Copyright (c) 2010-2015 Institute for System Programming
                        of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

This work is licensed under the terms of the GNU GPL, version 2 or later.
See the COPYING file in the top-level directory.

Record/replay
-------------

Record/replay functions are used for the reverse execution and deterministic
replay of qemu execution. This implementation of deterministic replay can
be used for deterministic debugging of guest code through a gdb remote
interface.

Execution recording writes a non-deterministic events log, which can be later
used for replaying the execution anywhere and for unlimited number of times.
It also supports checkpointing for faster rewinding during reverse debugging.
Execution replaying reads the log and replays all non-deterministic events
including external input, hardware clocks, and interrupts.

Deterministic replay has the following features:
 * Deterministically replays whole system execution and all contents of
   the memory, state of the hardware devices, clocks, and screen of the VM.
 * Writes execution log into the file for later replaying for multiple times
   on different machines.
 * Supports i386, x86_64, and ARM hardware platforms.
 * Performs deterministic replay of all operations with keyboard and mouse
   input devices.

Usage of the record/replay:
 * First, record the execution, by adding the following arguments to the command line:
   '-icount shift=7,rr=record,rrfile=replay.bin -net none'.
   Block devices' images are not actually changed in the recording mode,
   because all of the changes are written to the temporary overlay file.
 * Then you can replay it by using another command
   line option: '-icount shift=7,rr=replay,rrfile=replay.bin -net none'
 * '-net none' option should also be specified if network replay patches
   are not applied.

Papers with description of deterministic replay implementation:
http://www.computer.org/csdl/proceedings/csmr/2012/4666/00/4666a553-abs.html
http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2786805.2803179

Modifications of qemu include:
 * wrappers for clock and time functions to save their return values in the log
 * saving different asynchronous events (e.g. system shutdown) into the log
 * synchronization of the bottom halves execution
 * synchronization of the threads from thread pool
 * recording/replaying user input (mouse and keyboard)
 * adding internal checkpoints for cpu and io synchronization

Non-deterministic events
------------------------

Our record/replay system is based on saving and replaying non-deterministic
events (e.g. keyboard input) and simulating deterministic ones (e.g. reading
from HDD or memory of the VM). Saving only non-deterministic events makes
log file smaller, simulation faster, and allows using reverse debugging even
for realtime applications.

The following non-deterministic data from peripheral devices is saved into
the log: mouse and keyboard input, network packets, audio controller input,
USB packets, serial port input, and hardware clocks (they are non-deterministic
too, because their values are taken from the host machine). Inputs from
simulated hardware, memory of VM, software interrupts, and execution of
instructions are not saved into the log, because they are deterministic and
can be replayed by simulating the behavior of virtual machine starting from
initial state.

We had to solve three tasks to implement deterministic replay: recording
non-deterministic events, replaying non-deterministic events, and checking
that there is no divergence between record and replay modes.

We changed several parts of QEMU to make event log recording and replaying.
Devices' models that have non-deterministic input from external devices were
changed to write every external event into the execution log immediately.
E.g. network packets are written into the log when they arrive into the virtual
network adapter.

All non-deterministic events are coming from these devices. But to
replay them we need to know at which moments they occur. We specify
these moments by counting the number of instructions executed between
every pair of consecutive events.

Instruction counting
--------------------

QEMU should work in icount mode to use record/replay feature. icount was
designed to allow deterministic execution in absence of external inputs
of the virtual machine. We also use icount to control the occurrence of the
non-deterministic events. The number of instructions elapsed from the last event
is written to the log while recording the execution. In replay mode we
can predict when to inject that event using the instruction counter.

Timers
------

Timers are used to execute callbacks from different subsystems of QEMU
at the specified moments of time. There are several kinds of timers:
 * Real time clock. Based on host time and used only for callbacks that
   do not change the virtual machine state. For this reason real time
   clock and timers does not affect deterministic replay at all.
 * Virtual clock. These timers run only during the emulation. In icount
   mode virtual clock value is calculated using executed instructions counter.
   That is why it is completely deterministic and does not have to be recorded.
 * Host clock. This clock is used by device models that simulate real time
   sources (e.g. real time clock chip). Host clock is the one of the sources
   of non-determinism. Host clock read operations should be logged to
   make the execution deterministic.
 * Virtual real time clock. This clock is similar to real time clock but
   it is used only for increasing virtual clock while virtual machine is
   sleeping. Due to its nature it is also non-deterministic as the host clock
   and has to be logged too.

Checkpoints
-----------

Replaying of the execution of virtual machine is bound by sources of
non-determinism. These are inputs from clock and peripheral devices,
and QEMU thread scheduling. Thread scheduling affect on processing events
from timers, asynchronous input-output, and bottom halves.

Invocations of timers are coupled with clock reads and changing the state
of the virtual machine. Reads produce non-deterministic data taken from
host clock. And VM state changes should preserve their order. Their relative
order in replay mode must replicate the order of callbacks in record mode.
To preserve this order we use checkpoints. When a specific clock is processed
in record mode we save to the log special "checkpoint" event.
Checkpoints here do not refer to virtual machine snapshots. They are just
record/replay events used for synchronization.

QEMU in replay mode will try to invoke timers processing in random moment
of time. That's why we do not process a group of timers until the checkpoint
event will be read from the log. Such an event allows synchronizing CPU
execution and timer events.

Two other checkpoints govern the "warping" of the virtual clock.
While the virtual machine is idle, the virtual clock increments at
1 ns per *real time* nanosecond.  This is done by setting up a timer
(called the warp timer) on the virtual real time clock, so that the
timer fires at the next deadline of the virtual clock; the virtual clock
is then incremented (which is called "warping" the virtual clock) as
soon as the timer fires or the CPUs need to go out of the idle state.
Two functions are used for this purpose; because these actions change
virtual machine state and must be deterministic, each of them creates a
checkpoint.  qemu_start_warp_timer checks if the CPUs are idle and if so
starts accounting real time to virtual clock.  qemu_account_warp_timer
is called when the CPUs get an interrupt or when the warp timer fires,
and it warps the virtual clock by the amount of real time that has passed
since qemu_start_warp_timer.

Bottom halves
-------------

Disk I/O events are completely deterministic in our model, because
in both record and replay modes we start virtual machine from the same
disk state. But callbacks that virtual disk controller uses for reading and
writing the disk may occur at different moments of time in record and replay
modes.

Reading and writing requests are created by CPU thread of QEMU. Later these
requests proceed to block layer which creates "bottom halves". Bottom
halves consist of callback and its parameters. They are processed when
main loop locks the global mutex. These locks are not synchronized with
replaying process because main loop also processes the events that do not
affect the virtual machine state (like user interaction with monitor).

That is why we had to implement saving and replaying bottom halves callbacks
synchronously to the CPU execution. When the callback is about to execute
it is added to the queue in the replay module. This queue is written to the
log when its callbacks are executed. In replay mode callbacks are not processed
until the corresponding event is read from the events log file.

Sometimes the block layer uses asynchronous callbacks for its internal purposes
(like reading or writing VM snapshots or disk image cluster tables). In this
case bottom halves are not marked as "replayable" and do not saved
into the log.

Block devices
-------------

Block devices record/replay module intercepts calls of
bdrv coroutine functions at the top of block drivers stack.
To record and replay block operations the drive must be configured
as following:
 -drive file=disk.qcow,if=none,id=img-direct
 -drive driver=blkreplay,if=none,image=img-direct,id=img-blkreplay
 -device ide-hd,drive=img-blkreplay

blkreplay driver should be inserted between disk image and virtual driver
controller. Therefore all disk requests may be recorded and replayed.

All block completion operations are added to the queue in the coroutines.
Queue is flushed at checkpoints and information about processed requests
is recorded to the log. In replay phase the queue is matched with
events read from the log. Therefore block devices requests are processed
deterministically.

Snapshotting
------------

New VM snapshots may be created in replay mode. They can be used later
to recover the desired VM state. All VM states created in replay mode
are associated with the moment of time in the replay scenario.
After recovering the VM state replay will start from that position.

Default starting snapshot name may be specified with icount field
rrsnapshot as follows:
 -icount shift=7,rr=record,rrfile=replay.bin,rrsnapshot=snapshot_name

This snapshot is created at start of recording and restored at start
of replaying. It also can be loaded while replaying to roll back
the execution.

Network devices
---------------

Record and replay for network interactions is performed with the network filter.
Each backend must have its own instance of the replay filter as follows:
 -netdev user,id=net1 -device rtl8139,netdev=net1
 -object filter-replay,id=replay,netdev=net1

Replay network filter is used to record and replay network packets. While
recording the virtual machine this filter puts all packets coming from
the outer world into the log. In replay mode packets from the log are
injected into the network device. All interactions with network backend
in replay mode are disabled.