmeRwCmd *)&req->cmd;
     uint64_t slba = le64_to_cpu(rw->slba);
     uint16_t ctrl = le16_to_cpu(rw->control);
     uint16_t apptag = le16_to_cpu(rw->apptag);
     uint16_t appmask = le16_to_cpu(rw->appmask);
     uint32_t reftag = le32_to_cpu(rw->reftag);
     uint16_t status;

     trace_pci_nvme_verify_cb(nvme_cid(req), NVME_RW_PRINFO(ctrl), apptag,
                              appmask, reftag);

     if (ret) {
         block_acct_failed(stats, acct);
         nvme_aio_err(req, ret);
         goto out;
     }

     block_acct_done(stats, acct);

     if (NVME_ID_NS_DPS_TYPE(ns->id_ns.dps)) {
         status = nvme_dif_mangle_mdata(ns, ctx->mdata.bounce,
                                        ctx->mdata.iov.size, slba);
         if (status) {
             req->status = status;
             goto out;
         }

         req->status = nvme_dif_check(ns, ctx->data.bounce, ctx->data.iov.size,
                                      ctx->mdata.bounce, ctx->mdata.iov.size,
                                      ctrl, slba, apptag, appmask, reftag);
     }

 out:
     qemu_iovec_destroy(&ctx->data.iov);
     g_free(ctx->data.bounce);

     qemu_iovec_destroy(&ctx->mdata.iov);
     g_free(ctx->mdata.bounce);

     g_free(ctx);

     nvme_enqueue_req_completion(nvme_cq(req), req);
 }


 static void nvme_verify_mdata_in_cb(void *opaque, int ret)
 {
     NvmeBounceContext *ctx = opaque;
     NvmeRequest *req = ctx->req;
     NvmeNamespace *ns = req->ns;
     NvmeRwCmd *rw = (NvmeRwCmd *)&req->cmd;
     uint64_t slba = le64_to_cpu(rw->slba);
     uint32_t nlb = le16_to_cpu(rw->nlb) + 1;
     size_t mlen = nvme_m2b(ns, nlb);
     uint64_t offset = nvme_moff(ns, slba);
     BlockBackend *blk = ns->blkconf.blk;

     trace_pci_nvme_verify_mdata_in_cb(nvme_cid(req), blk_name(blk));

     if (ret) {
         goto out;
     }

     ctx->mdata.bounce = g_malloc(mlen);

     qemu_iovec_reset(&ctx->mdata.iov);
     qemu_iovec_add(&ctx->mdata.iov, ctx->mdata.bounce, mlen);

     req->aiocb = blk_aio_preadv(blk, offset, &ctx->mdata.iov, 0,
                                 nvme_verify_cb, ctx);
     return;

 out:
     nvme_verify_cb(ctx, ret);
 }

 static void nvme_aio_discard_cb(void *opaque, int ret)
 {
     NvmeRequest *req = opaque;
     uintptr_t *discards = (uintptr_t *)&req->opaque;

     trace_pci_nvme_aio_discard_cb(nvme_cid(req));

     if (ret) {
         nvme_aio_err(req, ret);
     }

     (*discards)--;

     if (*discards) {
         return;
     }

     nvme_enqueue_req_completion(nvme_cq(req), req);
 }

 struct nvme_zone_reset_ctx {
     NvmeRequest *req;
     NvmeZone    *zone;
 };

 static void nvme_aio_zone_reset_complete_cb(void *opaque, int ret)
 {
     struct nvme_zone_reset_ctx *ctx = opaque;
     NvmeRequest *req = ctx->req;
     NvmeNamespace *ns = req->ns;
     NvmeZone *zone = ctx->zone;
     uintptr_t *resets = (uintptr_t *)&req->opaque;

     if (ret) {
         nvme_aio_err(req, ret);
         goto out;
     }

     switch (nvme_get_zone_state(zone)) {
     case NVME_ZONE_STATE_EXPLICITLY_OPEN:
     case NVME_ZONE_STATE_IMPLICITLY_OPEN:
         nvme_aor_dec_open(ns);
         /* fall through */
     case NVME_ZONE_STATE_CLOSED:
         nvme_aor_dec_active(ns);
         /* fall through */
     case NVME_ZONE_STATE_FULL:
         zone->w_ptr = zone->d.zslba;
         zone->d.wp = zone->w_ptr;
         nvme_assign_zone_state(ns, zone, NVME_ZONE_STATE_EMPTY);
         /* fall through */
     default:
         break;
     }

 out:
     g_free(ctx);

     (*resets)--;

     if (*resets) {
         return;
     }

     nvme_enqueue_req_completion(nvme_cq(req), req);
 }

 static void nvme_aio_zone_reset_cb(void *opaque, int ret)
 {
     struct nvme_zone_reset_ctx *ctx = opaque;
     NvmeRequest *req = ctx->req;
     NvmeNamespace *ns = req->ns;
     NvmeZone *zone = ctx->zone;

     trace_pci_nvme_aio_zone_reset_cb(nvme_cid(req), zone->d.zslba);

     if (ret) {
         goto out;
     }

     if (ns->lbaf.ms) {
         int64_t offset = nvme_moff(ns, zone->d.zslba);

         blk_aio_pwrite_zeroes(ns->blkconf.blk, offset,
                               nvme_m2b(ns, ns->zone_size), BDRV_REQ_MAY_UNMAP,
                               nvme_aio_zone_reset_complete_cb, ctx);
         return;
     }

 out:
     nvme_aio_zone_reset_complete_cb(opaque, ret);
 }

 struct nvme_copy_ctx {
     int copies;
     uint8_t *bounce;
     uint8_t *mbounce;
     uint32_t nlb;
     NvmeCopySourceRange *ranges;
 };

 struct nvme_copy_in_ctx {
     NvmeRequest *req;
     QEMUIOVector iov;
     NvmeCopySourceRange *range;
 };

 static void nvme_copy_complete_cb(void *opaque, int ret)
 {
     NvmeRequest *req = opaque;
     NvmeNamespace *ns = req->ns;
     struct nvme_copy_ctx *ctx = req->opaque;

     if (ret) {
         block_acct_failed(blk_get_stats(ns->blkconf.blk), &req->acct);
         nvme_aio_err(req, ret);
         goto out;
     }

     block_acct_done(blk_get_stats(ns->blkconf.blk), &req->acct);

 out:
     if (ns->params.zoned) {
         NvmeCopyCmd *copy = (NvmeCopyCmd *)&req->cmd;
         uint64_t sdlba = le64_to_cpu(copy->sdlba);
         NvmeZone *zone = nvme_get_zone_by_slba(ns, sdlba);

         nvme_advance_zone_wp(ns, zone, ctx->nlb);
     }

     g_free(ctx->bounce);
     g_free(ctx->mbounce);
     g_free(ctx);

     nvme_enqueue_req_completion(nvme_cq(req), req);
 }

 static void nvme_copy_cb(void *opaque, int ret)
 {
     NvmeRequest *req = opaque;
     NvmeNamespace *ns = req->ns;
     struct nvme_copy_ctx *ctx = req->opaque;

     trace_pci_nvme_copy_cb(nvme_cid(req));

     if (ret) {
         goto out;
     }

     if (ns->lbaf.ms) {
         NvmeCopyCmd *copy = (NvmeCopyCmd *)&req->cmd;
         uint64_t sdlba = le64_to_cpu(copy->sdlba);
         int64_t offset = nvme_moff(ns, sdlba);

         qemu_iovec_reset(&req->sg.iov);
         qemu_iovec_add(&req->sg.iov, ctx->mbounce, nvme_m2b(ns, ctx->nlb));

         req->aiocb = blk_aio_pwritev(ns->blkconf.blk, offset, &req->sg.iov, 0,
                                      nvme_copy_complete_cb, req);
         return;
     }

 out:
     nvme_copy_complete_cb(opaque, ret);
 }

 static void nvme_copy_in_complete(NvmeRequest *req)
 {
     NvmeNamespace *ns = req->ns;
     NvmeCopyCmd *copy = (NvmeCopyCmd *)&req->cmd;
     struct nvme_copy_ctx *ctx = req->opaque;
     uint64_t sdlba = le64_to_cpu(copy->sdlba);
     uint16_t status;

     trace_pci_nvme_copy_in_complete(nvme_cid(req));

     block_acct_done(blk_get_stats(ns->blkconf.blk), &req->acct);

     if (NVME_ID_NS_DPS_TYPE(ns->id_ns.dps)) {
         uint16_t prinfor = (copy->control[0] >> 4) & 0xf;
         uint16_t prinfow = (copy->control[2] >> 2) & 0xf;
         uint16_t nr = copy->nr + 1;
         NvmeCopySourceRange *range;
         uint64_t slba;
         uint32_t nlb;
         uint16_t apptag, appmask;
         uint32_t reftag;
         uint8_t *buf = ctx->bounce, *mbuf = ctx->mbounce;
         size_t len, mlen;
         int i;

         /*
          * The dif helpers expects prinfo to be similar to the control field of
          * the NvmeRwCmd, so shift by 10 to fake it.
          */
         prinfor = prinfor << 10;
         prinfow = prinfow << 10;

         for (i = 0; i < nr; i++) {
             range = &ctx->ranges[i];
             slba = le64_to_cpu(range->slba);
             nlb = le16_to_cpu(range->nlb) + 1;
             len = nvme_l2b(ns, nlb);
             mlen = nvme_m2b(ns, nlb);
             apptag = le16_to_cpu(range->apptag);
             appmask = le16_to_cpu(range->appmask);
             reftag = le32_to_cpu(range->reftag);

             status = nvme_dif_check(ns, buf, len, mbuf, mlen, prinfor, slba,
                                     apptag, appmask, reftag);
             if (status) {
                 goto invalid;
             }

             buf += len;
             mbuf += mlen;
         }

         apptag = le16_to_cpu(copy->apptag);
         appmask = le16_to_cpu(copy->appmask);
         reftag = le32_to_cpu(copy->reftag);

         if (prinfow & NVME_RW_PRINFO_PRACT) {
             size_t len = nvme_l2b(ns, ctx->nlb);
             size_t mlen = nvme_m2b(ns, ctx->nlb);

             status = nvme_check_prinfo(ns, prinfow, sdlba, reftag);
             if (status) {
                 goto invalid;
             }

             nvme_dif_pract_generate_dif(ns, ctx->bounce, len, ctx->mbounce,
                                         mlen, apptag, reftag);
         } else {
             status = nvme_dif_check(ns, ctx->bounce, len, ctx->mbounce, mlen,
                                     prinfow, sdlba, apptag, appmask, reftag);
             if (status) {
                 goto invalid;
             }
         }
     }

     status = nvme_check_bounds(ns, sdlba, ctx->nlb);
     if (status) {
         goto invalid;
     }

     if (ns->params.zoned) {
         NvmeZone *zone = nvme_get_zone_by_slba(ns, sdlba);

         status = nvme_check_zone_write(ns, zone, sdlba, ctx->nlb);
         if (status) {
             goto invalid;
         }

         status = nvme_zrm_auto(ns, zone);
         if (status) {
             goto invalid;
         }

         zone->w_ptr += ctx->nlb;
     }

     qemu_iovec_init(&req->sg.iov, 1);
     qemu_iovec_add(&req->sg.iov, ctx->bounce, nvme_l2b(ns, ctx->nlb));

     block_acct_start(blk_get_stats(ns->blkconf.blk), &req->acct, 0,
                      BLOCK_ACCT_WRITE);

     req->aiocb = blk_aio_pwritev(ns->blkconf.blk, nvme_l2b(ns, sdlba),
                                  &req->sg.iov, 0, nvme_copy_cb, req);

     return;

 invalid:
     req->status = status;

     g_free(ctx->bounce);
     g_free(ctx);

     nvme_enqueue_req_completion(nvme_cq(req), req);
 }

 static void nvme_aio_copy_in_cb(void *opaque, int ret)
 {
     struct nvme_copy_in_ctx *in_ctx = opaque;
     NvmeRequest *req = in_ctx->req;
     NvmeNamespace *ns = req->ns;
     struct nvme_copy_ctx *ctx = req->opaque;

     qemu_iovec_destroy(&in_ctx->iov);
     g_free(in_ctx);

     trace_pci_nvme_aio_copy_in_cb(nvme_cid(req));

     if (ret) {
         nvme_aio_err(req, ret);
     }

     ctx->copies--;

     if (ctx->copies) {
         return;
     }

     if (req->status) {
         block_acct_failed(blk_get_stats(ns->blkconf.blk), &req->acct);

         g_free(ctx->bounce);
         g_free(ctx->mbounce);
         g_free(ctx);

         nvme_enqueue_req_completion(nvme_cq(req), req);

         return;
     }

     nvme_copy_in_complete(req);
 }

 struct nvme_compare_ctx {
     struct {
         QEMUIOVector iov;
         uint8_t *bounce;
     } data;

     struct {
         QEMUIOVector iov;
         uint8_t *bounce;
     } mdata;
 };

 static void nvme_compare_mdata_cb(void *opaque, int ret)
 {
     NvmeRequest *req = opaque;
     NvmeNamespace *ns = req->ns;
     NvmeCtrl *n = nvme_ctrl(req);
     NvmeRwCmd *rw = (NvmeRwCmd *)&req->cmd;
     uint16_t ctrl = le16_to_cpu(rw->control);
     uint16_t apptag = le16_to_cpu(rw->apptag);
     uint16_t appmask = le16_to_cpu(rw->appmask);
     uint32_t reftag = le32_to_cpu(rw->reftag);
     struct nvme_compare_ctx *ctx = req->opaque;
     g_autofree uint8_t *buf = NULL;
     BlockBackend *blk = ns->blkconf.blk;
     BlockAcctCookie *acct = &req->acct;
     BlockAcctStats *stats = blk_get_stats(blk);
     uint16_t status = NVME_SUCCESS;

     trace_pci_nvme_compare_mdata_cb(nvme_cid(req));

     if (ret) {
         block_acct_failed(stats, acct);
         nvme_aio_err(req, ret);
         goto out;
     }

     buf = g_malloc(ctx->mdata.iov.size);

     status = nvme_bounce_mdata(n, buf, ctx->mdata.iov.size,
                                NVME_TX_DIRECTION_TO_DEVICE, req);
     if (status) {
         req->status = status;
         goto out;
     }

     if (NVME_ID_NS_DPS_TYPE(ns->id_ns.dps)) {
         uint64_t slba = le64_to_cpu(rw->slba);
         uint8_t *bufp;
         uint8_t *mbufp = ctx->mdata.bounce;
         uint8_t *end = mbufp + ctx->mdata.iov.size;
         int16_t pil = 0;

         status = nvme_dif_check(ns, ctx->data.bounce, ctx->data.iov.size,
                                 ctx->mdata.bounce, ctx->mdata.iov.size, ctrl,
                                 slba, apptag, appmask, reftag);
         if (status) {
             req->status = status;
             goto out;
         }

         /*
          * When formatted with protection information, do not compare the DIF
          * tuple.
          */
         if (!(ns->id_ns.dps & NVME_ID_NS_DPS_FIRST_EIGHT)) {
             pil = ns->lbaf.ms - sizeof(NvmeDifTuple);
         }

         for (bufp = buf; mbufp < end; bufp += ns->lbaf.ms, mbufp += ns->lbaf.ms) {
             if (memcmp(bufp + pil, mbufp + pil, ns->lbaf.ms - pil)) {
                 req->status = NVME_CMP_FAILURE;
                 goto out;
             }
         }

         goto out;
     }

     if (memcmp(buf, ctx->mdata.bounce, ctx->mdata.iov.size)) {
         req->status = NVME_CMP_FAILURE;
         goto out;
     }

     block_acct_done(stats, acct);

 out:
     qemu_iovec_destroy(&ctx->data.iov);
     g_free(ctx->data.bounce);

     qemu_iovec_destroy(&ctx->mdata.iov);
     g_free(ctx->mdata.bounce);

     g_free(ctx);

     nvme_enqueue_req_completion(nvme_cq(req), req);
 }

 static void nvme_compare_data_cb(void *opaque, int ret)
 {
     NvmeRequest *req = opaque;
     NvmeCtrl *n = nvme_ctrl(req);
     NvmeNamespace *ns = req->ns;
     BlockBackend *blk = ns->blkconf.blk;
     BlockAcctCookie *acct = &req->acct;
     BlockAcctStats *stats = blk_get_stats(blk);

     struct nvme_compare_ctx *ctx = req->opaque;
     g_autofree uint8_t *buf = NULL;
     uint16_t status;

     trace_pci_nvme_compare_data_cb(nvme_cid(req));

     if (ret) {
         block_acct_failed(stats, acct);
         nvme_aio_err(req, ret);
         goto out;
     }

     buf = g_malloc(ctx->data.iov.size);

     status = nvme_bounce_data(n, buf, ctx->data.iov.size,
                               NVME_TX_DIRECTION_TO_DEVICE, req);
     if (status) {
         req->status = status;
         goto out;
     }

     if (memcmp(buf, ctx->data.bounce, ctx->data.iov.size)) {
         req->status = NVME_CMP_FAILURE;
         goto out;
     }

     if (ns->lbaf.ms) {
         NvmeRwCmd *rw = (NvmeRwCmd *)&req->cmd;
         uint64_t slba = le64_to_cpu(rw->slba);
         uint32_t nlb = le16_to_cpu(rw->nlb) + 1;
         size_t mlen = nvme_m2b(ns, nlb);
         uint64_t offset = nvme_moff(ns, slba);

         ctx->mdata.bounce = g_malloc(mlen);

         qemu_iovec_init(&ctx->mdata.iov, 1);
         qemu_iovec_add(&ctx->mdata.iov, ctx->mdata.bounce, mlen);

         req->aiocb = blk_aio_preadv(blk, offset, &ctx->mdata.iov, 0,
                                     nvme_compare_mdata_cb, req);
         return;
     }

     block_acct_done(stats, acct);

 out:
     qemu_iovec_destroy(&ctx->data.iov);
     g_free(ctx->data.bounce);
     g_free(ctx);

     nvme_enqueue_req_completion(nvme_cq(req), req);
 }

 static uint16_t nvme_dsm(NvmeCtrl *n, NvmeRequest *req)
 {
     NvmeNamespace *ns = req->ns;
     NvmeDsmCmd *dsm = (NvmeDsmCmd *) &req->cmd;

     uint32_t attr = le32_to_cpu(dsm->attributes);
     uint32_t nr = (le32_to_cpu(dsm->nr) & 0xff) + 1;

     uint16_t status = NVME_SUCCESS;

     trace_pci_nvme_dsm(nvme_cid(req), nvme_nsid(ns), nr, attr);

     if (attr & NVME_DSMGMT_AD) {
         int64_t offset;
         size_t len;
         NvmeDsmRange range[nr];
         uintptr_t *discards = (uintptr_t *)&req->opaque;

         status = nvme_h2c(n, (uint8_t *)range, sizeof(range), req);
         if (status) {
             return status;
         }

         /*
          * AIO callbacks may be called immediately, so initialize discards to 1
          * to make sure the the callback does not complete the request before
          * all discards have been issued.
          */
         *discards = 1;

         for (int i = 0; i < nr; i++) {
             uint64_t slba = le64_to_cpu(range[i].slba);
             uint32_t nlb = le32_to_cpu(range[i].nlb);

             if (nvme_check_bounds(ns, slba, nlb)) {
                 continue;
             }

             trace_pci_nvme_dsm_deallocate(nvme_cid(req), nvme_nsid(ns), slba,
                                           nlb);

             if (nlb > n->dmrsl) {
                 trace_pci_nvme_dsm_single_range_limit_exceeded(nlb, n->dmrsl);
             }

             offset = nvme_l2b(ns, slba);
             len = nvme_l2b(ns, nlb);

             while (len) {
                 size_t bytes = MIN(BDRV_REQUEST_MAX_BYTES, len);

                 (*discards)++;

                 blk_aio_pdiscard(ns->blkconf.blk, offset, bytes,
                                  nvme_aio_discard_cb, req);

                 offset += bytes;
                 len -= bytes;
             }
         }

         /* account for the 1-initialization */
         (*discards)--;

         if (*discards) {
             status = NVME_NO_COMPLETE;
         } else {
             status = req->status;
         }
     }

     return status;
 }

 static uint16_t nvme_verify(NvmeCtrl *n, NvmeRequest *req)
 {
     NvmeRwCmd *rw = (NvmeRwCmd *)&req->cmd;
     NvmeNamespace *ns = req->ns;
     BlockBackend *blk = ns->blkconf.blk;
     uint64_t slba = le64_to_cpu(rw->slba);
     uint32_t nlb = le16_to_cpu(rw->nlb) + 1;
     size_t len = nvme_l2b(ns, nlb);
     int64_t offset = nvme_l2b(ns, slba);
     uint16_t ctrl = le16_to_cpu(rw->control);
     uint32_t reftag = le32_to_cpu(rw->reftag);
     NvmeBounceContext *ctx = NULL;
     uint16_t status;

     trace_pci_nvme_verify(nvme_cid(req), nvme_nsid(ns), slba, nlb);

     if (NVME_ID_NS_DPS_TYPE(ns->id_ns.dps)) {
         status = nvme_check_prinfo(ns, ctrl, slba, reftag);
         if (status) {
             return status;
         }

         if (ctrl & NVME_RW_PRINFO_PRACT) {
             return NVME_INVALID_PROT_INFO | NVME_DNR;
         }
     }

     if (len > n->page_size << n->params.vsl) {
         return NVME_INVALID_FIELD | NVME_DNR;
     }

     status = nvme_check_bounds(ns, slba, nlb);
     if (status) {
         return status;
     }

     if (NVME_ERR_REC_DULBE(ns->features.err_rec)) {
         status = nvme_check_dulbe(ns, slba, nlb);
         if (status) {
             return status;
         }
     }

     ctx = g_new0(NvmeBounceContext, 1);
     ctx->req = req;

     ctx->data.bounce = g_malloc(len);

     qemu_iovec_init(&ctx->data.iov, 1);
     qemu_iovec_add(&ctx->data.iov, ctx->data.bounce, len);

     block_acct_start(blk_get_stats(blk), &req->acct, ctx->data.iov.size,
                      BLOCK_ACCT_READ);

     req->aiocb = blk_aio_preadv(ns->blkconf.blk, offset, &ctx->data.iov, 0,
                                 nvme_verify_mdata_in_cb, ctx);
     return NVME_NO_COMPLETE;
 }

 static uint16_t nvme_copy(NvmeCtrl *n, NvmeRequest *req)
 {
     NvmeNamespace *ns = req->ns;
     NvmeCopyCmd *copy = (NvmeCopyCmd *)&req->cmd;

     uint16_t nr = copy->nr + 1;
     uint8_t format = copy->control[0] & 0xf;

     /*
      * Shift the PRINFOR/PRINFOW values by 10 to allow reusing the
      * NVME_RW_PRINFO constants.
      */
     uint16_t prinfor = ((copy->control[0] >> 4) & 0xf) << 10;
     uint16_t prinfow = ((copy->control[2] >> 2) & 0xf) << 10;

     uint32_t nlb = 0;
     uint8_t *bounce = NULL, *bouncep = NULL;
     uint8_t *mbounce = NULL, *mbouncep = NULL;
     struct nvme_copy_ctx *ctx;
     uint16_t status;
     int i;

     trace_pci_nvme_copy(nvme_cid(req), nvme_nsid(ns), nr, format);

     if (NVME_ID_NS_DPS_TYPE(ns->id_ns.dps) &&
         ((prinfor & NVME_RW_PRINFO_PRACT) != (prinfow & NVME_RW_PRINFO_PRACT))) {
         return NVME_INVALID_FIELD | NVME_DNR;
     }

     if (!(n->id_ctrl.ocfs & (1 << format))) {
         trace_pci_nvme_err_copy_invalid_format(format);
         return NVME_INVALID_FIELD | NVME_DNR;
     }

     if (nr > ns->id_ns.msrc + 1) {
         return NVME_CMD_SIZE_LIMIT | NVME_DNR;
     }

     ctx = g_new(struct nvme_copy_ctx, 1);
     ctx->ranges = g_new(NvmeCopySourceRange, nr);

     status = nvme_h2c(n, (uint8_t *)ctx->ranges,
                       nr * sizeof(NvmeCopySourceRange), req);
     if (status) {
         goto out;
     }

     for (i = 0; i < nr; i++) {
         uint64_t slba = le64_to_cpu(ctx->ranges[i].slba);
         uint32_t _nlb = le16_to_cpu(ctx->ranges[i].nlb) + 1;

         if (_nlb > le16_to_cpu(ns->id_ns.mssrl)) {
             status = NVME_CMD_SIZE_LIMIT | NVME_DNR;
             goto out;
         }

         status = nvme_check_bounds(ns, slba, _nlb);
         if (status) {
             goto out;
         }

         if (NVME_ERR_REC_DULBE(ns->features.err_rec)) {
             status = nvme_check_dulbe(ns, slba, _nlb);
             if (status) {
                 goto out;
             }
         }

         if (ns->params.zoned) {
             status = nvme_check_zone_read(ns, slba, _nlb);
             if (status) {
                 goto out;
             }
         }

         nlb += _nlb;
     }

     if (nlb > le32_to_cpu(ns->id_ns.mcl)) {
         status = NVME_CMD_SIZE_LIMIT | NVME_DNR;
         goto out;
     }

     bounce = bouncep = g_malloc(nvme_l2b(ns, nlb));
     if (ns->lbaf.ms) {
         mbounce = mbouncep = g_malloc(nvme_m2b(ns, nlb));
     }

     block_acct_start(blk_get_stats(ns->blkconf.blk), &req->acct, 0,
                      BLOCK_ACCT_READ);

     ctx->bounce = bounce;
     ctx->mbounce = mbounce;
     ctx->nlb = nlb;
     ctx->copies = 1;

     req->opaque = ctx;

     for (i = 0; i < nr; i++) {
         uint64_t slba = le64_to_cpu(ctx->ranges[i].slba);
         uint32_t nlb = le16_to_cpu(ctx->ranges[i].nlb) + 1;

         size_t len = nvme_l2b(ns, nlb);
         int64_t offset = nvme_l2b(ns, slba);

         trace_pci_nvme_copy_source_range(slba, nlb);

         struct nvme_copy_in_ctx *in_ctx = g_new(struct nvme_copy_in_ctx, 1);
         in_ctx->req = req;

         qemu_iovec_init(&in_ctx->iov, 1);
         qemu_iovec_add(&in_ctx->iov, bouncep, len);

         ctx->copies++;

         blk_aio_preadv(ns->blkconf.blk, offset, &in_ctx->iov, 0,
                        nvme_aio_copy_in_cb, in_ctx);

         bouncep += len;

         if (ns->lbaf.ms) {
             len = nvme_m2b(ns, nlb);
             offset = nvme_moff(ns, slba);

             in_ctx = g_new(struct nvme_copy_in_ctx, 1);
             in_ctx->req = req;

             qemu_iovec_init(&in_ctx->iov, 1);
             qemu_iovec_add(&in_ctx->iov, mbouncep, len);

             ctx->copies++;

             blk_aio_preadv(ns->blkconf.blk, offset, &in_ctx->iov, 0,
                            nvme_aio_copy_in_cb, in_ctx);

             mbouncep += len;
         }
     }

     /* account for the 1-initialization */
     ctx->copies--;

     if (!ctx->copies) {
         nvme_copy_in_complete(req);
     }

     return NVME_NO_COMPLETE;

 out:
     g_free(ctx->ranges);
     g_free(ctx);

     return status;
 }

 static uint16_t nvme_compare(NvmeCtrl *n, NvmeRequest *req)
 {
     NvmeRwCmd *rw = (NvmeRwCmd *)&req->cmd;
     NvmeNamespace *ns = req->ns;
     BlockBackend *blk = ns->blkconf.blk;
     uint64_t slba = le64_to_cpu(rw->slba);
     uint32_t nlb = le16_to_cpu(rw->nlb) + 1;
     uint16_t ctrl = le16_to_cpu(rw->control);
     size_t data_len = nvme_l2b(ns, nlb);
     size_t len = data_len;
     int64_t offset = nvme_l2b(ns, slba);
     struct nvme_compare_ctx *ctx = NULL;
     uint16_t status;

     trace_pci_nvme_compare(nvme_cid(req), nvme_nsid(ns), slba, nlb);

     if (NVME_ID_NS_DPS_TYPE(ns->id_ns.dps) && (ctrl & NVME_RW_PRINFO_PRACT)) {
         return NVME_INVALID_PROT_INFO | NVME_DNR;
     }

     if (nvme_ns_ext(ns)) {
         len += nvme_m2b(ns, nlb);
     }

     status = nvme_check_mdts(n, len);
     if (status) {
         return status;
     }

     status = nvme_check_bounds(ns, slba, nlb);
     if (status) {
         return status;
     }

     if (NVME_ERR_REC_DULBE(ns->features.err_rec)) {
         status = nvme_check_dulbe(ns, slba, nlb);
         if (status) {
             return status;
         }
     }

     status = nvme_map_dptr(n, &req->sg, len, &req->cmd);
     if (status) {
         return status;
     }

     ctx = g_new(struct nvme_compare_ctx, 1);
     ctx->data.bounce = g_malloc(data_len);

     req->opaque = ctx;

     qemu_iovec_init(&ctx->data.iov, 1);
     qemu_iovec_add(&ctx->data.iov, ctx->data.bounce, data_len);

     block_acct_start(blk_get_stats(blk), &req->acct, data_len,
                      BLOCK_ACCT_READ);
     req->aiocb = blk_aio_preadv(blk, offset, &ctx->data.iov, 0,
                                 nvme_compare_data_cb, req);

     return NVME_NO_COMPLETE;
 }

 static uint16_t nvme_flush(NvmeCtrl *n, NvmeRequest *req)
 {
     uint32_t nsid = le32_to_cpu(req->cmd.nsid);
     uintptr_t *num_flushes = (uintptr_t *)&req->opaque;
     uint16_t status;
     struct nvme_aio_flush_ctx *ctx;
     NvmeNamespace *ns;

     trace_pci_nvme_flush(nvme_cid(req), nsid);

     if (nsid != NVME_NSID_BROADCAST) {
         req->ns = nvme_ns(n, nsid);
         if (unlikely(!req->ns)) {
             return NVME_INVALID_FIELD | NVME_DNR;
         }

         block_acct_start(blk_get_stats(req->ns->blkconf.blk), &req->acct, 0,
                          BLOCK_ACCT_FLUSH);
         req->aiocb = blk_aio_flush(req->ns->blkconf.blk, nvme_misc_cb, req);
         return NVME_NO_COMPLETE;
     }

     /* 1-initialize; see comment in nvme_dsm */
     *num_flushes = 1;

     for (int i = 1; i <= NVME_MAX_NAMESPACES; i++) {
         ns = nvme_ns(n, i);
         if (!ns) {
             continue;
         }

         ctx = g_new(struct nvme_aio_flush_ctx, 1);
         ctx->req = req;
         ctx->ns = ns;

         (*num_flushes)++;

         block_acct_start(blk_get_stats(ns->blkconf.blk), &ctx->acct, 0,
                          BLOCK_ACCT_FLUSH);
         blk_aio_flush(ns->blkconf.blk, nvme_aio_flush_cb, ctx);
     }

     /* account for the 1-initialization */
     (*num_flushes)--;

     if (*num_flushes) {
         status = NVME_NO_COMPLETE;
     } else {
         status = req->status;
     }

     return status;
 }

 static uint16_t nvme_read(NvmeCtrl *n, NvmeRequest *req)
 {
     NvmeRwCmd *rw = (NvmeRwCmd *)&req->cmd;
     NvmeNamespace *ns = req->ns;
     uint64_t slba = le64_to_cpu(rw->slba);
     uint32_t nlb = (uint32_t)le16_to_cpu(rw->nlb) + 1;
     uint16_t ctrl = le16_to_cpu(rw->control);
     uint64_t data_size = nvme_l2b(ns, nlb);
     uint64_t mapped_size = data_size;
     uint64_t data_offset;
     BlockBackend *blk = ns->blkconf.blk;
     uint16_t status;

     if (nvme_ns_ext(ns)) {
         mapped_size += nvme_m2b(ns, nlb);

         if (NVME_ID_NS_DPS_TYPE(ns->id_ns.dps)) {
             bool pract = ctrl & NVME_RW_PRINFO_PRACT;

             if (pract && ns->lbaf.ms == 8) {
                 mapped_size = data_size;
             }
         }
     }

     trace_pci_nvme_read(nvme_cid(req), nvme_nsid(ns), nlb, mapped_size, slba);

     status = nvme_check_mdts(n, mapped_size);
     if (status) {
         goto invalid;
     }

     status = nvme_check_bounds(ns, slba, nlb);
     if (status) {
         goto invalid;
     }

     if (ns->params.zoned) {
         status = nvme_check_zone_read(ns, slba, nlb);
         if (status) {
             trace_pci_nvme_err_zone_read_not_ok(slba, nlb, status);
             goto invalid;
         }
     }

     if (NVME_ERR_REC_DULBE(ns->features.err_rec)) {
         status = nvme_check_dulbe(ns, slba, nlb);
         if (status) {
             goto invalid;
         }
     }

     if (NVME_ID_NS_DPS_TYPE(ns->id_ns.dps)) {
         return nvme_dif_rw(n, req);
     }

     status = nvme_map_data(n, nlb, req);
     if (status) {
         goto invalid;
     }

     data_offset = nvme_l2b(ns, slba);

     block_acct_start(blk_get_stats(blk), &req->acct, data_size,
                      BLOCK_ACCT_READ);
     nvme_blk_read(blk, data_offset, nvme_rw_cb, req);
     return NVME_NO_COMPLETE;

 invalid:
     block_acct_invalid(blk_get_stats(blk), BLOCK_ACCT_READ);
     return status | NVME_DNR;
 }

 static uint16_t nvme_do_write(NvmeCtrl *n, NvmeRequest *req, bool append,
                               bool wrz)
 {
     NvmeRwCmd *rw = (NvmeRwCmd *)&req->cmd;
     NvmeNamespace *ns = req->ns;
     uint64_t slba = le64_to_cpu(rw->slba);
     uint32_t nlb = (uint32_t)le16_to_cpu(rw->nlb) + 1;
     uint16_t ctrl = le16_to_cpu(rw->control);
     uint64_t data_size = nvme_l2b(ns, nlb);
     uint64_t mapped_size = data_size;
     uint64_t data_offset;
     NvmeZone *zone;
     NvmeZonedResult *res = (NvmeZonedResult *)&req->cqe;
     BlockBackend *blk = ns->blkconf.blk;
     uint16_t status;

     if (nvme_ns_ext(ns)) {
         mapped_size += nvme_m2b(ns, nlb);

         if (NVME_ID_NS_DPS_TYPE(ns->id_ns.dps)) {
             bool pract = ctrl & NVME_RW_PRINFO_PRACT;

             if (pract && ns->lbaf.ms == 8) {
                 mapped_size -= nvme_m2b(ns, nlb);
             }
         }
     }

     trace_pci_nvme_write(nvme_cid(req), nvme_io_opc_str(rw->opcode),
                          nvme_nsid(ns), nlb, mapped_size, slba);

     if (!wrz) {
         status = nvme_check_mdts(n, mapped_size);
         if (status) {
             goto invalid;
         }
     }

     status = nvme_check_bounds(ns, slba, nlb);
     if (status) {
         goto invalid;
     }

     if (ns->params.zoned) {
         zone = nvme_get_zone_by_slba(ns, slba);

         if (append) {
             bool piremap = !!(ctrl & NVME_RW_PIREMAP);

             if (unlikely(slba != zone->d.zslba)) {
                 trace_pci_nvme_err_append_not_at_start(slba, zone->d.zslba);
                 status = NVME_INVALID_FIELD;
                 goto invalid;
             }

             if (n->params.zasl &&
                 data_size > (uint64_t)n->page_size << n->params.zasl) {
                 trace_pci_nvme_err_zasl(data_size);
                 return NVME_INVALID_FIELD | NVME_DNR;
             }

             slba = zone->w_ptr;
             rw->slba = cpu_to_le64(slba);
             res->slba = cpu_to_le64(slba);

             switch (NVME_ID_NS_DPS_TYPE(ns->id_ns.dps)) {
             case NVME_ID_NS_DPS_TYPE_1:
                 if (!piremap) {
                     return NVME_INVALID_PROT_INFO | NVME_DNR;
                 }

                 /* fallthrough */

             case NVME_ID_NS_DPS_TYPE_2:
                 if (piremap) {
                     uint32_t reftag = le32_to_cpu(rw->reftag);
                     rw->reftag = cpu_to_le32(reftag + (slba - zone->d.zslba));
                 }

                 break;

             case NVME_ID_NS_DPS_TYPE_3:
                 if (piremap) {
                     return NVME_INVALID_PROT_INFO | NVME_DNR;
                 }

                 break;
             }
         }

         status = nvme_check_zone_write(ns, zone, slba, nlb);
         if (status) {
             goto invalid;
         }

         status = nvme_zrm_auto(ns, zone);
         if (status) {
             goto invalid;
         }

         zone->w_ptr += nlb;
     }

     data_offset = nvme_l2b(ns, slba);

     if (NVME_ID_NS_DPS_TYPE(ns->id_ns.dps)) {
         return nvme_dif_rw(n, req);
     }

     if (!wrz) {
         status = nvme_map_data(n, nlb, req);
         if (status) {
             goto invalid;
         }

         block_acct_start(blk_get_stats(blk), &req->acct, data_size,
                          BLOCK_ACCT_WRITE);
         nvme_blk_write(blk, data_offset, nvme_rw_cb, req);
     } else {
         req->aiocb = blk_aio_pwrite_zeroes(blk, data_offset, data_size,
                                            BDRV_REQ_MAY_UNMAP, nvme_rw_cb,
                                            req);
     }

     return NVME_NO_COMPLETE;

 invalid:
     block_acct_invalid(blk_get_stats(blk), BLOCK_ACCT_WRITE);
     return status | NVME_DNR;
 }

 static inline uint16_t nvme_write(NvmeCtrl *n, NvmeRequest *req)
 {
     return nvme_do_write(n, req, false, false);
 }

 static inline uint16_t nvme_write_zeroes(NvmeCtrl *n, NvmeRequest *req)
 {
     return nvme_do_write(n, req, false, true);
 }

 static inline uint16_t nvme_zone_append(NvmeCtrl *n, NvmeRequest *req)
 {
     return nvme_do_write(n, req, true, false);
 }

 static uint16_t nvme_get_mgmt_zone_slba_idx(NvmeNamespace *ns, NvmeCmd *c,
                                             uint64_t *slba, uint32_t *zone_idx)
 {
     uint32_t dw10 = le32_to_cpu(c->cdw10);
     uint32_t dw11 = le32_to_cpu(c->cdw11);

     if (!ns->params.zoned) {
         trace_pci_nvme_err_invalid_opc(c->opcode);
         return NVME_INVALID_OPCODE | NVME_DNR;
     }

     *slba = ((uint64_t)dw11) << 32 | dw10;
     if (unlikely(*slba >= ns->id_ns.nsze)) {
         trace_pci_nvme_err_invalid_lba_range(*slba, 0, ns->id_ns.nsze);
         *slba = 0;
         return NVME_LBA_RANGE | NVME_DNR;
     }

     *zone_idx = nvme_zone_idx(ns, *slba);
     assert(*zone_idx < ns->num_zones);

     return NVME_SUCCESS;
 }

 typedef uint16_t (*op_handler_t)(NvmeNamespace *, NvmeZone *, NvmeZoneState,
                                  NvmeRequest *);

 enum NvmeZoneProcessingMask {
     NVME_PROC_CURRENT_ZONE    = 0,
     NVME_PROC_OPENED_ZONES    = 1 << 0,
     NVME_PROC_CLOSED_ZONES    = 1 << 1,
     NVME_PROC_READ_ONLY_ZONES = 1 << 2,
     NVME_PROC_FULL_ZONES      = 1 << 3,
 };

 static uint16_t nvme_open_zone(NvmeNamespace *ns, NvmeZone *zone,
                                NvmeZoneState state, NvmeRequest *req)
 {
     return nvme_zrm_open(ns, zone);
 }

 static uint16_t nvme_close_zone(NvmeNamespace *ns, NvmeZone *zone,
                                 NvmeZoneState state, NvmeRequest *req)
 {
     return nvme_zrm_close(ns, zone);
 }

 static uint16_t nvme_finish_zone(NvmeNamespace *ns, NvmeZone *zone,
                                  NvmeZoneState state, NvmeRequest *req)
 {
     return nvme_zrm_finish(ns, zone);
 }

 static uint16_t nvme_reset_zone(NvmeNamespace *ns, NvmeZone *zone,
                                 NvmeZoneState state, NvmeRequest *req)
 {
     uintptr_t *resets = (uintptr_t *)&req->opaque;
     struct nvme_zone_reset_ctx *ctx;

     switch (state) {
     case NVME_ZONE_STATE_EMPTY:
         return NVME_SUCCESS;
     case NVME_ZONE_STATE_EXPLICITLY_OPEN:
     case NVME_ZONE_STATE_IMPLICITLY_OPEN:
     case NVME_ZONE_STATE_CLOSED:
     case NVME_ZONE_STATE_FULL:
         break;
     default:
         return NVME_ZONE_INVAL_TRANSITION;
     }

     /*
      * The zone reset aio callback needs to know the zone that is being reset
      * in order to transition the zone on completion.
      */
     ctx = g_new(struct nvme_zone_reset_ctx, 1);
     ctx->req = req;
     ctx->zone = zone;

     (*resets)++;

     blk_aio_pwrite_zeroes(ns->blkconf.blk, nvme_l2b(ns, zone->d.zslba),
                           nvme_l2b(ns, ns->zone_size), BDRV_REQ_MAY_UNMAP,
                           nvme_aio_zone_reset_cb, ctx);

     return NVME_NO_COMPLETE;
 }

 static uint16_t nvme_offline_zone(NvmeNamespace *ns, NvmeZone *zone,
                                   NvmeZoneState state, NvmeRequest *req)
 {
     switch (state) {
     case NVME_ZONE_STATE_READ_ONLY:
         nvme_assign_zone_state(ns, zone, NVME_ZONE_STATE_OFFLINE);
         /* fall through */
     case NVME_ZONE_STATE_OFFLINE:
         return NVME_SUCCESS;
     default:
         return NVME_ZONE_INVAL_TRANSITION;
     }
 }

 static uint16_t nvme_set_zd_ext(NvmeNamespace *ns, NvmeZone *zone)
 {
     uint16_t status;
     uint8_t state = nvme_get_zone_state(zone);

     if (state == NVME_ZONE_STATE_EMPTY) {
         status = nvme_aor_check(ns, 1, 0);
         if (status) {
             return status;
         }
         nvme_aor_inc_active(ns);
         zone->d.za |= NVME_ZA_ZD_EXT_VALID;
         nvme_assign_zone_state(ns, zone, NVME_ZONE_STATE_CLOSED);
         return NVME_SUCCESS;
     }

     return NVME_ZONE_INVAL_TRANSITION;
 }

 static uint16_t nvme_bulk_proc_zone(NvmeNamespace *ns, NvmeZone *zone,
                                     enum NvmeZoneProcessingMask proc_mask,
                                     op_handler_t op_hndlr, NvmeRequest *req)
 {
     uint16_t status = NVME_SUCCESS;
     NvmeZoneState zs = nvme_get_zone_state(zone);
     bool proc_zone;

     switch (zs) {
     case NVME_ZONE_STATE_IMPLICITLY_OPEN:
     case NVME_ZONE_STATE_EXPLICITLY_OPEN:
         proc_zone = proc_mask & NVME_PROC_OPENED_ZONES;
         break;
     case NVME_ZONE_STATE_CLOSED:
         proc_zone = proc_mask & NVME_PROC_CLOSED_ZONES;
         break;
     case NVME_ZONE_STATE_READ_ONLY:
         proc_zone = proc_mask & NVME_PROC_READ_ONLY_ZONES;
         break;
     case NVME_ZONE_STATE_FULL:
         proc_zone = proc_mask & NVME_PROC_FULL_ZONES;
         break;
     default:
         proc_zone = false;
     }

     if (proc_zone) {
         status = op_hndlr(ns, zone, zs, req);
     }

     return status;
 }

 static uint16_t nvme_do_zone_op(NvmeNamespace *ns, NvmeZone *zone,
                                 enum NvmeZoneProcessingMask proc_mask,
                                 op_handler_t op_hndlr, NvmeRequest *req)
 {
     NvmeZone *next;
     uint16_t status = NVME_SUCCESS;
     int i;

     if (!proc_mask) {
         status = op_hndlr(ns, zone, nvme_get_zone_state(zone), req);
     } else {
         if (proc_mask & NVME_PROC_CLOSED_ZONES) {
             QTAILQ_FOREACH_SAFE(zone, &ns->closed_zones, entry, next) {
                 status = nvme_bulk_proc_zone(ns, zone, proc_mask, op_hndlr,
                                              req);
                 if (status && status != NVME_NO_COMPLETE) {
                     goto out;
                 }
             }
         }
         if (proc_mask & NVME_PROC_OPENED_ZONES) {
             QTAILQ_FOREACH_SAFE(zone, &ns->imp_open_zones, entry, next) {
                 status = nvme_bulk_proc_zone(ns, zone, proc_mask, op_hndlr,
                                              req);
                 if (status && status != NVME_NO_COMPLETE) {
                     goto out;
                 }
             }

             QTAILQ_FOREACH_SAFE(zone, &ns->exp_open_zones, entry, next) {
                 status = nvme_bulk_proc_zone(ns, zone, proc_mask, op_hndlr,
                                              req);
                 if (status && status != NVME_NO_COMPLETE) {
                     goto out;
                 }
             }
         }
         if (proc_mask & NVME_PROC_FULL_ZONES) {
             QTAILQ_FOREACH_SAFE(zone, &ns->full_zones, entry, next) {
                 status = nvme_bulk_proc_zone(ns, zone, proc_mask, op_hndlr,
                                              req);
                 if (status && status != NVME_NO_COMPLETE) {
                     goto out;
                 }
             }
         }

         if (proc_mask & NVME_PROC_READ_ONLY_ZONES) {
             for (i = 0; i < ns->num_zones; i++, zone++) {
                 status = nvme_bulk_proc_zone(ns, zone, proc_mask, op_hndlr,
                                              req);
                 if (status && status != NVME_NO_COMPLETE) {
                     goto out;
                 }
             }
         }
     }

 out:
     return status;
 }

 static uint16_t nvme_zone_mgmt_send(NvmeCtrl *n, NvmeRequest *req)
 {
     NvmeCmd *cmd = (NvmeCmd *)&req->cmd;
     NvmeNamespace *ns = req->ns;
     NvmeZone *zone;
     uintptr_t *resets;
     uint8_t *zd_ext;
     uint32_t dw13 = le32_to_cpu(cmd->cdw13);
     uint64_t slba = 0;
     uint32_t zone_idx = 0;
     uint16_t status;
     uint8_t action;
     bool all;
     enum NvmeZoneProcessingMask proc_mask = NVME_PROC_CURRENT_ZONE;

     action = dw13 & 0xff;
     all = dw13 & 0x100;

     req->status = NVME_SUCCESS;

     if (!all) {
         status = nvme_get_mgmt_zone_slba_idx(ns, cmd, &slba, &zone_idx);
         if (status) {
             return status;
         }
     }

     zone = &ns->zone_array[zone_idx];
     if (slba != zone->d.zslba) {
         trace_pci_nvme_err_unaligned_zone_cmd(action, slba, zone->d.zslba);
         return NVME_INVALID_FIELD | NVME_DNR;
     }

     switch (action) {

     case NVME_ZONE_ACTION_OPEN:
         if (all) {
             proc_mask = NVME_PROC_CLOSED_ZONES;
         }
         trace_pci_nvme_open_zone(slba, zone_idx, all);
         status = nvme_do_zone_op(ns, zone, proc_mask, nvme_open_zone, req);
         break;

     case NVME_ZONE_ACTION_CLOSE:
         if (all) {
             proc_mask = NVME_PROC_OPENED_ZONES;
         }
         trace_pci_nvme_close_zone(slba, zone_idx, all);
         status = nvme_do_zone_op(ns, zone, proc_mask, nvme_close_zone, req);
         break;

     case NVME_ZONE_ACTION_FINISH:
         if (all) {
             proc_mask = NVME_PROC_OPENED_ZONES | NVME_PROC_CLOSED_ZONES;
         }
         trace_pci_nvme_finish_zone(slba, zone_idx, all);
         status = nvme_do_zone_op(ns, zone, proc_mask, nvme_finish_zone, req);
         break;

     case NVME_ZONE_ACTION_RESET:
         resets = (uintptr_t *)&req->opaque;

         if (all) {
             proc_mask = NVME_PROC_OPENED_ZONES | NVME_PROC_CLOSED_ZONES |
                 NVME_PROC_FULL_ZONES;
         }
         trace_pci_nvme_reset_zone(slba, zone_idx, all);

         *resets = 1;

         status = nvme_do_zone_op(ns, zone, proc_mask, nvme_reset_zone, req);

         (*resets)--;

         return *resets ? NVME_NO_COMPLETE : req->status;

     case NVME_ZONE_ACTION_OFFLINE:
         if (all) {
             proc_mask = NVME_PROC_READ_ONLY_ZONES;
         }
         trace_pci_nvme_offline_zone(slba, zone_idx, all);
         status = nvme_do_zone_op(ns, zone, proc_mask, nvme_offline_zone, req);
         break;

     case NVME_ZONE_ACTION_SET_ZD_EXT:
         trace_pci_nvme_set_descriptor_extension(slba, zone_idx);
         if (all || !ns->params.zd_extension_size) {
             return NVME_INVALID_FIELD | NVME_DNR;
         }
         zd_ext = nvme_get_zd_extension(ns, zone_idx);
         status = nvme_h2c(n, zd_ext, ns->params.zd_extension_size, req);
         if (status) {
             trace_pci_nvme_err_zd_extension_map_error(zone_idx);
             return status;
         }

         status = nvme_set_zd_ext(ns, zone);
         if (status == NVME_SUCCESS) {
             trace_pci_nvme_zd_extension_set(zone_idx);
             return status;
         }
         break;

     default:
         trace_pci_nvme_err_invalid_mgmt_action(action);
         status = NVME_INVALID_FIELD;
     }

     if (status == NVME_ZONE_INVAL_TRANSITION) {
         trace_pci_nvme_err_invalid_zone_state_transition(action, slba,
                                                          zone->d.za);
     }
     if (status) {
         status |= NVME_DNR;
     }

     return status;
 }

 static bool nvme_zone_matches_filter(uint32_t zafs, NvmeZone *zl)
 {
     NvmeZoneState zs = nvme_get_zone_state(zl);

     switch (zafs) {
     case NVME_ZONE_REPORT_ALL:
         return true;
     case NVME_ZONE_REPORT_EMPTY:
         return zs == NVME_ZONE_STATE_EMPTY;
     case NVME_ZONE_REPORT_IMPLICITLY_OPEN:
         return zs == NVME_ZONE_STATE_IMPLICITLY_OPEN;
     case NVME_ZONE_REPORT_EXPLICITLY_OPEN:
         return zs == NVME_ZONE_STATE_EXPLICITLY_OPEN;
     case NVME_ZONE_REPORT_CLOSED:
         return zs == NVME_ZONE_STATE_CLOSED;
     case NVME_ZONE_REPORT_FULL:
         return zs == NVME_ZONE_STATE_FULL;
     case NVME_ZONE_REPORT_READ_ONLY:
         return zs == NVME_ZONE_STATE_READ_ONLY;
     case NVME_ZONE_REPORT_OFFLINE:
         return zs == NVME_ZONE_STATE_OFFLINE;
     default:
         return false;
     }
 }

 static uint16_t nvme_zone_mgmt_recv(NvmeCtrl *n, NvmeRequest *req)
 {
     NvmeCmd *cmd = (NvmeCmd *)&req->cmd;
     NvmeNamespace *ns = req->ns;
     /* cdw12 is zero-based number of dwords to return. Convert to bytes */
     uint32_t data_size = (le32_to_cpu(cmd->cdw12) + 1) << 2;
     uint32_t dw13 = le32_to_cpu(cmd->cdw13);
     uint32_t zone_idx, zra, zrasf, partial;
     uint64_t max_zones, nr_zones = 0;
     uint16_t status;
     uint64_t slba;
     NvmeZoneDescr *z;
     NvmeZone *zone;
     NvmeZoneReportHeader *header;
     void *buf, *buf_p;
     size_t zone_entry_sz;
     int i;

     req->status = NVME_SUCCESS;

     status = nvme_get_mgmt_zone_slba_idx(ns, cmd, &slba, &zone_idx);
     if (status) {
         return status;
     }

     zra = dw13 & 0xff;
     if (zra != NVME_ZONE_REPORT && zra != NVME_ZONE_REPORT_EXTENDED) {
         return NVME_INVALID_FIELD | NVME_DNR;
     }
     if (zra == NVME_ZONE_REPORT_EXTENDED && !ns->params.zd_extension_size) {
         return NVME_INVALID_FIELD | NVME_DNR;
     }

     zrasf = (dw13 >> 8) & 0xff;
     if (zrasf > NVME_ZONE_REPORT_OFFLINE) {
         return NVME_INVALID_FIELD | NVME_DNR;
     }

     if (data_size < sizeof(NvmeZoneReportHeader)) {
         return NVME_INVALID_FIELD | NVME_DNR;
     }

     status = nvme_check_mdts(n, data_size);
     if (status) {
         return status;
     }

     partial = (dw13 >> 16) & 0x01;

     zone_entry_sz = sizeof(NvmeZoneDescr);
     if (zra == NVME_ZONE_REPORT_EXTENDED) {
         zone_entry_sz += ns->params.zd_extension_size;
     }

     max_zones = (data_size - sizeof(NvmeZoneReportHeader)) / zone_entry_sz;
     buf = g_malloc0(data_size);

     zone = &ns->zone_array[zone_idx];
     for (i = zone_idx; i < ns->num_zones; i++) {
         if (partial && nr_zones >= max_zones) {
             break;
         }
         if (nvme_zone_matches_filter(zrasf, zone++)) {
             nr_zones++;
         }
     }
     header = (NvmeZoneReportHeader *)buf;
     header->nr_zones = cpu_to_le64(nr_zones);

     buf_p = buf + sizeof(NvmeZoneReportHeader);
     for (; zone_idx < ns->num_zones && max_zones > 0; zone_idx++) {
         zone = &ns->zone_array[zone_idx];
         if (nvme_zone_matches_filter(zrasf, zone)) {
             z = (NvmeZoneDescr *)buf_p;
             buf_p += sizeof(NvmeZoneDescr);

             z->zt = zone->d.zt;
             z->zs = zone->d.zs;
             z->zcap = cpu_to_le64(zone->d.zcap);
             z->zslba = cpu_to_le64(zone->d.zslba);
             z->za = zone->d.za;

             if (nvme_wp_is_valid(zone)) {
                 z->wp = cpu_to_le64(zone->d.wp);
             } else {
                 z->wp = cpu_to_le64(~0ULL);
             }

             if (zra == NVME_ZONE_REPORT_EXTENDED) {
                 if (zone->d.za & NVME_ZA_ZD_EXT_VALID) {
                     memcpy(buf_p, nvme_get_zd_extension(ns, zone_idx),
                            ns->params.zd_extension_size);
                 }
                 buf_p += ns->params.zd_extension_size;
             }

             max_zones--;
         }
     }

     status = nvme_c2h(n, (uint8_t *)buf, data_size, req);

     g_free(buf);

     return status;
 }

 static uint16_t nvme_io_cmd(NvmeCtrl *n, NvmeRequest *req)
 {
     NvmeNamespace *ns;
     uint32_t nsid = le32_to_cpu(req->cmd.nsid);

     trace_pci_nvme_io_cmd(nvme_cid(req), nsid, nvme_sqid(req),
                           req->cmd.opcode, nvme_io_opc_str(req->cmd.opcode));

     if (!nvme_nsid_valid(n, nsid)) {
         return NVME_INVALID_NSID | NVME_DNR;
     }

     /*
      * In the base NVM command set, Flush may apply to all namespaces
      * (indicated by NSID being set to FFFFFFFFh). But if that feature is used
      * along with TP 4056 (Namespace Types), it may be pretty screwed up.
      *
      * If NSID is indeed set to FFFFFFFFh, we simply cannot associate the
      * opcode with a specific command since we cannot determine a unique I/O
      * command set. Opcode 0h could have any other meaning than something
      * equivalent to flushing and say it DOES have completely different
      * semantics in some other command set - does an NSID of FFFFFFFFh then
      * mean "for all namespaces, apply whatever command set specific command
      * that uses the 0h opcode?" Or does it mean "for all namespaces, apply
      * whatever command that uses the 0h opcode if, and only if, it allows NSID
      * to be FFFFFFFFh"?
      *
      * Anyway (and luckily), for now, we do not care about this since the
      * device only supports namespace types that includes the NVM Flush command
      * (NVM and Zoned), so always do an NVM Flush.
      */
     if (req->cmd.opcode == NVME_CMD_FLUSH) {
         return nvme_flush(n, req);
     }

     ns = nvme_ns(n, nsid);
     if (unlikely(!ns)) {
         return NVME_INVALID_FIELD | NVME_DNR;
     }

     if (!(ns->iocs[req->cmd.opcode] & NVME_CMD_EFF_CSUPP)) {
         trace_pci_nvme_err_invalid_opc(req->cmd.opcode);
         return NVME_INVALID_OPCODE | NVME_DNR;
     }

     if (ns->status) {
         return ns->status;
     }

     req->ns = ns;

     switch (req->cmd.opcode) {
     case NVME_CMD_WRITE_ZEROES:
         return nvme_write_zeroes(n, req);
     case NVME_CMD_ZONE_APPEND:
         return nvme_zone_append(n, req);
     case NVME_CMD_WRITE:
         return nvme_write(n, req);
     case NVME_CMD_READ:
         return nvme_read(n, req);
     case NVME_CMD_COMPARE:
         return nvme_compare(n, req);
     case NVME_CMD_DSM:
         return nvme_dsm(n, req);
     case NVME_CMD_VERIFY:
         return nvme_verify(n, req);
     case NVME_CMD_COPY:
         return nvme_copy(n, req);
     case NVME_CMD_ZONE_MGMT_SEND:
         return nvme_zone_mgmt_send(n, req);
     case NVME_CMD_ZONE_MGMT_RECV:
         return nvme_zone_mgmt_recv(n, req);
     default:
         assert(false);
     }

     return NVME_INVALID_OPCODE | NVME_DNR;
 }

 static void nvme_free_sq(NvmeSQueue *sq, NvmeCtrl *n)
 {
     n->sq[sq->sqid] = NULL;
     timer_free(sq->timer);
     g_free(sq->io_req);
     if (sq->sqid) {
         g_free(sq);
     }
 }

 static uint16_t nvme_del_sq(NvmeCtrl *n, NvmeRequest *req)
 {
     NvmeDeleteQ *c = (NvmeDeleteQ *)&req->cmd;
     NvmeRequest *r, *next;
     NvmeSQueue *sq;
     NvmeCQueue *cq;
     uint16_t qid = le16_to_cpu(c->qid);
     uint32_t nsid;

     if (unlikely(!qid || nvme_check_sqid(n, qid))) {
         trace_pci_nvme_err_invalid_del_sq(qid);
         return NVME_INVALID_QID | NVME_DNR;
     }

     trace_pci_nvme_del_sq(qid);

     sq = n->sq[qid];
     while (!QTAILQ_EMPTY(&sq->out_req_list)) {
         r = QTAILQ_FIRST(&sq->out_req_list);
         if (r->aiocb) {
             blk_aio_cancel(r->aiocb);
         }
     }

     /*
      * Drain all namespaces if there are still outstanding requests that we
      * could not cancel explicitly.
      */
     if (!QTAILQ_EMPTY(&sq->out_req_list)) {
         for (nsid = 1; nsid <= NVME_MAX_NAMESPACES; nsid++) {
             NvmeNamespace *ns = nvme_ns(n, nsid);
             if (ns) {
                 nvme_ns_drain(ns);
             }
         }
     }

     assert(QTAILQ_EMPTY(&sq->out_req_list));

     if (!nvme_check_cqid(n, sq->cqid)) {
         cq = n->cq[sq->cqid];
         QTAILQ_REMOVE(&cq->sq_list, sq, entry);

         nvme_post_cqes(cq);
         QTAILQ_FOREACH_SAFE(r, &cq->req_list, entry, next) {
             if (r->sq == sq) {
                 QTAILQ_REMOVE(&cq->req_list, r, entry);
                 QTAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&sq->req_list, r, entry);
             }
         }
     }

     nvme_free_sq(sq, n);
     return NVME_SUCCESS;
 }

 static void nvme_init_sq(NvmeSQueue *sq, NvmeCtrl *n, uint64_t dma_addr,
                          uint16_t sqid, uint16_t cqid, uint16_t size)
 {
     int i;
     NvmeCQueue *cq;

     sq->ctrl = n;
     sq->dma_addr = dma_addr;
     sq->sqid = sqid;
     sq->size = size;
     sq->cqid = cqid;
     sq->head = sq->tail = 0;
     sq->io_req = g_new0(NvmeRequest, sq->size);

     QTAILQ_INIT(&sq->req_list);
     QTAILQ_INIT(&sq->out_req_list);
     for (i = 0; i < sq->size; i++) {
         sq->io_req[i].sq = sq;
         QTAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&(sq->req_list), &sq->io_req[i], entry);
     }
     sq->timer = timer_new_ns(QEMU_CLOCK_VIRTUAL, nvme_process_sq, sq);

     assert(n->cq[cqid]);
     cq = n->cq[cqid];
     QTAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&(cq->sq_list), sq, entry);
     n->sq[sqid] = sq;
 }

 static uint16_t nvme_create_sq(NvmeCtrl *n, NvmeRequest *req)
 {
     NvmeSQueue *sq;
     NvmeCreateSq *c = (NvmeCreateSq *)&req->cmd;

     uint16_t cqid = le16_to_cpu(c->cqid);
     uint16_t sqid = le16_to_cpu(c->sqid);
     uint16_t qsize = le16_to_cpu(c->qsize);
     uint16_t qflags = le16_to_cpu(c->sq_flags);
     uint64_t prp1 = le64_to_cpu(c->prp1);

     trace_pci_nvme_create_sq(prp1, sqid, cqid, qsize, qflags);

     if (unlikely(!cqid || nvme_check_cqid(n, cqid))) {
         trace_pci_nvme_err_invalid_create_sq_cqid(cqid);
         return NVME_INVALID_CQID | NVME_DNR;
     }
     if (unlikely(!sqid || sqid > n->params.max_ioqpairs ||
         n->sq[sqid] != NULL)) {
         trace_pci_nvme_err_invalid_create_sq_sqid(sqid);
         return NVME_INVALID_QID | NVME_DNR;
     }
     if (unlikely(!qsize || qsize > NVME_CAP_MQES(n->bar.cap))) {
         trace_pci_nvme_err_invalid_create_sq_size(qsize);
         return NVME_MAX_QSIZE_EXCEEDED | NVME_DNR;
     }
     if (unlikely(prp1 & (n->page_size - 1))) {
         trace_pci_nvme_err_invalid_create_sq_addr(prp1);
         return NVME_INVALID_PRP_OFFSET | NVME_DNR;
     }
     if (unlikely(!(NVME_SQ_FLAGS_PC(qflags)))) {
         trace_pci_nvme_err_invalid_create_sq_qflags(NVME_SQ_FLAGS_PC(qflags));
         return NVME_INVALID_FIELD | NVME_DNR;
     }
     sq = g_malloc0(sizeof(*sq));
     nvme_init_sq(sq, n, prp1, sqid, cqid, qsize + 1);
     return NVME_SUCCESS;
 }

 struct nvme_stats {
     uint64_t units_read;
     uint64_t units_written;
     uint64_t read_commands;
     uint64_t write_commands;
 };

 static void nvme_set_blk_stats(NvmeNamespace *ns, struct nvme_stats *stats)
 {
     BlockAcctStats *s = blk_get_stats(ns->blkconf.blk);

     stats->units_read += s->nr_bytes[BLOCK_ACCT_READ] >> BDRV_SECTOR_BITS;
     stats->units_written += s->nr_bytes[BLOCK_ACCT_WRITE] >> BDRV_SECTOR_BITS;
     stats->read_commands += s->nr_ops[BLOCK_ACCT_READ];
     stats->write_commands += s->nr_ops[BLOCK_ACCT_WRITE];
 }

 static uint16_t nvme_smart_info(NvmeCtrl *n, uint8_t rae, uint32_t buf_len,
                                 uint64_t off, NvmeRequest *req)
 {
     uint32_t nsid = le32_to_cpu(req->cmd.nsid);
     struct nvme_stats stats = { 0 };
     NvmeSmartLog smart = { 0 };
     uint32_t trans_len;
     NvmeNamespace *ns;
     time_t current_ms;

     if (off >= sizeof(smart)) {
         return NVME_INVALID_FIELD | NVME_DNR;
     }

     if (nsid != 0xffffffff) {
         ns = nvme_ns(n, nsid);
         if (!ns) {
             return NVME_INVALID_NSID | NVME_DNR;
         }
         nvme_set_blk_stats(ns, &stats);
     } else {
         int i;

         for (i = 1; i <= NVME_MAX_NAMESPACES; i++) {
             ns = nvme_ns(n, i);
             if (!ns) {
                 continue;
             }
             nvme_set_blk_stats(ns, &stats);
         }
     }

     trans_len = MIN(sizeof(smart) - off, buf_len);
     smart.critical_warning = n->smart_critical_warning;

     smart.data_units_read[0] = cpu_to_le64(DIV_ROUND_UP(stats.units_read,
                                                         1000));
     smart.data_units_written[0] = cpu_to_le64(DIV_ROUND_UP(stats.units_written,
                                                            1000));
     smart.host_read_commands[0] = cpu_to_le64(stats.read_commands);
     smart.host_write_commands[0] = cpu_to_le64(stats.write_commands);

     smart.temperature = cpu_to_le16(n->temperature);

     if ((n->temperature >= n->features.temp_thresh_hi) ||
         (n->temperature <= n->features.temp_thresh_low)) {
         smart.critical_warning |= NVME_SMART_TEMPERATURE;
     }

     current_ms = qemu_clock_get_ms(QEMU_CLOCK_VIRTUAL);
     smart.power_on_hours[0] =
         cpu_to_le64((((current_ms - n->starttime_ms) / 1000) / 60) / 60);

     if (!rae) {
         nvme_clear_events(n, NVME_AER_TYPE_SMART);
     }

     return nvme_c2h(n, (uint8_t *) &smart + off, trans_len, req);
 }

 static uint16_t nvme_fw_log_info(NvmeCtrl *n, uint32_t buf_len, uint64_t off,
                                  NvmeRequest *req)
 {
     uint32_t trans_len;
     NvmeFwSlotInfoLog fw_log = {
         .afi = 0x1,
     };

     if (off >= sizeof(fw_log)) {
         return NVME_INVALID_FIELD | NVME_DNR;
     }

     strpadcpy((char *)&fw_log.frs1, sizeof(fw_log.frs1), "1.0", ' ');
     trans_len = MIN(sizeof(fw_log) - off, buf_len);

     return nvme_c2h(n, (uint8_t *) &fw_log + off, trans_len, req);
 }

 static uint16_t nvme_error_info(NvmeCtrl *n, uint8_t rae, uint32_t buf_len,
                                 uint64_t off, NvmeRequest *req)
 {
     uint32_t trans_len;
     NvmeErrorLog errlog;

     if (off >= sizeof(errlog)) {
         return NVME_INVALID_FIELD | NVME_DNR;
     }

     if (!rae) {
         nvme_clear_events(n, NVME_AER_TYPE_ERROR);
     }

     memset(&errlog, 0x0, sizeof(errlog));
     trans_len = MIN(sizeof(errlog) - off, buf_len);

     return nvme_c2h(n, (uint8_t *)&errlog, trans_len, req);
 }

 static uint16_t nvme_changed_nslist(NvmeCtrl *n, uint8_t rae, uint32_t buf_len,
                                     uint64_t off, NvmeRequest *req)
 {
     uint32_t nslist[1024];
     uint32_t trans_len;
     int i = 0;
     uint32_t nsid;

     memset(nslist, 0x0, sizeof(nslist));
     trans_len = MIN(sizeof(nslist) - off, buf_len);

     while ((nsid = find_first_bit(n->changed_nsids, NVME_CHANGED_NSID_SIZE)) !=
             NVME_CHANGED_NSID_SIZE) {
         /*
          * If more than 1024 namespaces, the first entry in the log page should
          * be set to FFFFFFFFh and the others to 0 as spec.
          */
         if (i == ARRAY_SIZE(nslist)) {
             memset(nslist, 0x0, sizeof(nslist));
             nslist[0] = 0xffffffff;
             break;
         }

         nslist[i++] = nsid;
         clear_bit(nsid, n->changed_nsids);
     }

     /*
      * Remove all the remaining list entries in case returns directly due to
      * more than 1024 namespaces.
      */
     if (nslist[0] == 0xffffffff) {
         bitmap_zero(n->changed_nsids, NVME_CHANGED_NSID_SIZE);
     }

     if (!rae) {
         nvme_clear_events(n, NVME_AER_TYPE_NOTICE);
     }

     return nvme_c2h(n, ((uint8_t *)nslist) + off, trans_len, req);
 }

 static uint16_t nvme_cmd_effects(NvmeCtrl *n, uint8_t csi, uint32_t buf_len,
                                  uint64_t off, NvmeRequest *req)
 {
     NvmeEffectsLog log = {};
     const uint32_t *src_iocs = NULL;
     uint32_t trans_len;

     if (off >= sizeof(log)) {
         trace_pci_nvme_err_invalid_log_page_offset(off, sizeof(log));
         return NVME_INVALID_FIELD | NVME_DNR;
     }

     switch (NVME_CC_CSS(n->bar.cc)) {
     case NVME_CC_CSS_NVM:
         src_iocs = nvme_cse_iocs_nvm;
         /* fall through */
     case NVME_CC_CSS_ADMIN_ONLY:
         break;
     case NVME_CC_CSS_CSI:
         switch (csi) {
         case NVME_CSI_NVM:
             src_iocs = nvme_cse_iocs_nvm;
             break;
         case NVME_CSI_ZONED:
             src_iocs = nvme_cse_iocs_zoned;
             break;
         }
     }

     memcpy(log.acs, nvme_cse_acs, sizeof(nvme_cse_acs));

     if (src_iocs) {
         memcpy(log.iocs, src_iocs, sizeof(log.iocs));
     }

     trans_len = MIN(sizeof(log) - off, buf_len);

     return nvme_c2h(n, ((uint8_t *)&log) + off, trans_len, req);
 }

 static uint16_t nvme_get_log(NvmeCtrl *n, NvmeRequest *req)
 {
     NvmeCmd *cmd = &req->cmd;

     uint32_t dw10 = le32_to_cpu(cmd->cdw10);
     uint32_t dw11 = le32_to_cpu(cmd->cdw11);
     uint32_t dw12 = le32_to_cpu(cmd->cdw12);
     uint32_t dw13 = le32_to_cpu(cmd->cdw13);
     uint8_t  lid = dw10 & 0xff;
     uint8_t  lsp = (dw10 >> 8) & 0xf;
     uint8_t  rae = (dw10 >> 15) & 0x1;
     uint8_t  csi = le32_to_cpu(cmd->cdw14) >> 24;
     uint32_t numdl, numdu;
     uint64_t off, lpol, lpou;
     size_t   len;
     uint16_t status;

     numdl = (dw10 >> 16);
     numdu = (dw11 & 0xffff);
     lpol = dw12;
     lpou = dw13;

     len = (((numdu << 16) | numdl) + 1) << 2;
     off = (lpou << 32ULL) | lpol;

     if (off & 0x3) {
         return NVME_INVALID_FIELD | NVME_DNR;
     }

     trace_pci_nvme_get_log(nvme_cid(req), lid, lsp, rae, len, off);

     status = nvme_check_mdts(n, len);
     if (status) {
         return status;
     }

     switch (lid) {
     case NVME_LOG_ERROR_INFO:
         return nvme_error_info(n, rae, len, off, req);
     case NVME_LOG_SMART_INFO:
         return nvme_smart_info(n, rae, len, off, req);
     case NVME_LOG_FW_SLOT_INFO:
         return nvme_fw_log_info(n, len, off, req);
     case NVME_LOG_CHANGED_NSLIST:
         return nvme_changed_nslist(n, rae, len, off, req);
     case NVME_LOG_CMD_EFFECTS:
         return nvme_cmd_effects(n, csi, len, off, req);
     default:
         trace_pci_nvme_err_invalid_log_page(nvme_cid(req), lid);
         return NVME_INVALID_FIELD | NVME_DNR;
     }
 }

 static void nvme_free_cq(NvmeCQueue *cq, NvmeCtrl *n)
 {
     n->cq[cq->cqid] = NULL;
     timer_free(cq->timer);
     if (msix_enabled(&n->parent_obj)) {
         msix_vector_unuse(&n->parent_obj, cq->vector);
     }
     if (cq->cqid) {
         g_free(cq);
     }
 }

 static uint16_t nvme_del_cq(NvmeCtrl *n, NvmeRequest *req)
 {
     NvmeDeleteQ *c = (NvmeDeleteQ *)&req->cmd;
     NvmeCQueue *cq;
     uint16_t qid = le16_to_cpu(c->qid);

     if (unlikely(!qid || nvme_check_cqid(n, qid))) {
         trace_pci_nvme_err_invalid_del_cq_cqid(qid);
         return NVME_INVALID_CQID | NVME_DNR;
     }

     cq = n->cq[qid];
     if (unlikely(!QTAILQ_EMPTY(&cq->sq_list))) {
         trace_pci_nvme_err_invalid_del_cq_notempty(qid);
         return NVME_INVALID_QUEUE_DEL;
     }
     nvme_irq_deassert(n, cq);
     trace_pci_nvme_del_cq(qid);
     nvme_free_cq(cq, n);
     return NVME_SUCCESS;
 }

 static void nvme_init_cq(NvmeCQueue *cq, NvmeCtrl *n, uint64_t dma_addr,
                          uint16_t cqid, uint16_t vector, uint16_t size,
                          uint16_t irq_enabled)
 {
     int ret;

     if (msix_enabled(&n->parent_obj)) {
         ret = msix_vector_use(&n->parent_obj, vector);
         assert(ret == 0);
     }
     cq->ctrl = n;
     cq->cqid = cqid;
     cq->size = size;
     cq->dma_addr = dma_addr;
     cq->phase = 1;
     cq->irq_enabled = irq_enabled;
     cq->vector = vector;
     cq->head = cq->tail = 0;
     QTAILQ_INIT(&cq->req_list);
     QTAILQ_INIT(&cq->sq_list);
     n->cq[cqid] = cq;
     cq->timer = timer_new_ns(QEMU_CLOCK_VIRTUAL, nvme_post_cqes, cq);
 }

 static uint16_t nvme_create_cq(NvmeCtrl *n, NvmeRequest *req)
 {
     NvmeCQueue *cq;
     NvmeCreateCq *c = (NvmeCreateCq *)&req->cmd;
     uint16_t cqid = le16_to_cpu(c->cqid);
     uint16_t vector = le16_to_cpu(c->irq_vector);
     uint16_t qsize = le16_to_cpu(c->qsize);
     uint16_t qflags = le16_to_cpu(c->cq_flags);
     uint64_t prp1 = le64_to_cpu(c->prp1);

     trace_pci_nvme_create_cq(prp1, cqid, vector, qsize, qflags,
                              NVME_CQ_FLAGS_IEN(qflags) != 0);

     if (unlikely(!cqid || cqid > n->params.max_ioqpairs ||
         n->cq[cqid] != NULL)) {
         trace_pci_nvme_err_invalid_create_cq_cqid(cqid);
         return NVME_INVALID_QID | NVME_DNR;
     }
     if (unlikely(!qsize || qsize > NVME_CAP_MQES(n->bar.cap))) {
         trace_pci_nvme_err_invalid_create_cq_size(qsize);
         return NVME_MAX_QSIZE_EXCEEDED | NVME_DNR;
     }
     if (unlikely(prp1 & (n->page_size - 1))) {
         trace_pci_nvme_err_invalid_create_cq_addr(prp1);
         return NVME_INVALID_PRP_OFFSET | NVME_DNR;
     }
     if (unlikely(!msix_enabled(&n->parent_obj) && vector)) {
         trace_pci_nvme_err_invalid_create_cq_vector(vector);
         return NVME_INVALID_IRQ_VECTOR | NVME_DNR;
     }
     if (unlikely(vector >= n->params.msix_qsize)) {
         trace_pci_nvme_err_invalid_create_cq_vector(vector);
         return NVME_INVALID_IRQ_VECTOR | NVME_DNR;
     }
     if (unlikely(!(NVME_CQ_FLAGS_PC(qflags)))) {
         trace_pci_nvme_err_invalid_create_cq_qflags(NVME_CQ_FLAGS_PC(qflags));
         return NVME_INVALID_FIELD | NVME_DNR;
     }

     cq = g_malloc0(sizeof(*cq));
     nvme_init_cq(cq, n, prp1, cqid, vector, qsize + 1,
                  NVME_CQ_FLAGS_IEN(qflags));

     /*
      * It is only required to set qs_created when creating a completion queue;
      * creating a submission queue without a matching completion queue will
      * fail.
      */
     n->qs_created = true;
     return NVME_SUCCESS;
 }

 static uint16_t nvme_rpt_empty_id_struct(NvmeCtrl *n, NvmeRequest *req)
 {
     uint8_t id[NVME_IDENTIFY_DATA_SIZE] = {};

     return nvme_c2h(n, id, sizeof(id), req);
 }

 static inline bool nvme_csi_has_nvm_support(NvmeNamespace *ns)
 {
     switch (ns->csi) {
     case NVME_CSI_NVM:
     case NVME_CSI_ZONED:
         return true;
     }
     return false;
 }

 static uint16_t nvme_identify_ctrl(NvmeCtrl *n, NvmeRequest *req)
 {
     trace_pci_nvme_identify_ctrl();

     return nvme_c2h(n, (uint8_t *)&n->id_ctrl, sizeof(n->id_ctrl), req);
 }

 static uint16_t nvme_identify_ctrl_csi(NvmeCtrl *n, NvmeRequest *req)
 {
     NvmeIdentify *c = (NvmeIdentify *)&req->cmd;
     uint8_t id[NVME_IDENTIFY_DATA_SIZE] = {};
     NvmeIdCtrlNvm *id_nvm = (NvmeIdCtrlNvm *)&id;

     trace_pci_nvme_identify_ctrl_csi(c->csi);

     switch (c->csi) {
     case NVME_CSI_NVM:
         id_nvm->vsl = n->params.vsl;
         id_nvm->dmrsl = cpu_to_le32(n->dmrsl);
         break;

     case NVME_CSI_ZONED:
         ((NvmeIdCtrlZoned *)&id)->zasl = n->params.zasl;
         break;

     default:
         return NVME_INVALID_FIELD | NVME_DNR;
     }

     return nvme_c2h(n, id, sizeof(id), req);
 }

 static uint16_t nvme_identify_ns(NvmeCtrl *n, NvmeRequest *req, bool active)
 {
     NvmeNamespace *ns;
     NvmeIdentify *c = (NvmeIdentify *)&req->cmd;
     uint32_t nsid = le32_to_cpu(c->nsid);

     trace_pci_nvme_identify_ns(nsid);

     if (!nvme_nsid_valid(n, nsid) || nsid == NVME_NSID_BROADCAST) {
         return NVME_INVALID_NSID | NVME_DNR;
     }

     ns = nvme_ns(n, nsid);
     if (unlikely(!ns)) {
         if (!active) {
             ns = nvme_subsys_ns(n->subsys, nsid);
             if (!ns) {
                 return nvme_rpt_empty_id_struct(n, req);
             }
         } else {
             return nvme_rpt_empty_id_struct(n, req);
         }
     }

     if (c->csi == NVME_CSI_NVM && nvme_csi_has_nvm_support(ns)) {
         return nvme_c2h(n, (uint8_t *)&ns->id_ns, sizeof(NvmeIdNs), req);
     }

     return NVME_INVALID_CMD_SET | NVME_DNR;
 }

 static uint16_t nvme_identify_ns_attached_list(NvmeCtrl *n, NvmeRequest *req)
 {
     NvmeIdentify *c = (NvmeIdentify *)&req->cmd;
     uint16_t min_id = le16_to_cpu(c->ctrlid);
     uint16_t list[NVME_CONTROLLER_LIST_SIZE] = {};
     uint16_t *ids = &list[1];
     NvmeNamespace *ns;
     NvmeCtrl *ctrl;
     int cntlid, nr_ids = 0;

     trace_pci_nvme_identify_ns_attached_list(min_id);

     if (c->nsid == NVME_NSID_BROADCAST) {
         return NVME_INVALID_FIELD | NVME_DNR;
     }

     ns = nvme_subsys_ns(n->subsys, c->nsid);
     if (!ns) {
         return NVME_INVALID_FIELD | NVME_DNR;
     }

     for (cntlid = min_id; cntlid < ARRAY_SIZE(n->subsys->ctrls); cntlid++) {
         ctrl = nvme_subsys_ctrl(n->subsys, cntlid);
         if (!ctrl) {
             continue;
         }

         if (!nvme_ns(ctrl, c->nsid)) {
             continue;
         }

         ids[nr_ids++] = cntlid;
     }

     list[0] = nr_ids;

     return nvme_c2h(n, (uint8_t *)list, sizeof(list), req);
 }

 static uint16_t nvme_identify_ns_csi(NvmeCtrl *n, NvmeRequest *req,
         bool active)
 {
     NvmeNamespace *ns;
     NvmeIdentify *c = (NvmeIdentify *)&req->cmd;
     uint32_t nsid = le32_to_cpu(c->nsid);

     trace_pci_nvme_identify_ns_csi(nsid, c->csi);

     if (!nvme_nsid_valid(n, nsid) || nsid == NVME_NSID_BROADCAST) {
         return NVME_INVALID_NSID | NVME_DNR;
     }

     ns = nvme_ns(n, nsid);
     if (unlikely(!ns)) {
         if (!active) {
             ns = nvme_subsys_ns(n->subsys, nsid);
             if (!ns) {
                 return nvme_rpt_empty_id_struct(n, req);
             }
         } else {
             return nvme_rpt_empty_id_struct(n, req);
         }
     }

     if (c->csi == NVME_CSI_NVM && nvme_csi_has_nvm_support(ns)) {
         return nvme_rpt_empty_id_struct(n, req);
     } else if (c->csi == NVME_CSI_ZONED && ns->csi == NVME_CSI_ZONED) {
         return nvme_c2h(n, (uint8_t *)ns->id_ns_zoned, sizeof(NvmeIdNsZoned),
                         req);
     }

     return NVME_INVALID_FIELD | NVME_DNR;
 }

 static uint16_t nvme_identify_nslist(NvmeCtrl *n, NvmeRequest *req,
         bool active)
 {
     NvmeNamespace *ns;
     NvmeIdentify *c = (NvmeIdentify *)&req->cmd;
     uint32_t min_nsid = le32_to_cpu(c->nsid);
     uint8_t list[NVME_IDENTIFY_DATA_SIZE] = {};
     static const int data_len = sizeof(list);
     uint32_t *list_ptr = (uint32_t *)list;
     int i, j = 0;

     trace_pci_nvme_identify_nslist(min_nsid);

     /*
      * Both FFFFFFFFh (NVME_NSID_BROADCAST) and FFFFFFFFEh are invalid values
      * since the Active Namespace ID List should return namespaces with ids
      * *higher* than the NSID specified in the command. This is also specified
      * in the spec (NVM Express v1.3d, Section 5.15.4).
      */
     if (min_nsid >= NVME_NSID_BROADCAST - 1) {
         return NVME_INVALID_NSID | NVME_DNR;
     }

     for (i = 1; i <= NVME_MAX_NAMESPACES; i++) {
         ns = nvme_ns(n, i);
         if (!ns) {
             if (!active) {
                 ns = nvme_subsys_ns(n->subsys, i);
                 if (!ns) {
                     continue;
                 }
             } else {
                 continue;
             }
         }
         if (ns->params.nsid <= min_nsid) {
             continue;
         }
         list_ptr[j++] = cpu_to_le32(ns->params.nsid);
         if (j == data_len / sizeof(uint32_t)) {
             break;
         }
     }

     return nvme_c2h(n, list, data_len, req);
 }

 static uint16_t nvme_identify_nslist_csi(NvmeCtrl *n, NvmeRequest *req,
         bool active)
 {
     NvmeNamespace *ns;
     NvmeIdentify *c = (NvmeIdentify *)&req->cmd;
     uint32_t min_nsid = le32_to_cpu(c->nsid);
     uint8_t list[NVME_IDENTIFY_DATA_SIZE] = {};
     static const int data_len = sizeof(list);
     uint32_t *list_ptr = (uint32_t *)list;
     int i, j = 0;

     trace_pci_nvme_identify_nslist_csi(min_nsid, c->csi);

     /*
      * Same as in nvme_identify_nslist(), FFFFFFFFh/FFFFFFFFEh are invalid.
      */
     if (min_nsid >= NVME_NSID_BROADCAST - 1) {
         return NVME_INVALID_NSID | NVME_DNR;
     }

     if (c->csi != NVME_CSI_NVM && c->csi != NVME_CSI_ZONED) {
         return NVME_INVALID_FIELD | NVME_DNR;
     }

     for (i = 1; i <= NVME_MAX_NAMESPACES; i++) {
         ns = nvme_ns(n, i);
         if (!ns) {
             if (!active) {
                 ns = nvme_subsys_ns(n->subsys, i);
                 if (!ns) {
                     continue;
                 }
             } else {
                 continue;
             }
         }
         if (ns->params.nsid <= min_nsid || c->csi != ns->csi) {
             continue;
         }
         list_ptr[j++] = cpu_to_le32(ns->params.nsid);
         if (j == data_len / sizeof(uint32_t)) {
             break;
         }
     }

     return nvme_c2h(n, list, data_len, req);
 }

 static uint16_t nvme_identify_ns_descr_list(NvmeCtrl *n, NvmeRequest *req)
 {
     NvmeNamespace *ns;
     NvmeIdentify *c = (NvmeIdentify *)&req->cmd;
     uint32_t nsid = le32_to_cpu(c->nsid);
     uint8_t list[NVME_IDENTIFY_DATA_SIZE] = {};

     struct data {
         struct {
             NvmeIdNsDescr hdr;
             uint8_t v[NVME_NIDL_UUID];
         } uuid;
         struct {
             NvmeIdNsDescr hdr;
             uint8_t v;
         } csi;
     };

     struct data *ns_descrs = (struct data *)list;

     trace_pci_nvme_identify_ns_descr_list(nsid);

     if (!nvme_nsid_valid(n, nsid) || nsid == NVME_NSID_BROADCAST) {
         return NVME_INVALID_NSID | NVME_DNR;
     }

     ns = nvme_ns(n, nsid);
     if (unlikely(!ns)) {
         return NVME_INVALID_FIELD | NVME_DNR;
     }

     /*
      * Because the NGUID and EUI64 fields are 0 in the Identify Namespace data
      * structure, a Namespace UUID (nidt = 3h) must be reported in the
      * Namespace Identification Descriptor. Add the namespace UUID here.
      */
     ns_descrs->uuid.hdr.nidt = NVME_NIDT_UUID;
     ns_descrs->uuid.hdr.nidl = NVME_NIDL_UUID;
     memcpy(&ns_descrs->uuid.v, ns->params.uuid.data, NVME_NIDL_UUID);

     ns_descrs->csi.hdr.nidt = NVME_NIDT_CSI;
     ns_descrs->csi.hdr.nidl = NVME_NIDL_CSI;
     ns_descrs->csi.v = ns->csi;

     return nvme_c2h(n, list, sizeof(list), req);
 }

 static uint16_t nvme_identify_cmd_set(NvmeCtrl *n, NvmeRequest *req)
 {
     uint8_t list[NVME_IDENTIFY_DATA_SIZE] = {};
     static const int data_len = sizeof(list);

     trace_pci_nvme_identify_cmd_set();

     NVME_SET_CSI(*list, NVME_CSI_NVM);
     NVME_SET_CSI(*list, NVME_CSI_ZONED);

     return nvme_c2h(n, list, data_len, req);
 }

 static uint16_t nvme_identify(NvmeCtrl *n, NvmeRequest *req)
 {
     NvmeIdentify *c = (NvmeIdentify *)&req->cmd;

     trace_pci_nvme_identify(nvme_cid(req), c->cns, le16_to_cpu(c->ctrlid),
                             c->csi);

     switch (c->cns) {
     case NVME_ID_CNS_NS:
         return nvme_identify_ns(n, req, true);
     case NVME_ID_CNS_NS_PRESENT:
         return nvme_identify_ns(n, req, false);
     case NVME_ID_CNS_NS_ATTACHED_CTRL_LIST:
         return nvme_identify_ns_attached_list(n, req);
     case NVME_ID_CNS_CS_NS:
         return nvme_identify_ns_csi(n, req, true);
     case NVME_ID_CNS_CS_NS_PRESENT:
         return nvme_identify_ns_csi(n, req, false);
     case NVME_ID_CNS_CTRL:
         return nvme_identify_ctrl(n, req);
     case NVME_ID_CNS_CS_CTRL:
         return nvme_identify_ctrl_csi(n, req);
     case NVME_ID_CNS_NS_ACTIVE_LIST:
         return nvme_identify_nslist(n, req, true);
     case NVME_ID_CNS_NS_PRESENT_LIST:
         return nvme_identify_nslist(n, req, false);
     case NVME_ID_CNS_CS_NS_ACTIVE_LIST:
         return nvme_identify_nslist_csi(n, req, true);
     case NVME_ID_CNS_CS_NS_PRESENT_LIST:
         return nvme_identify_nslist_csi(n, req, false);
     case NVME_ID_CNS_NS_DESCR_LIST:
         return nvme_identify_ns_descr_list(n, req);
     case NVME_ID_CNS_IO_COMMAND_SET:
         return nvme_identify_cmd_set(n, req);
     default:
         trace_pci_nvme_err_invalid_identify_cns(le32_to_cpu(c->cns));
         return NVME_INVALID_FIELD | NVME_DNR;
     }
 }

 static uint16_t nvme_abort(NvmeCtrl *n, NvmeRequest *req)
 {
     uint16_t sqid = le32_to_cpu(req->cmd.cdw10) & 0xffff;

     req->cqe.result = 1;
     if (nvme_check_sqid(n, sqid)) {
         return NVME_INVALID_FIELD | NVME_DNR;
     }

     return NVME_SUCCESS;
 }

 static inline void nvme_set_timestamp(NvmeCtrl *n, uint64_t ts)
 {
     trace_pci_nvme_setfeat_timestamp(ts);

     n->host_timestamp = le64_to_cpu(ts);
     n->timestamp_set_qemu_clock_ms = qemu_clock_get_ms(QEMU_CLOCK_VIRTUAL);
 }

 static inline uint64_t nvme_get_timestamp(const NvmeCtrl *n)
 {
     uint64_t current_time = qemu_clock_get_ms(QEMU_CLOCK_VIRTUAL);
     uint64_t elapsed_time = current_time - n->timestamp_set_qemu_clock_ms;

     union nvme_timestamp {
         struct {
             uint64_t timestamp:48;
             uint64_t sync:1;
             uint64_t origin:3;
             uint64_t rsvd1:12;
         };
         uint64_t all;
     };

     union nvme_timestamp ts;
     ts.all = 0;
     ts.timestamp = n->host_timestamp + elapsed_time;

     /* If the host timestamp is non-zero, set the timestamp origin */
     ts.origin = n->host_timestamp ? 0x01 : 0x00;

     trace_pci_nvme_getfeat_timestamp(ts.all);

     return cpu_to_le64(ts.all);
 }

 static uint16_t nvme_get_feature_timestamp(NvmeCtrl *n, NvmeRequest *req)
 {
     uint64_t timestamp = nvme_get_timestamp(n);

     return nvme_c2h(n, (uint8_t *)&timestamp, sizeof(timestamp), req);
 }

 static uint16_t nvme_get_feature(NvmeCtrl *n, NvmeRequest *req)
 {
     NvmeCmd *cmd = &req->cmd;
     uint32_t dw10 = le32_to_cpu(cmd->cdw10);
     uint32_t dw11 = le32_to_cpu(cmd->cdw11);
     uint32_t nsid = le32_to_cpu(cmd->nsid);
     uint32_t result;
     uint8_t fid = NVME_GETSETFEAT_FID(dw10);
     NvmeGetFeatureSelect sel = NVME_GETFEAT_SELECT(dw10);
     uint16_t iv;
     NvmeNamespace *ns;
     int i;

     static const uint32_t nvme_feature_default[NVME_FID_MAX] = {
         [NVME_ARBITRATION] = NVME_ARB_AB_NOLIMIT,
     };

     trace_pci_nvme_getfeat(nvme_cid(req), nsid, fid, sel, dw11);

     if (!nvme_feature_support[fid]) {
         return NVME_INVALID_FIELD | NVME_DNR;
     }

     if (nvme_feature_cap[fid] & NVME_FEAT_CAP_NS) {
         if (!nvme_nsid_valid(n, nsid) || nsid == NVME_NSID_BROADCAST) {
             /*
              * The Reservation Notification Mask and Reservation Persistence
              * features require a status code of Invalid Field in Command when
              * NSID is FFFFFFFFh. Since the device does not support those
              * features we can always return Invalid Namespace or Format as we
              * should do for all other features.
              */
             return NVME_INVALID_NSID | NVME_DNR;
         }

         if (!nvme_ns(n, nsid)) {
             return NVME_INVALID_FIELD | NVME_DNR;
         }
     }

     switch (sel) {
     case NVME_GETFEAT_SELECT_CURRENT:
         break;
     case NVME_GETFEAT_SELECT_SAVED:
         /* no features are saveable by the controller; fallthrough */
     case NVME_GETFEAT_SELECT_DEFAULT:
         goto defaults;
     case NVME_GETFEAT_SELECT_CAP:
         result = nvme_feature_cap[fid];
         goto out;
     }

     switch (fid) {
     case NVME_TEMPERATURE_THRESHOLD:
         result = 0;

         /*
          * The controller only implements the Composite Temperature sensor, so
          * return 0 for all other sensors.
          */
         if (NVME_TEMP_TMPSEL(dw11) != NVME_TEMP_TMPSEL_COMPOSITE) {
             goto out;
         }

         switch (NVME_TEMP_THSEL(dw11)) {
         case NVME_TEMP_THSEL_OVER:
             result = n->features.temp_thresh_hi;
             goto out;
         case NVME_TEMP_THSEL_UNDER:
             result = n->features.temp_thresh_low;
             goto out;
         }

         return NVME_INVALID_FIELD | NVME_DNR;
     case NVME_ERROR_RECOVERY:
         if (!nvme_nsid_valid(n, nsid)) {
             return NVME_INVALID_NSID | NVME_DNR;
         }

         ns = nvme_ns(n, nsid);
         if (unlikely(!ns)) {
             return NVME_INVALID_FIELD | NVME_DNR;
         }

         result = ns->features.err_rec;
         goto out;
     case NVME_VOLATILE_WRITE_CACHE:
         result = 0;
         for (i = 1; i <= NVME_MAX_NAMESPACES; i++) {
             ns = nvme_ns(n, i);
             if (!ns) {
                 continue;
             }

             result = blk_enable_write_cache(ns->blkconf.blk);
             if (result) {
                 break;
             }
         }
         trace_pci_nvme_getfeat_vwcache(result ? "enabled" : "disabled");
         goto out;
     case NVME_ASYNCHRONOUS_EVENT_CONF:
         result = n->features.async_config;
         goto out;
     case NVME_TIMESTAMP:
         return nvme_get_feature_timestamp(n, req);
     default:
         break;
     }

 defaults:
     switch (fid) {
     case NVME_TEMPERATURE_THRESHOLD:
         result = 0;

         if (NVME_TEMP_TMPSEL(dw11) != NVME_TEMP_TMPSEL_COMPOSITE) {
             break;
         }

         if (NVME_TEMP_THSEL(dw11) == NVME_TEMP_THSEL_OVER) {
             result = NVME_TEMPERATURE_WARNING;
         }

         break;
     case NVME_NUMBER_OF_QUEUES:
         result = (n->params.max_ioqpairs - 1) |
             ((n->params.max_ioqpairs - 1) << 16);
         trace_pci_nvme_getfeat_numq(result);
         break;
     case NVME_INTERRUPT_VECTOR_CONF:
         iv = dw11 & 0xffff;
         if (iv >= n->params.max_ioqpairs + 1) {
             return NVME_INVALID_FIELD | NVME_DNR;
         }

         result = iv;
         if (iv == n->admin_cq.vector) {
             result |= NVME_INTVC_NOCOALESCING;
         }
         break;
     default:
         result = nvme_feature_default[fid];
         break;
     }

 out:
     req->cqe.result = cpu_to_le32(result);
     return NVME_SUCCESS;
 }

 static uint16_t nvme_set_feature_timestamp(NvmeCtrl *n, NvmeRequest *req)
 {
     uint16_t ret;
     uint64_t timestamp;

     ret = nvme_h2c(n, (uint8_t *)&timestamp, sizeof(timestamp), req);
     if (ret) {
         return ret;
     }

     nvme_set_timestamp(n, timestamp);

     return NVME_SUCCESS;
 }

 static uint16_t nvme_set_feature(NvmeCtrl *n, NvmeRequest *req)
 {
     NvmeNamespace *ns = NULL;

     NvmeCmd *cmd = &req->cmd;
     uint32_t dw10 = le32_to_cpu(cmd->cdw10);
     uint32_t dw11 = le32_to_cpu(cmd->cdw11);
     uint32_t nsid = le32_to_cpu(cmd->nsid);
     uint8_t fid = NVME_GETSETFEAT_FID(dw10);
     uint8_t save = NVME_SETFEAT_SAVE(dw10);
     int i;

     trace_pci_nvme_setfeat(nvme_cid(req), nsid, fid, save, dw11);

     if (save && !(nvme_feature_cap[fid] & NVME_FEAT_CAP_SAVE)) {
         return NVME_FID_NOT_SAVEABLE | NVME_DNR;
     }

     if (!nvme_feature_support[fid]) {
         return NVME_INVALID_FIELD | NVME_DNR;
     }

     if (nvme_feature_cap[fid] & NVME_FEAT_CAP_NS) {
         if (nsid != NVME_NSID_BROADCAST) {
             if (!nvme_nsid_valid(n, nsid)) {
                 return NVME_INVALID_NSID | NVME_DNR;
             }

             ns = nvme_ns(n, nsid);
             if (unlikely(!ns)) {
                 return NVME_INVALID_FIELD | NVME_DNR;
             }
         }
     } else if (nsid && nsid != NVME_NSID_BROADCAST) {
         if (!nvme_nsid_valid(n, nsid)) {
             return NVME_INVALID_NSID | NVME_DNR;
         }

         return NVME_FEAT_NOT_NS_SPEC | NVME_DNR;
     }

     if (!(nvme_feature_cap[fid] & NVME_FEAT_CAP_CHANGE)) {
         return NVME_FEAT_NOT_CHANGEABLE | NVME_DNR;
     }

     switch (fid) {
     case NVME_TEMPERATURE_THRESHOLD:
         if (NVME_TEMP_TMPSEL(dw11) != NVME_TEMP_TMPSEL_COMPOSITE) {
             break;
         }

         switch (NVME_TEMP_THSEL(dw11)) {
         case NVME_TEMP_THSEL_OVER:
             n->features.temp_thresh_hi = NVME_TEMP_TMPTH(dw11);
             break;
         case NVME_TEMP_THSEL_UNDER:
             n->features.temp_thresh_low = NVME_TEMP_TMPTH(dw11);
             break;
         default:
             return NVME_INVALID_FIELD | NVME_DNR;
         }

         if ((n->temperature >= n->features.temp_thresh_hi) ||
             (n->temperature <= n->features.temp_thresh_low)) {
             nvme_smart_event(n, NVME_AER_INFO_SMART_TEMP_THRESH);
         }

         break;
     case NVME_ERROR_RECOVERY:
         if (nsid == NVME_NSID_BROADCAST) {
             for (i = 1; i <= NVME_MAX_NAMESPACES; i++) {
                 ns = nvme_ns(n, i);

                 if (!ns) {
                     continue;
                 }

                 if (NVME_ID_NS_NSFEAT_DULBE(ns->id_ns.nsfeat)) {
                     ns->features.err_rec = dw11;
                 }
             }

             break;
         }

         assert(ns);
         if (NVME_ID_NS_NSFEAT_DULBE(ns->id_ns.nsfeat))  {
             ns->features.err_rec = dw11;
         }
         break;
     case NVME_VOLATILE_WRITE_CACHE:
         for (i = 1; i <= NVME_MAX_NAMESPACES; i++) {
             ns = nvme_ns(n, i);
             if (!ns) {
                 continue;
             }

             if (!(dw11 & 0x1) && blk_enable_write_cache(ns->blkconf.blk)) {
                 blk_flush(ns->blkconf.blk);
             }

             blk_set_enable_write_cache(ns->blkconf.blk, dw11 & 1);
         }

         break;

     case NVME_NUMBER_OF_QUEUES:
         if (n->qs_created) {
             return NVME_CMD_SEQ_ERROR | NVME_DNR;
         }

         /*
          * NVMe v1.3, Section 5.21.1.7: FFFFh is not an allowed value for NCQR
          * and NSQR.
          */
         if ((dw11 & 0xffff) == 0xffff || ((dw11 >> 16) & 0xffff) == 0xffff) {
             return NVME_INVALID_FIELD | NVME_DNR;
         }

         trace_pci_nvme_setfeat_numq((dw11 & 0xffff) + 1,
                                     ((dw11 >> 16) & 0xffff) + 1,
                                     n->params.max_ioqpairs,
                                     n->params.max_ioqpairs);
         req->cqe.result = cpu_to_le32((n->params.max_ioqpairs - 1) |
                                       ((n->params.max_ioqpairs - 1) << 16));
         break;
     case NVME_ASYNCHRONOUS_EVENT_CONF:
         n->features.async_config = dw11;
         break;
     case NVME_TIMESTAMP:
         return nvme_set_feature_timestamp(n, req);
     case NVME_COMMAND_SET_PROFILE:
         if (dw11 & 0x1ff) {
             trace_pci_nvme_err_invalid_iocsci(dw11 & 0x1ff);
             return NVME_CMD_SET_CMB_REJECTED | NVME_DNR;
         }
         break;
     default:
         return NVME_FEAT_NOT_CHANGEABLE | NVME_DNR;
     }
     return NVME_SUCCESS;
 }

 static uint16_t nvme_aer(NvmeCtrl *n, NvmeRequest *req)
 {
     trace_pci_nvme_aer(nvme_cid(req));

     if (n->outstanding_aers > n->params.aerl) {
         trace_pci_nvme_aer_aerl_exceeded();
         return NVME_AER_LIMIT_EXCEEDED;
     }

     n->aer_reqs[n->outstanding_aers] = req;
     n->outstanding_aers++;

     if (!QTAILQ_EMPTY(&n->aer_queue)) {
         nvme_process_aers(n);
     }

     return NVME_NO_COMPLETE;
 }

 static void nvme_update_dmrsl(NvmeCtrl *n)
 {
     int nsid;

     for (nsid = 1; nsid <= NVME_MAX_NAMESPACES; nsid++) {
         NvmeNamespace *ns = nvme_ns(n, nsid);
         if (!ns) {
             continue;
         }

         n->dmrsl = MIN_NON_ZERO(n->dmrsl,
                                 BDRV_REQUEST_MAX_BYTES / nvme_l2b(ns, 1));
     }
 }

 static void nvme_select_iocs_ns(NvmeCtrl *n, NvmeNamespace *ns)
 {
     ns->iocs = nvme_cse_iocs_none;
     switch (ns->csi) {
     case NVME_CSI_NVM:
         if (NVME_CC_CSS(n->bar.cc) != NVME_CC_CSS_ADMIN_ONLY) {
             ns->iocs = nvme_cse_iocs_nvm;
         }
         break;
     case NVME_CSI_ZONED:
         if (NVME_CC_CSS(n->bar.cc) == NVME_CC_CSS_CSI) {
             ns->iocs = nvme_cse_iocs_zoned;
         } else if (NVME_CC_CSS(n->bar.cc) == NVME_CC_CSS_NVM) {
             ns->iocs = nvme_cse_iocs_nvm;
         }
         break;
     }
 }

 static uint16_t nvme_ns_attachment(NvmeCtrl *n, NvmeRequest *req)
 {
     NvmeNamespace *ns;
     NvmeCtrl *ctrl;
     uint16_t list[NVME_CONTROLLER_LIST_SIZE] = {};
     uint32_t nsid = le32_to_cpu(req->cmd.nsid);
     uint32_t dw10 = le32_to_cpu(req->cmd.cdw10);
     bool attach = !(dw10 & 0xf);
     uint16_t *nr_ids = &list[0];
     uint16_t *ids = &list[1];
     uint16_t ret;
     int i;

     trace_pci_nvme_ns_attachment(nvme_cid(req), dw10 & 0xf);

     if (!nvme_nsid_valid(n, nsid)) {
         return NVME_INVALID_NSID | NVME_DNR;
     }

     ns = nvme_subsys_ns(n->subsys, nsid);
     if (!ns) {
         return NVME_INVALID_FIELD | NVME_DNR;
     }

     ret = nvme_h2c(n, (uint8_t *)list, 4096, req);
     if (ret) {
         return ret;
     }

     if (!*nr_ids) {
         return NVME_NS_CTRL_LIST_INVALID | NVME_DNR;
     }

     *nr_ids = MIN(*nr_ids, NVME_CONTROLLER_LIST_SIZE - 1);
     for (i = 0; i < *nr_ids; i++) {
         ctrl = nvme_subsys_ctrl(n->subsys, ids[i]);
         if (!ctrl) {
             return NVME_NS_CTRL_LIST_INVALID | NVME_DNR;
         }

         if (attach) {
             if (nvme_ns(ctrl, nsid)) {
                 return NVME_NS_ALREADY_ATTACHED | NVME_DNR;
             }

             if (ns->attached && !ns->params.shared) {
                 return NVME_NS_PRIVATE | NVME_DNR;
             }

             nvme_attach_ns(ctrl, ns);
             nvme_select_iocs_ns(ctrl, ns);
         } else {
             if (!nvme_ns(ctrl, nsid)) {
                 return NVME_NS_NOT_ATTACHED | NVME_DNR;
             }

             ctrl->namespaces[nsid] = NULL;
             ns->attached--;

             nvme_update_dmrsl(ctrl);
         }

         /*
          * Add namespace id to the changed namespace id list for event clearing
          * via Get Log Page command.
          */
         if (!test_and_set_bit(nsid, ctrl->changed_nsids)) {
             nvme_enqueue_event(ctrl, NVME_AER_TYPE_NOTICE,
                                NVME_AER_INFO_NOTICE_NS_ATTR_CHANGED,
                                NVME_LOG_CHANGED_NSLIST);
         }
     }

     return NVME_SUCCESS;
 }

 static uint16_t nvme_format_ns(NvmeCtrl *n, NvmeNamespace *ns, uint8_t lbaf,
                                uint8_t mset, uint8_t pi, uint8_t pil,
                                NvmeRequest *req)
 {
     int64_t len, offset;
     struct nvme_aio_format_ctx *ctx;
     BlockBackend *blk = ns->blkconf.blk;
     uint16_t ms;
     uintptr_t *num_formats = (uintptr_t *)&req->opaque;
     int *count;

     if (ns->params.zoned) {
         return NVME_INVALID_FORMAT | NVME_DNR;
     }

     trace_pci_nvme_format_ns(nvme_cid(req), nvme_nsid(ns), lbaf, mset, pi, pil);

     if (lbaf > ns->id_ns.nlbaf) {
         return NVME_INVALID_FORMAT | NVME_DNR;
     }

     ms = ns->id_ns.lbaf[lbaf].ms;

     if (pi && (ms < sizeof(NvmeDifTuple))) {
         return NVME_INVALID_FORMAT | NVME_DNR;
     }

     if (pi && pi > NVME_ID_NS_DPS_TYPE_3) {
         return NVME_INVALID_FIELD | NVME_DNR;
     }

     nvme_ns_drain(ns);
     nvme_ns_shutdown(ns);
     nvme_ns_cleanup(ns);

     ns->id_ns.dps = (pil << 3) | pi;
     ns->id_ns.flbas = lbaf | (mset << 4);

     nvme_ns_init_format(ns);

     ns->status = NVME_FORMAT_IN_PROGRESS;

     len = ns->size;
     offset = 0;

     count = g_new(int, 1);
     *count = 1;

     (*num_formats)++;

     while (len) {
         ctx = g_new(struct nvme_aio_format_ctx, 1);
         ctx->req = req;
         ctx->ns = ns;
         ctx->count = count;

         size_t bytes = MIN(BDRV_REQUEST_MAX_BYTES, len);

         (*count)++;

         blk_aio_pwrite_zeroes(blk, offset, bytes, BDRV_REQ_MAY_UNMAP,
                               nvme_aio_format_cb, ctx);

         offset += bytes;
         len -= bytes;

     }

     if (--(*count)) {
         return NVME_NO_COMPLETE;
     }

     g_free(count);
     ns->status = 0x0;
     (*num_formats)--;

     return NVME_SUCCESS;
 }

 static uint16_t nvme_format(NvmeCtrl *n, NvmeRequest *req)
 {
     NvmeNamespace *ns;
     uint32_t dw10 = le32_to_cpu(req->cmd.cdw10);
     uint32_t nsid = le32_to_cpu(req->cmd.nsid);
     uint8_t lbaf = dw10 & 0xf;
     uint8_t mset = (dw10 >> 4) & 0x1;
     uint8_t pi = (dw10 >> 5) & 0x7;
     uint8_t pil = (dw10 >> 8) & 0x1;
     uintptr_t *num_formats = (uintptr_t *)&req->opaque;
     uint16_t status;
     int i;

     trace_pci_nvme_format(nvme_cid(req), nsid, lbaf, mset, pi, pil);

     /* 1-initialize; see the comment in nvme_dsm */
     *num_formats = 1;

     if (nsid != NVME_NSID_BROADCAST) {
         if (!nvme_nsid_valid(n, nsid)) {
             return NVME_INVALID_NSID | NVME_DNR;
         }

         ns = nvme_ns(n, nsid);
         if (!ns) {
             return NVME_INVALID_FIELD | NVME_DNR;
         }

         status = nvme_format_ns(n, ns, lbaf, mset, pi, pil, req);
         if (status && status != NVME_NO_COMPLETE) {
             req->status = status;
         }
     } else {
         for (i = 1; i <= NVME_MAX_NAMESPACES; i++) {
             ns = nvme_ns(n, i);
             if (!ns) {
                 continue;
             }

             status = nvme_format_ns(n, ns, lbaf, mset, pi, pil, req);
             if (status && status != NVME_NO_COMPLETE) {
                 req->status = status;
                 break;
             }
         }
     }

     /* account for the 1-initialization */
     if (--(*num_formats)) {
         return NVME_NO_COMPLETE;
     }

     return req->status;
 }

 static uint16_t nvme_admin_cmd(NvmeCtrl *n, NvmeRequest *req)
 {
     trace_pci_nvme_admin_cmd(nvme_cid(req), nvme_sqid(req), req->cmd.opcode,
                              nvme_adm_opc_str(req->cmd.opcode));

     if (!(nvme_cse_acs[req->cmd.opcode] & NVME_CMD_EFF_CSUPP)) {
         trace_pci_nvme_err_invalid_admin_opc(req->cmd.opcode);
         return NVME_INVALID_OPCODE | NVME_DNR;
     }

     /* SGLs shall not be used for Admin commands in NVMe over PCIe */
     if (NVME_CMD_FLAGS_PSDT(req->cmd.flags) != NVME_PSDT_PRP) {
         return NVME_INVALID_FIELD | NVME_DNR;
     }

     switch (req->cmd.opcode) {
     case NVME_ADM_CMD_DELETE_SQ:
         return nvme_del_sq(n, req);
     case NVME_ADM_CMD_CREATE_SQ:
         return nvme_create_sq(n, req);
     case NVME_ADM_CMD_GET_LOG_PAGE:
         return nvme_get_log(n, req);
     case NVME_ADM_CMD_DELETE_CQ:
         return nvme_del_cq(n, req);
     case NVME_ADM_CMD_CREATE_CQ:
         return nvme_create_cq(n, req);
     case NVME_ADM_CMD_IDENTIFY:
         return nvme_identify(n, req);
     case NVME_ADM_CMD_ABORT:
         return nvme_abort(n, req);
     case NVME_ADM_CMD_SET_FEATURES:
         return nvme_set_feature(n, req);
     case NVME_ADM_CMD_GET_FEATURES:
         return nvme_get_feature(n, req);
     case NVME_ADM_CMD_ASYNC_EV_REQ:
         return nvme_aer(n, req);
     case NVME_ADM_CMD_NS_ATTACHMENT:
         return nvme_ns_attachment(n, req);
     case NVME_ADM_CMD_FORMAT_NVM:
         return nvme_format(n, req);
     default:
         assert(false);
     }

     return NVME_INVALID_OPCODE | NVME_DNR;
 }

 static void nvme_process_sq(void *opaque)
 {
     NvmeSQueue *sq = opaque;
     NvmeCtrl *n = sq->ctrl;
     NvmeCQueue *cq = n->cq[sq->cqid];

     uint16_t status;
     hwaddr addr;
     NvmeCmd cmd;
     NvmeRequest *req;

     while (!(nvme_sq_empty(sq) || QTAILQ_EMPTY(&sq->req_list))) {
         addr = sq->dma_addr + sq->head * n->sqe_size;
         if (nvme_addr_read(n, addr, (void *)&cmd, sizeof(cmd))) {
             trace_pci_nvme_err_addr_read(addr);
             trace_pci_nvme_err_cfs();
             n->bar.csts = NVME_CSTS_FAILED;
             break;
         }
         nvme_inc_sq_head(sq);

         req = QTAILQ_FIRST(&sq->req_list);
         QTAILQ_REMOVE(&sq->req_list, req, entry);
         QTAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&sq->out_req_list, req, entry);
         nvme_req_clear(req);
         req->cqe.cid = cmd.cid;
         memcpy(&req->cmd, &cmd, sizeof(NvmeCmd));

         status = sq->sqid ? nvme_io_cmd(n, req) :
             nvme_admin_cmd(n, req);
         if (status != NVME_NO_COMPLETE) {
             req->status = status;
             nvme_enqueue_req_completion(cq, req);
         }
     }
 }

 static void nvme_ctrl_reset(NvmeCtrl *n)
 {
     NvmeNamespace *ns;
     int i;

     for (i = 1; i <= NVME_MAX_NAMESPACES; i++) {
         ns = nvme_ns(n, i);
         if (!ns) {
             continue;
         }

         nvme_ns_drain(ns);
     }

     for (i = 0; i < n->params.max_ioqpairs + 1; i++) {
         if (n->sq[i] != NULL) {
             nvme_free_sq(n->sq[i], n);
         }
     }
     for (i = 0; i < n->params.max_ioqpairs + 1; i++) {
         if (n->cq[i] != NULL) {
             nvme_free_cq(n->cq[i], n);
         }
     }

     while (!QTAILQ_EMPTY(&n->aer_queue)) {
         NvmeAsyncEvent *event = QTAILQ_FIRST(&n->aer_queue);
         QTAILQ_REMOVE(&n->aer_queue, event, entry);
         g_free(event);
     }

     n->aer_queued = 0;
     n->outstanding_aers = 0;
     n->qs_created = false;

     n->bar.cc = 0;
 }

 static void nvme_ctrl_shutdown(NvmeCtrl *n)
 {
     NvmeNamespace *ns;
     int i;

     if (n->pmr.dev) {
         memory_region_msync(&n->pmr.dev->mr, 0, n->pmr.dev->size);
     }

     for (i = 1; i <= NVME_MAX_NAMESPACES; i++) {
         ns = nvme_ns(n, i);
         if (!ns) {
             continue;
         }

         nvme_ns_shutdown(ns);
     }
 }

 static void nvme_select_iocs(NvmeCtrl *n)
 {
     NvmeNamespace *ns;
     int i;

     for (i = 1; i <= NVME_MAX_NAMESPACES; i++) {
         ns = nvme_ns(n, i);
         if (!ns) {
             continue;
         }

         nvme_select_iocs_ns(n, ns);
     }
 }

 static int nvme_start_ctrl(NvmeCtrl *n)
 {
     uint32_t page_bits = NVME_CC_MPS(n->bar.cc) + 12;
     uint32_t page_size = 1 << page_bits;

     if (unlikely(n->cq[0])) {
         trace_pci_nvme_err_startfail_cq();
         return -1;
     }
     if (unlikely(n->sq[0])) {
         trace_pci_nvme_err_startfail_sq();
         return -1;
     }
     if (unlikely(!n->bar.asq)) {
         trace_pci_nvme_err_startfail_nbarasq();
         return -1;
     }
     if (unlikely(!n->bar.acq)) {
         trace_pci_nvme_err_startfail_nbaracq();
         return -1;
     }
     if (unlikely(n->bar.asq & (page_size - 1))) {
         trace_pci_nvme_err_startfail_asq_misaligned(n->bar.asq);
         return -1;
     }
     if (unlikely(n->bar.acq & (page_size - 1))) {
         trace_pci_nvme_err_startfail_acq_misaligned(n->bar.acq);
         return -1;
     }
     if (unlikely(!(NVME_CAP_CSS(n->bar.cap) & (1 << NVME_CC_CSS(n->bar.cc))))) {
         trace_pci_nvme_err_startfail_css(NVME_CC_CSS(n->bar.cc));
         return -1;
     }
     if (unlikely(NVME_CC_MPS(n->bar.cc) <
                  NVME_CAP_MPSMIN(n->bar.cap))) {
         trace_pci_nvme_err_startfail_page_too_small(
                     NVME_CC_MPS(n->bar.cc),
                     NVME_CAP_MPSMIN(n->bar.cap));
         return -1;
     }
     if (unlikely(NVME_CC_MPS(n->bar.cc) >
                  NVME_CAP_MPSMAX(n->bar.cap))) {
         trace_pci_nvme_err_startfail_page_too_large(
                     NVME_CC_MPS(n->bar.cc),
                     NVME_CAP_MPSMAX(n->bar.cap));
         return -1;
     }
     if (unlikely(NVME_CC_IOCQES(n->bar.cc) <
                  NVME_CTRL_CQES_MIN(n->id_ctrl.cqes))) {
         trace_pci_nvme_err_startfail_cqent_too_small(
                     NVME_CC_IOCQES(n->bar.cc),
                     NVME_CTRL_CQES_MIN(n->bar.cap));
         return -1;
     }
     if (unlikely(NVME_CC_IOCQES(n->bar.cc) >
                  NVME_CTRL_CQES_MAX(n->id_ctrl.cqes))) {
         trace_pci_nvme_err_startfail_cqent_too_large(
                     NVME_CC_IOCQES(n->bar.cc),
                     NVME_CTRL_CQES_MAX(n->bar.cap));
         return -1;
     }
     if (unlikely(NVME_CC_IOSQES(n->bar.cc) <
                  NVME_CTRL_SQES_MIN(n->id_ctrl.sqes))) {
         trace_pci_nvme_err_startfail_sqent_too_small(
                     NVME_CC_IOSQES(n->bar.cc),
                     NVME_CTRL_SQES_MIN(n->bar.cap));
         return -1;
     }
     if (unlikely(NVME_CC_IOSQES(n->bar.cc) >
                  NVME_CTRL_SQES_MAX(n->id_ctrl.sqes))) {
         trace_pci_nvme_err_startfail_sqent_too_large(
                     NVME_CC_IOSQES(n->bar.cc),
                     NVME_CTRL_SQES_MAX(n->bar.cap));
         return -1;
     }
     if (unlikely(!NVME_AQA_ASQS(n->bar.aqa))) {
         trace_pci_nvme_err_startfail_asqent_sz_zero();
         return -1;
     }
     if (unlikely(!NVME_AQA_ACQS(n->bar.aqa))) {
         trace_pci_nvme_err_startfail_acqent_sz_zero();
         return -1;
     }

     n->page_bits = page_bits;
     n->page_size = page_size;
     n->max_prp_ents = n->page_size / sizeof(uint64_t);
     n->cqe_size = 1 << NVME_CC_IOCQES(n->bar.cc);
     n->sqe_size = 1 << NVME_CC_IOSQES(n->bar.cc);
     nvme_init_cq(&n->admin_cq, n, n->bar.acq, 0, 0,
                  NVME_AQA_ACQS(n->bar.aqa) + 1, 1);
     nvme_init_sq(&n->admin_sq, n, n->bar.asq, 0, 0,
                  NVME_AQA_ASQS(n->bar.aqa) + 1);

     nvme_set_timestamp(n, 0ULL);

     QTAILQ_INIT(&n->aer_queue);

     nvme_select_iocs(n);

     return 0;
 }

 static void nvme_cmb_enable_regs(NvmeCtrl *n)
 {
     NVME_CMBLOC_SET_CDPCILS(n->bar.cmbloc, 1);
     NVME_CMBLOC_SET_CDPMLS(n->bar.cmbloc, 1);
     NVME_CMBLOC_SET_BIR(n->bar.cmbloc, NVME_CMB_BIR);

     NVME_CMBSZ_SET_SQS(n->bar.cmbsz, 1);
     NVME_CMBSZ_SET_CQS(n->bar.cmbsz, 0);
     NVME_CMBSZ_SET_LISTS(n->bar.cmbsz, 1);
     NVME_CMBSZ_SET_RDS(n->bar.cmbsz, 1);
     NVME_CMBSZ_SET_WDS(n->bar.cmbsz, 1);
     NVME_CMBSZ_SET_SZU(n->bar.cmbsz, 2); /* MBs */
     NVME_CMBSZ_SET_SZ(n->bar.cmbsz, n->params.cmb_size_mb);
 }

 static void nvme_write_bar(NvmeCtrl *n, hwaddr offset, uint64_t data,
                            unsigned size)
 {
     if (unlikely(offset & (sizeof(uint32_t) - 1))) {
         NVME_GUEST_ERR(pci_nvme_ub_mmiowr_misaligned32,
                        "MMIO write not 32-bit aligned,"
                        " offset=0x%"PRIx64"", offset);
         /* should be ignored, fall through for now */
     }

     if (unlikely(size < sizeof(uint32_t))) {
         NVME_GUEST_ERR(pci_nvme_ub_mmiowr_toosmall,
                        "MMIO write smaller than 32-bits,"
                        " offset=0x%"PRIx64", size=%u",
                        offset, size);
         /* should be ignored, fall through for now */
     }

     switch (offset) {
     case 0xc:   /* INTMS */
         if (unlikely(msix_enabled(&(n->parent_obj)))) {
             NVME_GUEST_ERR(pci_nvme_ub_mmiowr_intmask_with_msix,
                            "undefined access to interrupt mask set"
                            " when MSI-X is enabled");
             /* should be ignored, fall through for now */
         }
         n->bar.intms |= data & 0xffffffff;
         n->bar.intmc = n->bar.intms;
         trace_pci_nvme_mmio_intm_set(data & 0xffffffff, n->bar.intmc);
         nvme_irq_check(n);
         break;
     case 0x10:  /* INTMC */
         if (unlikely(msix_enabled(&(n->parent_obj)))) {
             NVME_GUEST_ERR(pci_nvme_ub_mmiowr_intmask_with_msix,
                            "undefined access to interrupt mask clr"
                            " when MSI-X is enabled");
             /* should be ignored, fall through for now */
         }
         n->bar.intms &= ~(data & 0xffffffff);
         n->bar.intmc = n->bar.intms;
         trace_pci_nvme_mmio_intm_clr(data & 0xffffffff, n->bar.intmc);
         nvme_irq_check(n);
         break;
     case 0x14:  /* CC */
         trace_pci_nvme_mmio_cfg(data & 0xffffffff);
         /* Windows first sends data, then sends enable bit */
         if (!NVME_CC_EN(data) && !NVME_CC_EN(n->bar.cc) &&
             !NVME_CC_SHN(data) && !NVME_CC_SHN(n->bar.cc))
         {
             n->bar.cc = data;
         }

         if (NVME_CC_EN(data) && !NVME_CC_EN(n->bar.cc)) {
             n->bar.cc = data;
             if (unlikely(nvme_start_ctrl(n))) {
                 trace_pci_nvme_err_startfail();
                 n->bar.csts = NVME_CSTS_FAILED;
             } else {
                 trace_pci_nvme_mmio_start_success();
                 n->bar.csts = NVME_CSTS_READY;
             }
         } else if (!NVME_CC_EN(data) && NVME_CC_EN(n->bar.cc)) {
             trace_pci_nvme_mmio_stopped();
             nvme_ctrl_reset(n);
             n->bar.csts &= ~NVME_CSTS_READY;
         }
         if (NVME_CC_SHN(data) && !(NVME_CC_SHN(n->bar.cc))) {
             trace_pci_nvme_mmio_shutdown_set();
             nvme_ctrl_shutdown(n);
             n->bar.cc = data;
             n->bar.csts |= NVME_CSTS_SHST_COMPLETE;
         } else if (!NVME_CC_SHN(data) && NVME_CC_SHN(n->bar.cc)) {
             trace_pci_nvme_mmio_shutdown_cleared();
             n->bar.csts &= ~NVME_CSTS_SHST_COMPLETE;
             n->bar.cc = data;
         }
         break;
     case 0x1c:  /* CSTS */
         if (data & (1 << 4)) {
             NVME_GUEST_ERR(pci_nvme_ub_mmiowr_ssreset_w1c_unsupported,
                            "attempted to W1C CSTS.NSSRO"
                            " but CAP.NSSRS is zero (not supported)");
         } else if (data != 0) {
             NVME_GUEST_ERR(pci_nvme_ub_mmiowr_ro_csts,
                            "attempted to set a read only bit"
                            " of controller status");
         }
         break;
     case 0x20:  /* NSSR */
         if (data == 0x4e564d65) {
             trace_pci_nvme_ub_mmiowr_ssreset_unsupported();
         } else {
             /* The spec says that writes of other values have no effect */
             return;
         }
         break;
     case 0x24:  /* AQA */
         n->bar.aqa = data & 0xffffffff;
         trace_pci_nvme_mmio_aqattr(data & 0xffffffff);
         break;
     case 0x28:  /* ASQ */
         n->bar.asq = size == 8 ? data :
             (n->bar.asq & ~0xffffffffULL) | (data & 0xffffffff);
         trace_pci_nvme_mmio_asqaddr(data);
         break;
     case 0x2c:  /* ASQ hi */
         n->bar.asq = (n->bar.asq & 0xffffffff) | (data << 32);
         trace_pci_nvme_mmio_asqaddr_hi(data, n->bar.asq);
         break;
     case 0x30:  /* ACQ */
         trace_pci_nvme_mmio_acqaddr(data);
         n->bar.acq = size == 8 ? data :
             (n->bar.acq & ~0xffffffffULL) | (data & 0xffffffff);
         break;
     case 0x34:  /* ACQ hi */
         n->bar.acq = (n->bar.acq & 0xffffffff) | (data << 32);
         trace_pci_nvme_mmio_acqaddr_hi(data, n->bar.acq);
         break;
     case 0x38:  /* CMBLOC */
         NVME_GUEST_ERR(pci_nvme_ub_mmiowr_cmbloc_reserved,
                        "invalid write to reserved CMBLOC"
                        " when CMBSZ is zero, ignored");
         return;
     case 0x3C:  /* CMBSZ */
         NVME_GUEST_ERR(pci_nvme_ub_mmiowr_cmbsz_readonly,
                        "invalid write to read only CMBSZ, ignored");
         return;
     case 0x50:  /* CMBMSC */
         if (!NVME_CAP_CMBS(n->bar.cap)) {
             return;
         }

         n->bar.cmbmsc = size == 8 ? data :
             (n->bar.cmbmsc & ~0xffffffff) | (data & 0xffffffff);
         n->cmb.cmse = false;

         if (NVME_CMBMSC_CRE(data)) {
             nvme_cmb_enable_regs(n);

             if (NVME_CMBMSC_CMSE(data)) {
                 hwaddr cba = NVME_CMBMSC_CBA(data) << CMBMSC_CBA_SHIFT;
                 if (cba + int128_get64(n->cmb.mem.size) < cba) {
                     NVME_CMBSTS_SET_CBAI(n->bar.cmbsts, 1);
                     return;
                 }

                 n->cmb.cba = cba;
                 n->cmb.cmse = true;
             }
         } else {
             n->bar.cmbsz = 0;
             n->bar.cmbloc = 0;
         }

         return;
     case 0x54:  /* CMBMSC hi */
         n->bar.cmbmsc = (n->bar.cmbmsc & 0xffffffff) | (data << 32);
         return;

     case 0xe00: /* PMRCAP */
         NVME_GUEST_ERR(pci_nvme_ub_mmiowr_pmrcap_readonly,
                        "invalid write to PMRCAP register, ignored");
         return;
     case 0xe04: /* PMRCTL */
         n->bar.pmrctl = data;
         if (NVME_PMRCTL_EN(data)) {
             memory_region_set_enabled(&n->pmr.dev->mr, true);
             n->bar.pmrsts = 0;
         } else {
             memory_region_set_enabled(&n->pmr.dev->mr, false);
             NVME_PMRSTS_SET_NRDY(n->bar.pmrsts, 1);
             n->pmr.cmse = false;
         }
         return;
     case 0xe08: /* PMRSTS */
         NVME_GUEST_ERR(pci_nvme_ub_mmiowr_pmrsts_readonly,
                        "invalid write to PMRSTS register, ignored");
         return;
     case 0xe0C: /* PMREBS */
         NVME_GUEST_ERR(pci_nvme_ub_mmiowr_pmrebs_readonly,
                        "invalid write to PMREBS register, ignored");
         return;
     case 0xe10: /* PMRSWTP */
         NVME_GUEST_ERR(pci_nvme_ub_mmiowr_pmrswtp_readonly,
                        "invalid write to PMRSWTP register, ignored");
         return;
     case 0xe14: /* PMRMSCL */
         if (!NVME_CAP_PMRS(n->bar.cap)) {
             return;
         }

         n->bar.pmrmsc = (n->bar.pmrmsc & ~0xffffffff) | (data & 0xffffffff);
         n->pmr.cmse = false;

         if (NVME_PMRMSC_CMSE(n->bar.pmrmsc)) {
             hwaddr cba = NVME_PMRMSC_CBA(n->bar.pmrmsc) << PMRMSC_CBA_SHIFT;
             if (cba + int128_get64(n->pmr.dev->mr.size) < cba) {
                 NVME_PMRSTS_SET_CBAI(n->bar.pmrsts, 1);
                 return;
             }

             n->pmr.cmse = true;
             n->pmr.cba = cba;
         }

         return;
     case 0xe18: /* PMRMSCU */
         if (!NVME_CAP_PMRS(n->bar.cap)) {
             return;
         }

         n->bar.pmrmsc = (n->bar.pmrmsc & 0xffffffff) | (data << 32);
         return;
     default:
         NVME_GUEST_ERR(pci_nvme_ub_mmiowr_invalid,
                        "invalid MMIO write,"
                        " offset=0x%"PRIx64", data=%"PRIx64"",
                        offset, data);
         break;
     }
 }

 static uint64_t nvme_mmio_read(void *opaque, hwaddr addr, unsigned size)
 {
     NvmeCtrl *n = (NvmeCtrl *)opaque;
     uint8_t *ptr = (uint8_t *)&n->bar;
     uint64_t val = 0;

     trace_pci_nvme_mmio_read(addr, size);

     if (unlikely(addr & (sizeof(uint32_t) - 1))) {
         NVME_GUEST_ERR(pci_nvme_ub_mmiord_misaligned32,
                        "MMIO read not 32-bit aligned,"
                        " offset=0x%"PRIx64"", addr);
         /* should RAZ, fall through for now */
     } else if (unlikely(size < sizeof(uint32_t))) {
         NVME_GUEST_ERR(pci_nvme_ub_mmiord_toosmall,
                        "MMIO read smaller than 32-bits,"
                        " offset=0x%"PRIx64"", addr);
         /* should RAZ, fall through for now */
     }

     if (addr < sizeof(n->bar)) {
         /*
          * When PMRWBM bit 1 is set then read from
          * from PMRSTS should ensure prior writes
          * made it to persistent media
          */
         if (addr == 0xe08 &&
             (NVME_PMRCAP_PMRWBM(n->bar.pmrcap) & 0x02)) {
             memory_region_msync(&n->pmr.dev->mr, 0, n->pmr.dev->size);
         }
         memcpy(&val, ptr + addr, size);
     } else {
         NVME_GUEST_ERR(pci_nvme_ub_mmiord_invalid_ofs,
                        "MMIO read beyond last register,"
                        " offset=0x%"PRIx64", returning 0", addr);
     }

     return val;
 }

 static void nvme_process_db(NvmeCtrl *n, hwaddr addr, int val)
 {
     uint32_t qid;

     if (unlikely(addr & ((1 << 2) - 1))) {
         NVME_GUEST_ERR(pci_nvme_ub_db_wr_misaligned,
                        "doorbell write not 32-bit aligned,"
                        " offset=0x%"PRIx64", ignoring", addr);
         return;
     }

     if (((addr - 0x1000) >> 2) & 1) {
         /* Completion queue doorbell write */

         uint16_t new_head = val & 0xffff;
         int start_sqs;
         NvmeCQueue *cq;

         qid = (addr - (0x1000 + (1 << 2))) >> 3;
         if (unlikely(nvme_check_cqid(n, qid))) {
             NVME_GUEST_ERR(pci_nvme_ub_db_wr_invalid_cq,
                            "completion queue doorbell write"
                            " for nonexistent queue,"
                            " sqid=%"PRIu32", ignoring", qid);

             /*
              * NVM Express v1.3d, Section 4.1 state: "If host software writes
              * an invalid value to the Submission Queue Tail Doorbell or
              * Completion Queue Head Doorbell regiter and an Asynchronous Event
              * Request command is outstanding, then an asynchronous event is
              * posted to the Admin Completion Queue with a status code of
              * Invalid Doorbell Write Value."
              *
              * Also note that the spec includes the "Invalid Doorbell Register"
              * status code, but nowhere does it specify when to use it.
              * However, it seems reasonable to use it here in a similar
              * fashion.
              */
             if (n->outstanding_aers) {
                 nvme_enqueue_event(n, NVME_AER_TYPE_ERROR,
                                    NVME_AER_INFO_ERR_INVALID_DB_REGISTER,
                                    NVME_LOG_ERROR_INFO);
             }

             return;
         }

         cq = n->cq[qid];
         if (unlikely(new_head >= cq->size)) {
             NVME_GUEST_ERR(pci_nvme_ub_db_wr_invalid_cqhead,
                            "completion queue doorbell write value"
                            " beyond queue size, sqid=%"PRIu32","
                            " new_head=%"PRIu16", ignoring",
                            qid, new_head);

             if (n->outstanding_aers) {
                 nvme_enqueue_event(n, NVME_AER_TYPE_ERROR,
                                    NVME_AER_INFO_ERR_INVALID_DB_VALUE,
                                    NVME_LOG_ERROR_INFO);
             }

             return;
         }

         trace_pci_nvme_mmio_doorbell_cq(cq->cqid, new_head);

         start_sqs = nvme_cq_full(cq) ? 1 : 0;
         cq->head = new_head;
         if (start_sqs) {
             NvmeSQueue *sq;
             QTAILQ_FOREACH(sq, &cq->sq_list, entry) {
                 timer_mod(sq->timer, qemu_clock_get_ns(QEMU_CLOCK_VIRTUAL) + 500);
             }
             timer_mod(cq->timer, qemu_clock_get_ns(QEMU_CLOCK_VIRTUAL) + 500);
         }

         if (cq->tail == cq->head) {
             nvme_irq_deassert(n, cq);
         }
     } else {
         /* Submission queue doorbell write */

         uint16_t new_tail = val & 0xffff;
         NvmeSQueue *sq;

         qid = (addr - 0x1000) >> 3;
         if (unlikely(nvme_check_sqid(n, qid))) {
             NVME_GUEST_ERR(pci_nvme_ub_db_wr_invalid_sq,
                            "submission queue doorbell write"
                            " for nonexistent queue,"
                            " sqid=%"PRIu32", ignoring", qid);

             if (n->outstanding_aers) {
                 nvme_enqueue_event(n, NVME_AER_TYPE_ERROR,
                                    NVME_AER_INFO_ERR_INVALID_DB_REGISTER,
                                    NVME_LOG_ERROR_INFO);
             }

             return;
         }

         sq = n->sq[qid];
         if (unlikely(new_tail >= sq->size)) {
             NVME_GUEST_ERR(pci_nvme_ub_db_wr_invalid_sqtail,
                            "submission queue doorbell write value"
                            " beyond queue size, sqid=%"PRIu32","
                            " new_tail=%"PRIu16", ignoring",
                            qid, new_tail);

             if (n->outstanding_aers) {
                 nvme_enqueue_event(n, NVME_AER_TYPE_ERROR,
                                    NVME_AER_INFO_ERR_INVALID_DB_VALUE,
                                    NVME_LOG_ERROR_INFO);
             }

             return;
         }

         trace_pci_nvme_mmio_doorbell_sq(sq->sqid, new_tail);

         sq->tail = new_tail;
         timer_mod(sq->timer, qemu_clock_get_ns(QEMU_CLOCK_VIRTUAL) + 500);
     }
 }

 static void nvme_mmio_write(void *opaque, hwaddr addr, uint64_t data,
                             unsigned size)
 {
     NvmeCtrl *n = (NvmeCtrl *)opaque;

     trace_pci_nvme_mmio_write(addr, data, size);

     if (addr < sizeof(n->bar)) {
         nvme_write_bar(n, addr, data, size);
     } else {
         nvme_process_db(n, addr, data);
     }
 }

 static const MemoryRegionOps nvme_mmio_ops = {
     .read = nvme_mmio_read,
     .write = nvme_mmio_write,
     .endianness = DEVICE_LITTLE_ENDIAN,
     .impl = {
         .min_access_size = 2,
         .max_access_size = 8,
     },
 };

 static void nvme_cmb_write(void *opaque, hwaddr addr, uint64_t data,
                            unsigned size)
 {
     NvmeCtrl *n = (NvmeCtrl *)opaque;
     stn_le_p(&n->cmb.buf[addr], size, data);
 }

 static uint64_t nvme_cmb_read(void *opaque, hwaddr addr, unsigned size)
 {
     NvmeCtrl *n = (NvmeCtrl *)opaque;
     return ldn_le_p(&n->cmb.buf[addr], size);
 }

 static const MemoryRegionOps nvme_cmb_ops = {
     .read = nvme_cmb_read,
     .write = nvme_cmb_write,
     .endianness = DEVICE_LITTLE_ENDIAN,
     .impl = {
         .min_access_size = 1,
         .max_access_size = 8,
     },
 };

 static void nvme_check_constraints(NvmeCtrl *n, Error **errp)
 {
     NvmeParams *params = &n->params;

     if (params->num_queues) {
         warn_report("num_queues is deprecated; please use max_ioqpairs "
                     "instead");

         params->max_ioqpairs = params->num_queues - 1;
     }

     if (n->namespace.blkconf.blk && n->subsys) {
         error_setg(errp, "subsystem support is unavailable with legacy "
                    "namespace ('drive' property)");
         return;
     }

     if (params->max_ioqpairs < 1 ||
         params->max_ioqpairs > NVME_MAX_IOQPAIRS) {
         error_setg(errp, "max_ioqpairs must be between 1 and %d",
                    NVME_MAX_IOQPAIRS);
         return;
     }

     if (params->msix_qsize < 1 ||
         params->msix_qsize > PCI_MSIX_FLAGS_QSIZE + 1) {
         error_setg(errp, "msix_qsize must be between 1 and %d",
                    PCI_MSIX_FLAGS_QSIZE + 1);
         return;
     }

     if (!params->serial) {
         error_setg(errp, "serial property not set");
         return;
     }

     if (n->pmr.dev) {
         if (host_memory_backend_is_mapped(n->pmr.dev)) {
             error_setg(errp, "can't use already busy memdev: %s",
                        object_get_canonical_path_component(OBJECT(n->pmr.dev)));
             return;
         }

         if (!is_power_of_2(n->pmr.dev->size)) {
             error_setg(errp, "pmr backend size needs to be power of 2 in size");
             return;
         }

         host_memory_backend_set_mapped(n->pmr.dev, true);
     }

     if (n->params.zasl > n->params.mdts) {
         error_setg(errp, "zoned.zasl (Zone Append Size Limit) must be less "
                    "than or equal to mdts (Maximum Data Transfer Size)");
         return;
     }

     if (!n->params.vsl) {
         error_setg(errp, "vsl must be non-zero");
         return;
     }
 }

 static void nvme_init_state(NvmeCtrl *n)
 {
     /* add one to max_ioqpairs to account for the admin queue pair */
     n->reg_size = pow2ceil(sizeof(NvmeBar) +
                            2 * (n->params.max_ioqpairs + 1) * NVME_DB_SIZE);
     n->sq = g_new0(NvmeSQueue *, n->params.max_ioqpairs + 1);
     n->cq = g_new0(NvmeCQueue *, n->params.max_ioqpairs + 1);
     n->temperature = NVME_TEMPERATURE;
     n->features.temp_thresh_hi = NVME_TEMPERATURE_WARNING;
     n->starttime_ms = qemu_clock_get_ms(QEMU_CLOCK_VIRTUAL);
     n->aer_reqs = g_new0(NvmeRequest *, n->params.aerl + 1);
 }

 static void nvme_init_cmb(NvmeCtrl *n, PCIDevice *pci_dev)
 {
     uint64_t cmb_size = n->params.cmb_size_mb * MiB;

     n->cmb.buf = g_malloc0(cmb_size);
     memory_region_init_io(&n->cmb.mem, OBJECT(n), &nvme_cmb_ops, n,
                           "nvme-cmb", cmb_size);
     pci_register_bar(pci_dev, NVME_CMB_BIR,
                      PCI_BASE_ADDRESS_SPACE_MEMORY |
                      PCI_BASE_ADDRESS_MEM_TYPE_64 |
                      PCI_BASE_ADDRESS_MEM_PREFETCH, &n->cmb.mem);

     NVME_CAP_SET_CMBS(n->bar.cap, 1);

     if (n->params.legacy_cmb) {
         nvme_cmb_enable_regs(n);
         n->cmb.cmse = true;
     }
 }

 static void nvme_init_pmr(NvmeCtrl *n, PCIDevice *pci_dev)
 {
     NVME_PMRCAP_SET_RDS(n->bar.pmrcap, 1);
     NVME_PMRCAP_SET_WDS(n->bar.pmrcap, 1);
     NVME_PMRCAP_SET_BIR(n->bar.pmrcap, NVME_PMR_BIR);
     /* Turn on bit 1 support */
     NVME_PMRCAP_SET_PMRWBM(n->bar.pmrcap, 0x02);
     NVME_PMRCAP_SET_CMSS(n->bar.pmrcap, 1);

     pci_register_bar(pci_dev, NVME_PMRCAP_BIR(n->bar.pmrcap),
                      PCI_BASE_ADDRESS_SPACE_MEMORY |
                      PCI_BASE_ADDRESS_MEM_TYPE_64 |
                      PCI_BASE_ADDRESS_MEM_PREFETCH, &n->pmr.dev->mr);

     memory_region_set_enabled(&n->pmr.dev->mr, false);
 }

 static int nvme_init_pci(NvmeCtrl *n, PCIDevice *pci_dev, Error **errp)
 {
     uint8_t *pci_conf = pci_dev->config;
     uint64_t bar_size, msix_table_size, msix_pba_size;
     unsigned msix_table_offset, msix_pba_offset;
     int ret;

     Error *err = NULL;

     pci_conf[PCI_INTERRUPT_PIN] = 1;
     pci_config_set_prog_interface(pci_conf, 0x2);

     if (n->params.use_intel_id) {
         pci_config_set_vendor_id(pci_conf, PCI_VENDOR_ID_INTEL);
         pci_config_set_device_id(pci_conf, 0x5845);
     } else {
         pci_config_set_vendor_id(pci_conf, PCI_VENDOR_ID_REDHAT);
         pci_config_set_device_id(pci_conf, PCI_DEVICE_ID_REDHAT_NVME);
     }

     pci_config_set_class(pci_conf, PCI_CLASS_STORAGE_EXPRESS);
     pcie_endpoint_cap_init(pci_dev, 0x80);

     bar_size = QEMU_ALIGN_UP(n->reg_size, 4 * KiB);
     msix_table_offset = bar_size;
     msix_table_size = PCI_MSIX_ENTRY_SIZE * n->params.msix_qsize;

     bar_size += msix_table_size;
     bar_size = QEMU_ALIGN_UP(bar_size, 4 * KiB);
     msix_pba_offset = bar_size;
     msix_pba_size = QEMU_ALIGN_UP(n->params.msix_qsize, 64) / 8;

     bar_size += msix_pba_size;
     bar_size = pow2ceil(bar_size);

     memory_region_init(&n->bar0, OBJECT(n), "nvme-bar0", bar_size);
     memory_region_init_io(&n->iomem, OBJECT(n), &nvme_mmio_ops, n, "nvme",
                           n->reg_size);
     memory_region_add_subregion(&n->bar0, 0, &n->iomem);

     pci_register_bar(pci_dev, 0, PCI_BASE_ADDRESS_SPACE_MEMORY |
                      PCI_BASE_ADDRESS_MEM_TYPE_64, &n->bar0);
     ret = msix_init(pci_dev, n->params.msix_qsize,
                     &n->bar0, 0, msix_table_offset,
                     &n->bar0, 0, msix_pba_offset, 0, &err);
     if (ret < 0) {
         if (ret == -ENOTSUP) {
             warn_report_err(err);
         } else {
             error_propagate(errp, err);
             return ret;
         }
     }

     if (n->params.cmb_size_mb) {
         nvme_init_cmb(n, pci_dev);
     }

     if (n->pmr.dev) {
         nvme_init_pmr(n, pci_dev);
     }

     return 0;
 }

 static void nvme_init_subnqn(NvmeCtrl *n)
 {
     NvmeSubsystem *subsys = n->subsys;
     NvmeIdCtrl *id = &n->id_ctrl;

     if (!subsys) {
         snprintf((char *)id->subnqn, sizeof(id->subnqn),
                  "nqn.2019-08.org.qemu:%s", n->params.serial);
     } else {
         pstrcpy((char *)id->subnqn, sizeof(id->subnqn), (char*)subsys->subnqn);
     }
 }

 static void nvme_init_ctrl(NvmeCtrl *n, PCIDevice *pci_dev)
 {
     NvmeIdCtrl *id = &n->id_ctrl;
     uint8_t *pci_conf = pci_dev->config;

     id->vid = cpu_to_le16(pci_get_word(pci_conf + PCI_VENDOR_ID));
     id->ssvid = cpu_to_le16(pci_get_word(pci_conf + PCI_SUBSYSTEM_VENDOR_ID));
     strpadcpy((char *)id->mn, sizeof(id->mn), "QEMU NVMe Ctrl", ' ');
     strpadcpy((char *)id->fr, sizeof(id->fr), "1.0", ' ');
     strpadcpy((char *)id->sn, sizeof(id->sn), n->params.serial, ' ');

     id->cntlid = cpu_to_le16(n->cntlid);

     id->oaes = cpu_to_le32(NVME_OAES_NS_ATTR);

     id->rab = 6;

     if (n->params.use_intel_id) {
         id->ieee[0] = 0xb3;
         id->ieee[1] = 0x02;
         id->ieee[2] = 0x00;
     } else {
         id->ieee[0] = 0x00;
         id->ieee[1] = 0x54;
         id->ieee[2] = 0x52;
     }

     id->mdts = n->params.mdts;
     id->ver = cpu_to_le32(NVME_SPEC_VER);
     id->oacs = cpu_to_le16(NVME_OACS_NS_MGMT | NVME_OACS_FORMAT);
     id->cntrltype = 0x1;

     /*
      * Because the controller always completes the Abort command immediately,
      * there can never be more than one concurrently executing Abort command,
      * so this value is never used for anything. Note that there can easily be
      * many Abort commands in the queues, but they are not considered
      * "executing" until processed by nvme_abort.
      *
      * The specification recommends a value of 3 for Abort Command Limit (four
      * concurrently outstanding Abort commands), so lets use that though it is
      * inconsequential.
      */
     id->acl = 3;
     id->aerl = n->params.aerl;
     id->frmw = (NVME_NUM_FW_SLOTS << 1) | NVME_FRMW_SLOT1_RO;
     id->lpa = NVME_LPA_NS_SMART | NVME_LPA_CSE | NVME_LPA_EXTENDED;

     /* recommended default value (~70 C) */
     id->wctemp = cpu_to_le16(NVME_TEMPERATURE_WARNING);
     id->cctemp = cpu_to_le16(NVME_TEMPERATURE_CRITICAL);

     id->sqes = (0x6 << 4) | 0x6;
     id->cqes = (0x4 << 4) | 0x4;
     id->nn = cpu_to_le32(NVME_MAX_NAMESPACES);
     id->oncs = cpu_to_le16(NVME_ONCS_WRITE_ZEROES | NVME_ONCS_TIMESTAMP |
                            NVME_ONCS_FEATURES | NVME_ONCS_DSM |
                            NVME_ONCS_COMPARE | NVME_ONCS_COPY);

     /*
      * NOTE: If this device ever supports a command set that does NOT use 0x0
      * as a Flush-equivalent operation, support for the broadcast NSID in Flush
      * should probably be removed.
      *
      * See comment in nvme_io_cmd.
      */
     id->vwc = NVME_VWC_NSID_BROADCAST_SUPPORT | NVME_VWC_PRESENT;

     id->ocfs = cpu_to_le16(NVME_OCFS_COPY_FORMAT_0);
     id->sgls = cpu_to_le32(NVME_CTRL_SGLS_SUPPORT_NO_ALIGN |
                            NVME_CTRL_SGLS_BITBUCKET);

     nvme_init_subnqn(n);

     id->psd[0].mp = cpu_to_le16(0x9c4);
     id->psd[0].enlat = cpu_to_le32(0x10);
     id->psd[0].exlat = cpu_to_le32(0x4);

     if (n->subsys) {
         id->cmic |= NVME_CMIC_MULTI_CTRL;
     }

     NVME_CAP_SET_MQES(n->bar.cap, 0x7ff);
     NVME_CAP_SET_CQR(n->bar.cap, 1);
     NVME_CAP_SET_TO(n->bar.cap, 0xf);
     NVME_CAP_SET_CSS(n->bar.cap, NVME_CAP_CSS_NVM);
     NVME_CAP_SET_CSS(n->bar.cap, NVME_CAP_CSS_CSI_SUPP);
     NVME_CAP_SET_CSS(n->bar.cap, NVME_CAP_CSS_ADMIN_ONLY);
     NVME_CAP_SET_MPSMAX(n->bar.cap, 4);
     NVME_CAP_SET_CMBS(n->bar.cap, n->params.cmb_size_mb ? 1 : 0);
     NVME_CAP_SET_PMRS(n->bar.cap, n->pmr.dev ? 1 : 0);

     n->bar.vs = NVME_SPEC_VER;
     n->bar.intmc = n->bar.intms = 0;
 }

 static int nvme_init_subsys(NvmeCtrl *n, Error **errp)
 {
     int cntlid;

     if (!n->subsys) {
         return 0;
     }

     cntlid = nvme_subsys_register_ctrl(n, errp);
     if (cntlid < 0) {
         return -1;
     }

     n->cntlid = cntlid;

     return 0;
 }

 void nvme_attach_ns(NvmeCtrl *n, NvmeNamespace *ns)
 {
     uint32_t nsid = ns->params.nsid;
     assert(nsid && nsid <= NVME_MAX_NAMESPACES);

     n->namespaces[nsid] = ns;
     ns->attached++;

     n->dmrsl = MIN_NON_ZERO(n->dmrsl,
                             BDRV_REQUEST_MAX_BYTES / nvme_l2b(ns, 1));
 }

 static void nvme_realize(PCIDevice *pci_dev, Error **errp)
 {
     NvmeCtrl *n = NVME(pci_dev);
     NvmeNamespace *ns;
     Error *local_err = NULL;

     nvme_check_constraints(n, &local_err);
     if (local_err) {
         error_propagate(errp, local_err);
         return;
     }

     qbus_create_inplace(&n->bus, sizeof(NvmeBus), TYPE_NVME_BUS,
                         &pci_dev->qdev, n->parent_obj.qdev.id);

     nvme_init_state(n);
     if (nvme_init_pci(n, pci_dev, errp)) {
         return;
     }

     if (nvme_init_subsys(n, errp)) {
         error_propagate(errp, local_err);
         return;
     }
     nvme_init_ctrl(n, pci_dev);

     /* setup a namespace if the controller drive property was given */
     if (n->namespace.blkconf.blk) {
         ns = &n->namespace;
         ns->params.nsid = 1;

         if (nvme_ns_setup(n, ns, errp)) {
             return;
         }

         nvme_attach_ns(n, ns);
     }
 }

 static void nvme_exit(PCIDevice *pci_dev)
 {
     NvmeCtrl *n = NVME(pci_dev);
     NvmeNamespace *ns;
     int i;

     nvme_ctrl_reset(n);

     for (i = 1; i <= NVME_MAX_NAMESPACES; i++) {
         ns = nvme_ns(n, i);
         if (!ns) {
             continue;
         }

         nvme_ns_cleanup(ns);
     }

     g_free(n->cq);
     g_free(n->sq);
     g_free(n->aer_reqs);

     if (n->params.cmb_size_mb) {
         g_free(n->cmb.buf);
     }

     if (n->pmr.dev) {
         host_memory_backend_set_mapped(n->pmr.dev, false);
     }
     msix_uninit(pci_dev, &n->bar0, &n->bar0);
     memory_region_del_subregion(&n->bar0, &n->iomem);
 }

 static Property nvme_props[] = {
     DEFINE_BLOCK_PROPERTIES(NvmeCtrl, namespace.blkconf),
     DEFINE_PROP_LINK("pmrdev", NvmeCtrl, pmr.dev, TYPE_MEMORY_BACKEND,
                      HostMemoryBackend *),
     DEFINE_PROP_LINK("subsys", NvmeCtrl, subsys, TYPE_NVME_SUBSYS,
                      NvmeSubsystem *),
     DEFINE_PROP_STRING("serial", NvmeCtrl, params.serial),
     DEFINE_PROP_UINT32("cmb_size_mb", NvmeCtrl, params.cmb_size_mb, 0),
     DEFINE_PROP_UINT32("num_queues", NvmeCtrl, params.num_queues, 0),
     DEFINE_PROP_UINT32("max_ioqpairs", NvmeCtrl, params.max_ioqpairs, 64),
     DEFINE_PROP_UINT16("msix_qsize", NvmeCtrl, params.msix_qsize, 65),
     DEFINE_PROP_UINT8("aerl", NvmeCtrl, params.aerl, 3),
     DEFINE_PROP_UINT32("aer_max_queued", NvmeCtrl, params.aer_max_queued, 64),
     DEFINE_PROP_UINT8("mdts", NvmeCtrl, params.mdts, 7),
     DEFINE_PROP_UINT8("vsl", NvmeCtrl, params.vsl, 7),
     DEFINE_PROP_BOOL("use-intel-id", NvmeCtrl, params.use_intel_id, false),
     DEFINE_PROP_BOOL("legacy-cmb", NvmeCtrl, params.legacy_cmb, false),
     DEFINE_PROP_UINT8("zoned.zasl", NvmeCtrl, params.zasl, 0),
     DEFINE_PROP_END_OF_LIST(),
 };

 static void nvme_get_smart_warning(Object *obj, Visitor *v, const char *name,
                                    void *opaque, Error **errp)
 {
     NvmeCtrl *n = NVME(obj);
     uint8_t value = n->smart_critical_warning;

     visit_type_uint8(v, name, &value, errp);
 }

 static void nvme_set_smart_warning(Object *obj, Visitor *v, const char *name,
                                    void *opaque, Error **errp)
 {
     NvmeCtrl *n = NVME(obj);
     uint8_t value, old_value, cap = 0, index, event;

     if (!visit_type_uint8(v, name, &value, errp)) {
         return;
     }

     cap = NVME_SMART_SPARE | NVME_SMART_TEMPERATURE | NVME_SMART_RELIABILITY
           | NVME_SMART_MEDIA_READ_ONLY | NVME_SMART_FAILED_VOLATILE_MEDIA;
     if (NVME_CAP_PMRS(n->bar.cap)) {
         cap |= NVME_SMART_PMR_UNRELIABLE;
     }

     if ((value & cap) != value) {
         error_setg(errp, "unsupported smart critical warning bits: 0x%x",
                    value & ~cap);
         return;
     }

     old_value = n->smart_critical_warning;
     n->smart_critical_warning = value;

     /* only inject new bits of smart critical warning */
     for (index = 0; index < NVME_SMART_WARN_MAX; index++) {
         event = 1 << index;
         if (value & ~old_value & event)
             nvme_smart_event(n, event);
     }
 }

 static const VMStateDescription nvme_vmstate = {
     .name = "nvme",
     .unmigratable = 1,
 };

 static void nvme_class_init(ObjectClass *oc, void *data)
 {
     DeviceClass *dc = DEVICE_CLASS(oc);
     PCIDeviceClass *pc = PCI_DEVICE_CLASS(oc);

     pc->realize = nvme_realize;
     pc->exit = nvme_exit;
     pc->class_id = PCI_CLASS_STORAGE_EXPRESS;
     pc->revision = 2;

     set_bit(DEVICE_CATEGORY_STORAGE, dc->categories);
     dc->desc = "Non-Volatile Memory Express";
     device_class_set_props(dc, nvme_props);
     dc->vmsd = &nvme_vmstate;
 }

 static void nvme_instance_init(Object *obj)
 {
     NvmeCtrl *n = NVME(obj);

     device_add_bootindex_property(obj, &n->namespace.blkconf.bootindex,
                                   "bootindex", "/namespace@1,0",
                                   DEVICE(obj));

     object_property_add(obj, "smart_critical_warning", "uint8",
                         nvme_get_smart_warning,
                         nvme_set_smart_warning, NULL, NULL);
 }

 static const TypeInfo nvme_info = {
     .name          = TYPE_NVME,
     .parent        = TYPE_PCI_DEVICE,
     .instance_size = sizeof(NvmeCtrl),
     .instance_init = nvme_instance_init,
     .class_init    = nvme_class_init,
     .interfaces = (InterfaceInfo[]) {
         { INTERFACE_PCIE_DEVICE },
         { }
     },
 };

 static const TypeInfo nvme_bus_info = {
     .name = TYPE_NVME_BUS,
     .parent = TYPE_BUS,
     .instance_size = sizeof(NvmeBus),
 };

 static void nvme_register_types(void)
 {
     type_register_static(&nvme_info);
     type_register_static(&nvme_bus_info);
 }

 type_init(nvme_register_types)