Copyright (c) 2014-2017 Red Hat Inc.

This work is licensed under the terms of the GNU GPL, version 2 or later.  See
the COPYING file in the top-level directory.


This document explains the IOThread feature and how to write code that runs
outside the QEMU global mutex.

The main loop and IOThreads
---------------------------
QEMU is an event-driven program that can do several things at once using an
event loop.  The VNC server and the QMP monitor are both processed from the
same event loop, which monitors their file descriptors until they become
readable and then invokes a callback.

The default event loop is called the main loop (see main-loop.c).  It is
possible to create additional event loop threads using -object
iothread,id=my-iothread.

Side note: The main loop and IOThread are both event loops but their code is
not shared completely.  Sometimes it is useful to remember that although they
are conceptually similar they are currently not interchangeable.

Why IOThreads are useful
------------------------
IOThreads allow the user to control the placement of work.  The main loop is a
scalability bottleneck on hosts with many CPUs.  Work can be spread across
several IOThreads instead of just one main loop.  When set up correctly this
can improve I/O latency and reduce jitter seen by the guest.

The main loop is also deeply associated with the QEMU global mutex, which is a
scalability bottleneck in itself.  vCPU threads and the main loop use the QEMU
global mutex to serialize execution of QEMU code.  This mutex is necessary
because a lot of QEMU's code historically was not thread-safe.

The fact that all I/O processing is done in a single main loop and that the
QEMU global mutex is contended by all vCPU threads and the main loop explain
why it is desirable to place work into IOThreads.

The experimental virtio-blk data-plane implementation has been benchmarked and
shows these effects:
ftp://public.dhe.ibm.com/linux/pdfs/KVM_Virtualized_IO_Performance_Paper.pdf

How to program for IOThreads
----------------------------
The main difference between legacy code and new code that can run in an
IOThread is dealing explicitly with the event loop object, AioContext
(see include/block/aio.h).  Code that only works in the main loop
implicitly uses the main loop's AioContext.  Code that supports running
in IOThreads must be aware of its AioContext.

AioContext supports the following services:
 * File descriptor monitoring (read/write/error on POSIX hosts)
 * Event notifiers (inter-thread signalling)
 * Timers
 * Bottom Halves (BH) deferred callbacks

There are several old APIs that use the main loop AioContext:
 * LEGACY qemu_aio_set_fd_handler() - monitor a file descriptor
 * LEGACY qemu_aio_set_event_notifier() - monitor an event notifier
 * LEGACY timer_new_ms() - create a timer
 * LEGACY qemu_bh_new() - create a BH
 * LEGACY qemu_bh_new_guarded() - create a BH with a device re-entrancy guard
 * LEGACY qemu_aio_wait() - run an event loop iteration

Since they implicitly work on the main loop they cannot be used in code that
runs in an IOThread.  They might cause a crash or deadlock if called from an
IOThread since the QEMU global mutex is not held.

Instead, use the AioContext functions directly (see include/block/aio.h):
 * aio_set_fd_handler() - monitor a file descriptor
 * aio_set_event_notifier() - monitor an event notifier
 * aio_timer_new() - create a timer
 * aio_bh_new() - create a BH
 * aio_bh_new_guarded() - create a BH with a device re-entrancy guard
 * aio_poll() - run an event loop iteration

The qemu_bh_new_guarded/aio_bh_new_guarded APIs accept a "MemReentrancyGuard"
argument, which is used to check for and prevent re-entrancy problems. For
BHs associated with devices, the reentrancy-guard is contained in the
corresponding DeviceState and named "mem_reentrancy_guard".

The AioContext can be obtained from the IOThread using
iothread_get_aio_context() or for the main loop using qemu_get_aio_context().
Code that takes an AioContext argument works both in IOThreads or the main
loop, depending on which AioContext instance the caller passes in.

How to synchronize with an IOThread
-----------------------------------
Variables that can be accessed by multiple threads require some form of
synchronization such as qemu_mutex_lock(), rcu_read_lock(), etc.

AioContext functions like aio_set_fd_handler(), aio_set_event_notifier(),
aio_bh_new(), and aio_timer_new() are thread-safe. They can be used to trigger
activity in an IOThread.

Side note: the best way to schedule a function call across threads is to call
aio_bh_schedule_oneshot().

The main loop thread can wait synchronously for a condition using
AIO_WAIT_WHILE().

AioContext and the block layer
------------------------------
The AioContext originates from the QEMU block layer, even though nowadays
AioContext is a generic event loop that can be used by any QEMU subsystem.

The block layer has support for AioContext integrated.  Each BlockDriverState
is associated with an AioContext using bdrv_try_change_aio_context() and
bdrv_get_aio_context().  This allows block layer code to process I/O inside the
right AioContext.  Other subsystems may wish to follow a similar approach.

Block layer code must therefore expect to run in an IOThread and avoid using
old APIs that implicitly use the main loop.  See the "How to program for
IOThreads" above for information on how to do that.

Code running in the monitor typically needs to ensure that past
requests from the guest are completed.  When a block device is running
in an IOThread, the IOThread can also process requests from the guest
(via ioeventfd).  To achieve both objects, wrap the code between
bdrv_drained_begin() and bdrv_drained_end(), thus creating a "drained
section".

Long-running jobs (usually in the form of coroutines) are often scheduled in
the BlockDriverState's AioContext.  The functions
bdrv_add/remove_aio_context_notifier, or alternatively
blk_add/remove_aio_context_notifier if you use BlockBackends, can be used to
get a notification whenever bdrv_try_change_aio_context() moves a
BlockDriverState to a different AioContext.