src/doc/build_sys.dox

/** @page build_sys Build system

@section overview Overview

Building an Etherboot image consists of three stages:

  -# @ref compilation : Compiling all the source files into object files
  -# @ref linking : Linking a particular image from selected object files
  -# @ref finalisation : Producing the final output binary

Though this is a remarkably complex process, it is important to note
that it all happens automatically.  Whatever state your build tree is
in, you can always type, for example

@code

	make bin/rtl8139.dsk

@endcode

and know that you will get a floppy disk image with an RTL8139 driver
built from the current sources.

@section compilation Compilation

@subsection comp_overview Overview

Each source file (a @c .c or a @c .S file) is compiled into a @c .o
file in the @c bin/ directory.  Etherboot makes minimal use of
conditional compilation (see @ref ifdef_harmful), and so you will find
that all objects get built, even the objects that correspond to
features that you are not intending to include in your image.  For
example, all network card drivers will be compiled even if you are
just building a ROM for a 3c509 card.  This is a deliberate design
decision; please do @b not attempt to "fix" the build system to avoid
doing this.

Source files are defined to be any @c .c or @c .S files found in a
directory listed in the Makefile variable #SRCDIRS.  You therefore do
@b not need to edit the Makefile just because you have added a new
source file (although you will need to edit the Makefile if you have
added a new source directory).  To see a list of all source
directories and source files that the build system currently knows
about, you can use the commands

@code

	make srcdirs
	make srcs

@endcode

Rules for compiling @c .c and @c .S files are defined in the Makefile
variables #RULE_c and #RULE_S.  Makefile rules are automatically
generated for each source file using these rules.  The generated rules
can be found in the @c .d file corresponding to each source file;
these are located in <tt>bin/deps/</tt>.  For example, the rules
generated for <tt>drivers/net/rtl8139.c</tt> can be found in
<tt>bin/deps/drivers/net/rtl8139.c.d</tt>.  These rules allow you to
type, for example

@code

	make bin/rtl8139.o

@endcode

and have <tt>rtl8139.o</tt> be built from
<tt>drivers/net/rtl8139.c</tt> using the generic rule #RULE_c for
compiling @c .c files.

You can see the full list of object files that will be built using

@code

	make bobjs

@endcode

@subsection comp_ar After compilation

Once all objects have been compiled, they will be collected into a
build library ("blib") in <tt>bin/blib.a</tt>.

@subsection comp_custom Customising compilation

The Makefile rules for a particular object can be customised to a
certain extent by defining the Makefile variable CFLAGS_@<object@>.
For example, if you were to set

@code

	CFLAGS_rtl8139 = -DFOO

@endcode

then <tt>bin/rtl8139.o</tt> would be compiled with the additional
flags <tt>-DFOO</tt>.  To see the flags that will be used when
compiling a particular object, you can use e.g.

@code

	make bin/rtl8139.flags

@endcode

If you need more flexibility than the CFLAGS_@<object@> mechanism
provides, then you can exclude source files from the automatic rule
generation process by listing them in the Makefile variable
#NON_AUTO_SRCS.  The command

@code

	make autosrcs

@endcode

will show you which files are currently part of the automatic rule
generation process.

@subsection comp_multiobj Multiple objects

A single source file can be used to generate multiple object files.
This is used, for example, to generate the decompressing and the
non-decompressing prefixes from the same source files.

By default, a single object will be built from each source file.  To
override the list of objects for a source file, you can define the
Makefile variable OBJS_@<object@>.  For example, the
<tt>arch/i386/prefix/dskprefix.S</tt> source file is built into two
objects, <tt>bin/dskprefix.o</tt> and <tt>zdskprefix.o</tt> by
defining the Makefile variable

@code

	OBJS_dskprefix = dskprefix zdskprefix

@endcode

Since there would be little point in building two identical objects,
customised compilation flags (see @ref comp_custom) are defined as

@code

	CFLAGS_zdskprefix = -DCOMPRESS

@endcode

Thus, <tt>arch/i386/prefix/dskprefix.S</tt> is built into @c
dskprefix.o using the normal set of flags, and into @c zdskprefix.o
using the normal set of flags plus <tt>-DCOMPRESS</tt>.

@subsection comp_debug Special debugging targets

In addition to the basic rules #RULE_c and #RULE_S for compiling
source files into object files, there are various other rules that can
be useful for debugging.

@subsubsection comp_debug_c_to_c Preprocessed C

You can see the results of preprocessing a @c .c file (including the
per-object flags defined via CFLAGS_@<object@> if applicable) using
e.g.

@code

	make bin/rtl8139.c

@endcode

and examining the resulting file (<tt>bin/rtl8139.c</tt> in this
case).

@subsubsection comp_debug_x_to_s Assembler

You can see the results of assembling a @c .c file, or of
preprocessing a @c .S file, using e.g.

@code

	make bin/rtl8139.s
	make bin/zdskprefix.s

@endcode

@subsubsection comp_debug_dbg Debugging-enabled targets

You can build targets with debug messages (DBG()) enabled using e.g.

@code

	make bin/rtl8139.dbg.o
	make bin/rtl8139.dbg2.o

@endcode

You will probably not need to use these targets directly, since a
mechanism exists to select debugging levels at build time; see @ref
debug.

@section linking Linking

@subsection link_overview Overview

Etherboot is designed to be small and extremely customisable.  This is
achieved by linking in only the features that are really wanted in any
particular build.

There are two places from which the list of desired features is
obtained:

  -# @ref link_config_h
  -# @ref link_cmdline

@subsection link_config_h config.h

The config.h file is used to define global build options that are
likely to apply to all images that you build, such as the console
types, supported download protocols etc.  See the documentation for
config.h for more details.

@subsection link_cmdline The make command line

When you type a command such as

@code

	make bin/dfe538.zrom

@endcode

it is used to derive the following information:

   - We are building a compressed ROM image
   - The DFE538 is a PCI NIC, so we need the decompressing PCI ROM prefix
   - The PCI IDs for the DFE538 are 1186:1300
   - The DFE538 is an rtl8139-based card, therefore we need the rtl8139 driver

You can see this process in action using the command

@code

	make bin/dfe538.zrom.info

@endcode

which will print

@code

	Elements             : dfe538
	Prefix               : zrom
	Drivers              : rtl8139
	ROM name             : dfe538
	Media                : rom

	ROM type             : pci
	PCI vendor           : 0x1186
	PCI device           : 0x1300

	LD driver symbols    : obj_rtl8139
	LD prefix symbols    : obj_zpciprefix
	LD ID symbols        : pci_vendor_id=0x1186 pci_device_id=0x1300

	LD target flags      :  -u obj_zpciprefix --defsym check_obj_zpciprefix=obj_zpciprefix   -u obj_rtl8139 --defsym check_obj_rtl8139=obj_rtl8139   -u obj_config --defsym check_obj_config=obj_config  --defsym pci_vendor_id=0x1186 --defsym pci_device_id=0x1300

@endcode

This should be interpreted as follows:

@code

	Elements             : dfe538
	Prefix               : zrom

@endcode

"Elements" is the list of components preceding the first dot in the
target name.  "Prefix" is the component following the first dot in the
target name.  (It's called a "prefix" because the code that makes it a
@c .zrom (rather than a @c .dsk, @c .zpxe or any other type of target)
usually ends up at the start of the resulting binary image.)

@code

	Drivers              : rtl8139

@endcode

"Drivers" is the list of drivers corresponding to the "Elements".
Most drivers support several network cards.  The PCI_ROM() and
ISA_ROM() macros are used in the driver source files to list the cards
that a particular driver can support.

@code

	ROM name             : dfe538

@endcode

"ROM name" is the first element in the "Elements" list.  It is used to
select the PCI IDs for a PCI ROM.

@code

	Media                : rom

@endcode

"Media" is the "Prefix" minus the leading @c z, if any.

@code

	ROM type             : pci
	PCI vendor           : 0x1186
	PCI device           : 0x1300

@endcode

These are derived from the "ROM name" and the PCI_ROM() or ISA_ROM()
macros in the driver source files.

@code

	LD driver symbols    : obj_rtl8139
	LD prefix symbols    : obj_zpciprefix

@endcode

This is the interesting part.  At this point, we have established that
we need the rtl8139 driver (i.e. @c rtl8139.o) and the decompressing
PCI prefix (i.e. @c zpciprefix.o).  Our build system (via the
compiler.h header file) arranges that every object exports a symbol
obj_@<object@>; this can be seen by e.g.

@code

	objdump -t bin/rtl8139.o

@endcode

which will show the line

@code

	00000000 g       *ABS*  00000000 obj_rtl8139

@endcode

By instructing the linker that we need the symbols @c obj_rtl8139 and
@c obj_zpciprefix, we can therefore ensure that these two objects are
included in our build.  (The linker will also include any objects that
these two objects require, since that's the whole purpose of the
linker.)

In a similar way, we always instruct the linker that we need the
symbol @c obj_config, in order to include the object @c config.o.  @c
config.o is used to drag in the objects that were specified via
config.h; see @ref link_config_h.

@code

	LD target flags      :  -u obj_zpciprefix --defsym check_obj_zpciprefix=obj_zpciprefix   -u obj_rtl8139 --defsym check_obj_rtl8139=obj_rtl8139   -u obj_config --defsym check_obj_config=obj_config  --defsym pci_vendor_id=0x1186 --defsym pci_device_id=0x1300

@endcode

These are the flags that we pass to the linker in order to include the
objects that we want in our build, and to check that they really get
included.  (This latter check is needed to work around what seems to
be a bug in @c ld).

The linker does its job of linking all the required objects together
into a coherent build.  The best way to see what is happening is to
look at one of the resulting linker maps; try, for example

@code

	make bin/dfe538.dsk.map

@endcode

The linker map includes, amongst others:

  - A list of which objects are included in the build, and why.
  - The results of processing the linker script, line-by-line.
  - A complete symbol table of the resulting build.

It is worth spending time examining the linker map to see how an
Etherboot image is assembled.

Whatever format is selected, the Etherboot image is built into an ELF
file, simply because this is the default format used by @c ld.

@section finalisation Finalisation

@subsection final_overview Overview

The ELF file resulting from @ref linking "linking" needs to be
converted into the final binary image.  Usually, this is just a case
of running

@code

	objcopy -O binary <elf file> <output file>

@endcode

to convert the ELF file into a raw binary image.  Certain image
formats require special additional treatment.

@subsection final_rom ROM images

ROM images must be rounded up to a suitable ROM size (e.g. 16kB or
32kB), and certain header information such as checksums needs to be
filled in.  This is done by the @c makerom.pl program.

@section debug Debugging-enabled builds

*/