diff --git a/MAINTAINERS b/MAINTAINERS
index 695e0bd..0ddb20a 100644
--- a/MAINTAINERS
+++ b/MAINTAINERS
@@ -2167,6 +2167,17 @@
 F: docs/system/s390x/vfio-ap.rst
 L: qemu-s390x@nongnu.org
 
+iommufd
+M: Yi Liu <yi.l.liu@intel.com>
+M: Eric Auger <eric.auger@redhat.com>
+M: Zhenzhong Duan <zhenzhong.duan@intel.com>
+S: Supported
+F: backends/iommufd.c
+F: include/sysemu/iommufd.h
+F: include/qemu/chardev_open.h
+F: util/chardev_open.c
+F: docs/devel/vfio-iommufd.rst
+
 vhost
 M: Michael S. Tsirkin <mst@redhat.com>
 S: Supported
diff --git a/backends/Kconfig b/backends/Kconfig
index f35abc1..2cb23f6 100644
--- a/backends/Kconfig
+++ b/backends/Kconfig
@@ -1 +1,5 @@
 source tpm/Kconfig
+
+config IOMMUFD
+    bool
+    depends on VFIO
diff --git a/backends/iommufd.c b/backends/iommufd.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ba58a0e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backends/iommufd.c
@@ -0,0 +1,245 @@
+/*
+ * iommufd container backend
+ *
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 Intel Corporation.
+ * Copyright Red Hat, Inc. 2023
+ *
+ * Authors: Yi Liu <yi.l.liu@intel.com>
+ *          Eric Auger <eric.auger@redhat.com>
+ *
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
+ */
+
+#include "qemu/osdep.h"
+#include "sysemu/iommufd.h"
+#include "qapi/error.h"
+#include "qapi/qmp/qerror.h"
+#include "qemu/module.h"
+#include "qom/object_interfaces.h"
+#include "qemu/error-report.h"
+#include "monitor/monitor.h"
+#include "trace.h"
+#include <sys/ioctl.h>
+#include <linux/iommufd.h>
+
+static void iommufd_backend_init(Object *obj)
+{
+    IOMMUFDBackend *be = IOMMUFD_BACKEND(obj);
+
+    be->fd = -1;
+    be->users = 0;
+    be->owned = true;
+    qemu_mutex_init(&be->lock);
+}
+
+static void iommufd_backend_finalize(Object *obj)
+{
+    IOMMUFDBackend *be = IOMMUFD_BACKEND(obj);
+
+    if (be->owned) {
+        close(be->fd);
+        be->fd = -1;
+    }
+}
+
+static void iommufd_backend_set_fd(Object *obj, const char *str, Error **errp)
+{
+    IOMMUFDBackend *be = IOMMUFD_BACKEND(obj);
+    int fd = -1;
+
+    fd = monitor_fd_param(monitor_cur(), str, errp);
+    if (fd == -1) {
+        error_prepend(errp, "Could not parse remote object fd %s:", str);
+        return;
+    }
+    qemu_mutex_lock(&be->lock);
+    be->fd = fd;
+    be->owned = false;
+    qemu_mutex_unlock(&be->lock);
+    trace_iommu_backend_set_fd(be->fd);
+}
+
+static bool iommufd_backend_can_be_deleted(UserCreatable *uc)
+{
+    IOMMUFDBackend *be = IOMMUFD_BACKEND(uc);
+
+    return !be->users;
+}
+
+static void iommufd_backend_class_init(ObjectClass *oc, void *data)
+{
+    UserCreatableClass *ucc = USER_CREATABLE_CLASS(oc);
+
+    ucc->can_be_deleted = iommufd_backend_can_be_deleted;
+
+    object_class_property_add_str(oc, "fd", NULL, iommufd_backend_set_fd);
+}
+
+int iommufd_backend_connect(IOMMUFDBackend *be, Error **errp)
+{
+    int fd, ret = 0;
+
+    qemu_mutex_lock(&be->lock);
+    if (be->users == UINT32_MAX) {
+        error_setg(errp, "too many connections");
+        ret = -E2BIG;
+        goto out;
+    }
+    if (be->owned && !be->users) {
+        fd = qemu_open_old("/dev/iommu", O_RDWR);
+        if (fd < 0) {
+            error_setg_errno(errp, errno, "/dev/iommu opening failed");
+            ret = fd;
+            goto out;
+        }
+        be->fd = fd;
+    }
+    be->users++;
+out:
+    trace_iommufd_backend_connect(be->fd, be->owned,
+                                  be->users, ret);
+    qemu_mutex_unlock(&be->lock);
+    return ret;
+}
+
+void iommufd_backend_disconnect(IOMMUFDBackend *be)
+{
+    qemu_mutex_lock(&be->lock);
+    if (!be->users) {
+        goto out;
+    }
+    be->users--;
+    if (!be->users && be->owned) {
+        close(be->fd);
+        be->fd = -1;
+    }
+out:
+    trace_iommufd_backend_disconnect(be->fd, be->users);
+    qemu_mutex_unlock(&be->lock);
+}
+
+int iommufd_backend_alloc_ioas(IOMMUFDBackend *be, uint32_t *ioas_id,
+                               Error **errp)
+{
+    int ret, fd = be->fd;
+    struct iommu_ioas_alloc alloc_data  = {
+        .size = sizeof(alloc_data),
+        .flags = 0,
+    };
+
+    ret = ioctl(fd, IOMMU_IOAS_ALLOC, &alloc_data);
+    if (ret) {
+        error_setg_errno(errp, errno, "Failed to allocate ioas");
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    *ioas_id = alloc_data.out_ioas_id;
+    trace_iommufd_backend_alloc_ioas(fd, *ioas_id, ret);
+
+    return ret;
+}
+
+void iommufd_backend_free_id(IOMMUFDBackend *be, uint32_t id)
+{
+    int ret, fd = be->fd;
+    struct iommu_destroy des = {
+        .size = sizeof(des),
+        .id = id,
+    };
+
+    ret = ioctl(fd, IOMMU_DESTROY, &des);
+    trace_iommufd_backend_free_id(fd, id, ret);
+    if (ret) {
+        error_report("Failed to free id: %u %m", id);
+    }
+}
+
+int iommufd_backend_map_dma(IOMMUFDBackend *be, uint32_t ioas_id, hwaddr iova,
+                            ram_addr_t size, void *vaddr, bool readonly)
+{
+    int ret, fd = be->fd;
+    struct iommu_ioas_map map = {
+        .size = sizeof(map),
+        .flags = IOMMU_IOAS_MAP_READABLE |
+                 IOMMU_IOAS_MAP_FIXED_IOVA,
+        .ioas_id = ioas_id,
+        .__reserved = 0,
+        .user_va = (uintptr_t)vaddr,
+        .iova = iova,
+        .length = size,
+    };
+
+    if (!readonly) {
+        map.flags |= IOMMU_IOAS_MAP_WRITEABLE;
+    }
+
+    ret = ioctl(fd, IOMMU_IOAS_MAP, &map);
+    trace_iommufd_backend_map_dma(fd, ioas_id, iova, size,
+                                  vaddr, readonly, ret);
+    if (ret) {
+        ret = -errno;
+
+        /* TODO: Not support mapping hardware PCI BAR region for now. */
+        if (errno == EFAULT) {
+            warn_report("IOMMU_IOAS_MAP failed: %m, PCI BAR?");
+        } else {
+            error_report("IOMMU_IOAS_MAP failed: %m");
+        }
+    }
+    return ret;
+}
+
+int iommufd_backend_unmap_dma(IOMMUFDBackend *be, uint32_t ioas_id,
+                              hwaddr iova, ram_addr_t size)
+{
+    int ret, fd = be->fd;
+    struct iommu_ioas_unmap unmap = {
+        .size = sizeof(unmap),
+        .ioas_id = ioas_id,
+        .iova = iova,
+        .length = size,
+    };
+
+    ret = ioctl(fd, IOMMU_IOAS_UNMAP, &unmap);
+    /*
+     * IOMMUFD takes mapping as some kind of object, unmapping
+     * nonexistent mapping is treated as deleting a nonexistent
+     * object and return ENOENT. This is different from legacy
+     * backend which allows it. vIOMMU may trigger a lot of
+     * redundant unmapping, to avoid flush the log, treat them
+     * as succeess for IOMMUFD just like legacy backend.
+     */
+    if (ret && errno == ENOENT) {
+        trace_iommufd_backend_unmap_dma_non_exist(fd, ioas_id, iova, size, ret);
+        ret = 0;
+    } else {
+        trace_iommufd_backend_unmap_dma(fd, ioas_id, iova, size, ret);
+    }
+
+    if (ret) {
+        ret = -errno;
+        error_report("IOMMU_IOAS_UNMAP failed: %m");
+    }
+    return ret;
+}
+
+static const TypeInfo iommufd_backend_info = {
+    .name = TYPE_IOMMUFD_BACKEND,
+    .parent = TYPE_OBJECT,
+    .instance_size = sizeof(IOMMUFDBackend),
+    .instance_init = iommufd_backend_init,
+    .instance_finalize = iommufd_backend_finalize,
+    .class_size = sizeof(IOMMUFDBackendClass),
+    .class_init = iommufd_backend_class_init,
+    .interfaces = (InterfaceInfo[]) {
+        { TYPE_USER_CREATABLE },
+        { }
+    }
+};
+
+static void register_types(void)
+{
+    type_register_static(&iommufd_backend_info);
+}
+
+type_init(register_types);
diff --git a/backends/meson.build b/backends/meson.build
index 914c7c4..9a5cea4 100644
--- a/backends/meson.build
+++ b/backends/meson.build
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
   system_ss.add(when: 'CONFIG_VIRTIO', if_true: files('vhost-user.c'))
 endif
 system_ss.add(when: 'CONFIG_VIRTIO_CRYPTO', if_true: files('cryptodev-vhost.c'))
+system_ss.add(when: 'CONFIG_IOMMUFD', if_true: files('iommufd.c'))
 if have_vhost_user_crypto
   system_ss.add(when: 'CONFIG_VIRTIO_CRYPTO', if_true: files('cryptodev-vhost-user.c'))
 endif
diff --git a/backends/trace-events b/backends/trace-events
index 652eb76..d45c6e3 100644
--- a/backends/trace-events
+++ b/backends/trace-events
@@ -5,3 +5,13 @@
 dbus_vmstate_post_load(int version_id) "version_id: %d"
 dbus_vmstate_loading(const char *id) "id: %s"
 dbus_vmstate_saving(const char *id) "id: %s"
+
+# iommufd.c
+iommufd_backend_connect(int fd, bool owned, uint32_t users, int ret) "fd=%d owned=%d users=%d (%d)"
+iommufd_backend_disconnect(int fd, uint32_t users) "fd=%d users=%d"
+iommu_backend_set_fd(int fd) "pre-opened /dev/iommu fd=%d"
+iommufd_backend_map_dma(int iommufd, uint32_t ioas, uint64_t iova, uint64_t size, void *vaddr, bool readonly, int ret) " iommufd=%d ioas=%d iova=0x%"PRIx64" size=0x%"PRIx64" addr=%p readonly=%d (%d)"
+iommufd_backend_unmap_dma_non_exist(int iommufd, uint32_t ioas, uint64_t iova, uint64_t size, int ret) " Unmap nonexistent mapping: iommufd=%d ioas=%d iova=0x%"PRIx64" size=0x%"PRIx64" (%d)"
+iommufd_backend_unmap_dma(int iommufd, uint32_t ioas, uint64_t iova, uint64_t size, int ret) " iommufd=%d ioas=%d iova=0x%"PRIx64" size=0x%"PRIx64" (%d)"
+iommufd_backend_alloc_ioas(int iommufd, uint32_t ioas, int ret) " iommufd=%d ioas=%d (%d)"
+iommufd_backend_free_id(int iommufd, uint32_t id, int ret) " iommufd=%d id=%d (%d)"
diff --git a/docs/devel/index-internals.rst b/docs/devel/index-internals.rst
index 6f81df9..3def4a1 100644
--- a/docs/devel/index-internals.rst
+++ b/docs/devel/index-internals.rst
@@ -18,5 +18,6 @@
    s390-dasd-ipl
    tracing
    vfio-migration
+   vfio-iommufd
    writing-monitor-commands
    virtio-backends
diff --git a/docs/devel/vfio-iommufd.rst b/docs/devel/vfio-iommufd.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3d1c11f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/devel/vfio-iommufd.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,166 @@
+===============================
+IOMMUFD BACKEND usage with VFIO
+===============================
+
+(Same meaning for backend/container/BE)
+
+With the introduction of iommufd, the Linux kernel provides a generic
+interface for user space drivers to propagate their DMA mappings to kernel
+for assigned devices. While the legacy kernel interface is group-centric,
+the new iommufd interface is device-centric, relying on device fd and iommufd.
+
+To support both interfaces in the QEMU VFIO device, introduce a base container
+to abstract the common part of VFIO legacy and iommufd container. So that the
+generic VFIO code can use either container.
+
+The base container implements generic functions such as memory_listener and
+address space management whereas the derived container implements callbacks
+specific to either legacy or iommufd. Each container has its own way to setup
+secure context and dma management interface. The below diagram shows how it
+looks like with both containers.
+
+::
+
+                      VFIO                           AddressSpace/Memory
+      +-------+  +----------+  +-----+  +-----+
+      |  pci  |  | platform |  |  ap |  | ccw |
+      +---+---+  +----+-----+  +--+--+  +--+--+     +----------------------+
+          |           |           |        |        |   AddressSpace       |
+          |           |           |        |        +------------+---------+
+      +---V-----------V-----------V--------V----+               /
+      |           VFIOAddressSpace              | <------------+
+      |                  |                      |  MemoryListener
+      |        VFIOContainerBase list           |
+      +-------+----------------------------+----+
+              |                            |
+              |                            |
+      +-------V------+            +--------V----------+
+      |   iommufd    |            |    vfio legacy    |
+      |  container   |            |     container     |
+      +-------+------+            +--------+----------+
+              |                            |
+              | /dev/iommu                 | /dev/vfio/vfio
+              | /dev/vfio/devices/vfioX    | /dev/vfio/$group_id
+  Userspace   |                            |
+  ============+============================+===========================
+  Kernel      |  device fd                 |
+              +---------------+            | group/container fd
+              | (BIND_IOMMUFD |            | (SET_CONTAINER/SET_IOMMU)
+              |  ATTACH_IOAS) |            | device fd
+              |               |            |
+              |       +-------V------------V-----------------+
+      iommufd |       |                vfio                  |
+  (map/unmap  |       +---------+--------------------+-------+
+  ioas_copy)  |                 |                    | map/unmap
+              |                 |                    |
+       +------V------+    +-----V------+      +------V--------+
+       | iommfd core |    |  device    |      |  vfio iommu   |
+       +-------------+    +------------+      +---------------+
+
+* Secure Context setup
+
+  - iommufd BE: uses device fd and iommufd to setup secure context
+    (bind_iommufd, attach_ioas)
+  - vfio legacy BE: uses group fd and container fd to setup secure context
+    (set_container, set_iommu)
+
+* Device access
+
+  - iommufd BE: device fd is opened through ``/dev/vfio/devices/vfioX``
+  - vfio legacy BE: device fd is retrieved from group fd ioctl
+
+* DMA Mapping flow
+
+  1. VFIOAddressSpace receives MemoryRegion add/del via MemoryListener
+  2. VFIO populates DMA map/unmap via the container BEs
+     * iommufd BE: uses iommufd
+     * vfio legacy BE: uses container fd
+
+Example configuration
+=====================
+
+Step 1: configure the host device
+---------------------------------
+
+It's exactly same as the VFIO device with legacy VFIO container.
+
+Step 2: configure QEMU
+----------------------
+
+Interactions with the ``/dev/iommu`` are abstracted by a new iommufd
+object (compiled in with the ``CONFIG_IOMMUFD`` option).
+
+Any QEMU device (e.g. VFIO device) wishing to use ``/dev/iommu`` must
+be linked with an iommufd object. It gets a new optional property
+named iommufd which allows to pass an iommufd object. Take ``vfio-pci``
+device for example:
+
+.. code-block:: bash
+
+    -object iommufd,id=iommufd0
+    -device vfio-pci,host=0000:02:00.0,iommufd=iommufd0
+
+Note the ``/dev/iommu`` and VFIO cdev can be externally opened by a
+management layer. In such a case the fd is passed, the fd supports a
+string naming the fd or a number, for example:
+
+.. code-block:: bash
+
+    -object iommufd,id=iommufd0,fd=22
+    -device vfio-pci,iommufd=iommufd0,fd=23
+
+If the ``fd`` property is not passed, the fd is opened by QEMU.
+
+If no ``iommufd`` object is passed to the ``vfio-pci`` device, iommufd
+is not used and the user gets the behavior based on the legacy VFIO
+container:
+
+.. code-block:: bash
+
+    -device vfio-pci,host=0000:02:00.0
+
+Supported platform
+==================
+
+Supports x86, ARM and s390x currently.
+
+Caveats
+=======
+
+Dirty page sync
+---------------
+
+Dirty page sync with iommufd backend is unsupported yet, live migration is
+disabled by default. But it can be force enabled like below, low efficient
+though.
+
+.. code-block:: bash
+
+    -object iommufd,id=iommufd0
+    -device vfio-pci,host=0000:02:00.0,iommufd=iommufd0,enable-migration=on
+
+P2P DMA
+-------
+
+PCI p2p DMA is unsupported as IOMMUFD doesn't support mapping hardware PCI
+BAR region yet. Below warning shows for assigned PCI device, it's not a bug.
+
+.. code-block:: none
+
+    qemu-system-x86_64: warning: IOMMU_IOAS_MAP failed: Bad address, PCI BAR?
+    qemu-system-x86_64: vfio_container_dma_map(0x560cb6cb1620, 0xe000000021000, 0x3000, 0x7f32ed55c000) = -14 (Bad address)
+
+FD passing with mdev
+--------------------
+
+``vfio-pci`` device checks sysfsdev property to decide if backend is a mdev.
+If FD passing is used, there is no way to know that and the mdev is treated
+like a real PCI device. There is an error as below if user wants to enable
+RAM discarding for mdev.
+
+.. code-block:: none
+
+    qemu-system-x86_64: -device vfio-pci,iommufd=iommufd0,x-balloon-allowed=on,fd=9: vfio VFIO_FD9: x-balloon-allowed only potentially compatible with mdev devices
+
+``vfio-ap`` and ``vfio-ccw`` devices don't have same issue as their backend
+devices are always mdev and RAM discarding is force enabled.
diff --git a/hw/arm/Kconfig b/hw/arm/Kconfig
index 3ada335..660f49d 100644
--- a/hw/arm/Kconfig
+++ b/hw/arm/Kconfig
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
     imply TPM_TIS_SYSBUS
     imply TPM_TIS_I2C
     imply NVDIMM
+    imply IOMMUFD
     select ARM_GIC
     select ACPI
     select ARM_SMMUV3
diff --git a/hw/i386/Kconfig b/hw/i386/Kconfig
index 5585079..a1846be 100644
--- a/hw/i386/Kconfig
+++ b/hw/i386/Kconfig
@@ -95,6 +95,7 @@
     imply E1000E_PCI_EXPRESS
     imply VMPORT
     imply VMMOUSE
+    imply IOMMUFD
     select PC_PCI
     select PC_ACPI
     select PCI_EXPRESS_Q35
diff --git a/hw/ppc/Kconfig b/hw/ppc/Kconfig
index 56f0475..44263a5 100644
--- a/hw/ppc/Kconfig
+++ b/hw/ppc/Kconfig
@@ -3,11 +3,11 @@
     imply PCI_DEVICES
     imply TEST_DEVICES
     imply VIRTIO_VGA
+    imply VFIO_PCI if LINUX   # needed by spapr_pci_vfio.c
     select NVDIMM
     select DIMM
     select PCI
     select SPAPR_VSCSI
-    select VFIO if LINUX   # needed by spapr_pci_vfio.c
     select XICS
     select XIVE
     select MSI_NONBROKEN
diff --git a/hw/ppc/spapr_pci_vfio.c b/hw/ppc/spapr_pci_vfio.c
index f283f7e..76b2a34 100644
--- a/hw/ppc/spapr_pci_vfio.c
+++ b/hw/ppc/spapr_pci_vfio.c
@@ -26,10 +26,12 @@
 #include "hw/pci/pci_device.h"
 #include "hw/vfio/vfio-common.h"
 #include "qemu/error-report.h"
+#include CONFIG_DEVICES /* CONFIG_VFIO_PCI */
 
 /*
  * Interfaces for IBM EEH (Enhanced Error Handling)
  */
+#ifdef CONFIG_VFIO_PCI
 static bool vfio_eeh_container_ok(VFIOContainer *container)
 {
     /*
@@ -84,27 +86,27 @@
 static VFIOContainer *vfio_eeh_as_container(AddressSpace *as)
 {
     VFIOAddressSpace *space = vfio_get_address_space(as);
-    VFIOContainer *container = NULL;
+    VFIOContainerBase *bcontainer = NULL;
 
     if (QLIST_EMPTY(&space->containers)) {
         /* No containers to act on */
         goto out;
     }
 
-    container = QLIST_FIRST(&space->containers);
+    bcontainer = QLIST_FIRST(&space->containers);
 
-    if (QLIST_NEXT(container, next)) {
+    if (QLIST_NEXT(bcontainer, next)) {
         /*
          * We don't yet have logic to synchronize EEH state across
          * multiple containers
          */
-        container = NULL;
+        bcontainer = NULL;
         goto out;
     }
 
 out:
     vfio_put_address_space(space);
-    return container;
+    return container_of(bcontainer, VFIOContainer, bcontainer);
 }
 
 static bool vfio_eeh_as_ok(AddressSpace *as)
@@ -314,3 +316,37 @@
 
     return RTAS_OUT_SUCCESS;
 }
+
+#else
+
+bool spapr_phb_eeh_available(SpaprPhbState *sphb)
+{
+    return false;
+}
+
+void spapr_phb_vfio_reset(DeviceState *qdev)
+{
+}
+
+int spapr_phb_vfio_eeh_set_option(SpaprPhbState *sphb,
+                                  unsigned int addr, int option)
+{
+    return RTAS_OUT_NOT_SUPPORTED;
+}
+
+int spapr_phb_vfio_eeh_get_state(SpaprPhbState *sphb, int *state)
+{
+    return RTAS_OUT_NOT_SUPPORTED;
+}
+
+int spapr_phb_vfio_eeh_reset(SpaprPhbState *sphb, int option)
+{
+    return RTAS_OUT_NOT_SUPPORTED;
+}
+
+int spapr_phb_vfio_eeh_configure(SpaprPhbState *sphb)
+{
+    return RTAS_OUT_NOT_SUPPORTED;
+}
+
+#endif /* CONFIG_VFIO_PCI */
diff --git a/hw/s390x/Kconfig b/hw/s390x/Kconfig
index 4c068d7..26ad104 100644
--- a/hw/s390x/Kconfig
+++ b/hw/s390x/Kconfig
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
     imply VFIO_CCW
     imply WDT_DIAG288
     imply PCIE_DEVICES
+    imply IOMMUFD
     select PCI_EXPRESS
     select S390_FLIC
     select S390_FLIC_KVM if KVM
diff --git a/hw/vfio/ap.c b/hw/vfio/ap.c
index bbf69ff..e157aa1 100644
--- a/hw/vfio/ap.c
+++ b/hw/vfio/ap.c
@@ -11,10 +11,12 @@
  */
 
 #include "qemu/osdep.h"
+#include CONFIG_DEVICES /* CONFIG_IOMMUFD */
 #include <linux/vfio.h>
 #include <sys/ioctl.h>
 #include "qapi/error.h"
 #include "hw/vfio/vfio-common.h"
+#include "sysemu/iommufd.h"
 #include "hw/s390x/ap-device.h"
 #include "qemu/error-report.h"
 #include "qemu/event_notifier.h"
@@ -158,18 +160,9 @@
     VFIOAPDevice *vapdev = VFIO_AP_DEVICE(dev);
     VFIODevice *vbasedev = &vapdev->vdev;
 
-    vbasedev->name = g_path_get_basename(vbasedev->sysfsdev);
-    vbasedev->ops = &vfio_ap_ops;
-    vbasedev->type = VFIO_DEVICE_TYPE_AP;
-    vbasedev->dev = dev;
-
-    /*
-     * vfio-ap devices operate in a way compatible with discarding of
-     * memory in RAM blocks, as no pages are pinned in the host.
-     * This needs to be set before vfio_get_device() for vfio common to
-     * handle ram_block_discard_disable().
-     */
-    vapdev->vdev.ram_block_discard_allowed = true;
+    if (vfio_device_get_name(vbasedev, errp) < 0) {
+        return;
+    }
 
     ret = vfio_attach_device(vbasedev->name, vbasedev,
                              &address_space_memory, errp);
@@ -204,6 +197,10 @@
 
 static Property vfio_ap_properties[] = {
     DEFINE_PROP_STRING("sysfsdev", VFIOAPDevice, vdev.sysfsdev),
+#ifdef CONFIG_IOMMUFD
+    DEFINE_PROP_LINK("iommufd", VFIOAPDevice, vdev.iommufd,
+                     TYPE_IOMMUFD_BACKEND, IOMMUFDBackend *),
+#endif
     DEFINE_PROP_END_OF_LIST(),
 };
 
@@ -224,11 +221,36 @@
     .unmigratable = 1,
 };
 
+static void vfio_ap_instance_init(Object *obj)
+{
+    VFIOAPDevice *vapdev = VFIO_AP_DEVICE(obj);
+    VFIODevice *vbasedev = &vapdev->vdev;
+
+    /*
+     * vfio-ap devices operate in a way compatible with discarding of
+     * memory in RAM blocks, as no pages are pinned in the host.
+     * This needs to be set before vfio_get_device() for vfio common to
+     * handle ram_block_discard_disable().
+     */
+    vfio_device_init(vbasedev, VFIO_DEVICE_TYPE_AP, &vfio_ap_ops,
+                     DEVICE(vapdev), true);
+}
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_IOMMUFD
+static void vfio_ap_set_fd(Object *obj, const char *str, Error **errp)
+{
+    vfio_device_set_fd(&VFIO_AP_DEVICE(obj)->vdev, str, errp);
+}
+#endif
+
 static void vfio_ap_class_init(ObjectClass *klass, void *data)
 {
     DeviceClass *dc = DEVICE_CLASS(klass);
 
     device_class_set_props(dc, vfio_ap_properties);
+#ifdef CONFIG_IOMMUFD
+    object_class_property_add_str(klass, "fd", NULL, vfio_ap_set_fd);
+#endif
     dc->vmsd = &vfio_ap_vmstate;
     dc->desc = "VFIO-based AP device assignment";
     set_bit(DEVICE_CATEGORY_MISC, dc->categories);
@@ -243,6 +265,7 @@
     .name = TYPE_VFIO_AP_DEVICE,
     .parent = TYPE_AP_DEVICE,
     .instance_size = sizeof(VFIOAPDevice),
+    .instance_init = vfio_ap_instance_init,
     .class_init = vfio_ap_class_init,
 };
 
diff --git a/hw/vfio/ccw.c b/hw/vfio/ccw.c
index d857bb8..90e4a53 100644
--- a/hw/vfio/ccw.c
+++ b/hw/vfio/ccw.c
@@ -15,12 +15,14 @@
  */
 
 #include "qemu/osdep.h"
+#include CONFIG_DEVICES /* CONFIG_IOMMUFD */
 #include <linux/vfio.h>
 #include <linux/vfio_ccw.h>
 #include <sys/ioctl.h>
 
 #include "qapi/error.h"
 #include "hw/vfio/vfio-common.h"
+#include "sysemu/iommufd.h"
 #include "hw/s390x/s390-ccw.h"
 #include "hw/s390x/vfio-ccw.h"
 #include "hw/qdev-properties.h"
@@ -588,22 +590,9 @@
         }
     }
 
-    vbasedev->ops = &vfio_ccw_ops;
-    vbasedev->type = VFIO_DEVICE_TYPE_CCW;
-    vbasedev->name = g_strdup_printf("%x.%x.%04x", vcdev->cdev.hostid.cssid,
-                           vcdev->cdev.hostid.ssid,
-                           vcdev->cdev.hostid.devid);
-    vbasedev->dev = dev;
-
-    /*
-     * All vfio-ccw devices are believed to operate in a way compatible with
-     * discarding of memory in RAM blocks, ie. pages pinned in the host are
-     * in the current working set of the guest driver and therefore never
-     * overlap e.g., with pages available to the guest balloon driver.  This
-     * needs to be set before vfio_get_device() for vfio common to handle
-     * ram_block_discard_disable().
-     */
-    vbasedev->ram_block_discard_allowed = true;
+    if (vfio_device_get_name(vbasedev, errp) < 0) {
+        return;
+    }
 
     ret = vfio_attach_device(cdev->mdevid, vbasedev,
                              &address_space_memory, errp);
@@ -677,6 +666,10 @@
 static Property vfio_ccw_properties[] = {
     DEFINE_PROP_STRING("sysfsdev", VFIOCCWDevice, vdev.sysfsdev),
     DEFINE_PROP_BOOL("force-orb-pfch", VFIOCCWDevice, force_orb_pfch, false),
+#ifdef CONFIG_IOMMUFD
+    DEFINE_PROP_LINK("iommufd", VFIOCCWDevice, vdev.iommufd,
+                     TYPE_IOMMUFD_BACKEND, IOMMUFDBackend *),
+#endif
     DEFINE_PROP_END_OF_LIST(),
 };
 
@@ -685,12 +678,39 @@
     .unmigratable = 1,
 };
 
+static void vfio_ccw_instance_init(Object *obj)
+{
+    VFIOCCWDevice *vcdev = VFIO_CCW(obj);
+    VFIODevice *vbasedev = &vcdev->vdev;
+
+    /*
+     * All vfio-ccw devices are believed to operate in a way compatible with
+     * discarding of memory in RAM blocks, ie. pages pinned in the host are
+     * in the current working set of the guest driver and therefore never
+     * overlap e.g., with pages available to the guest balloon driver.  This
+     * needs to be set before vfio_get_device() for vfio common to handle
+     * ram_block_discard_disable().
+     */
+    vfio_device_init(vbasedev, VFIO_DEVICE_TYPE_CCW, &vfio_ccw_ops,
+                     DEVICE(vcdev), true);
+}
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_IOMMUFD
+static void vfio_ccw_set_fd(Object *obj, const char *str, Error **errp)
+{
+    vfio_device_set_fd(&VFIO_CCW(obj)->vdev, str, errp);
+}
+#endif
+
 static void vfio_ccw_class_init(ObjectClass *klass, void *data)
 {
     DeviceClass *dc = DEVICE_CLASS(klass);
     S390CCWDeviceClass *cdc = S390_CCW_DEVICE_CLASS(klass);
 
     device_class_set_props(dc, vfio_ccw_properties);
+#ifdef CONFIG_IOMMUFD
+    object_class_property_add_str(klass, "fd", NULL, vfio_ccw_set_fd);
+#endif
     dc->vmsd = &vfio_ccw_vmstate;
     dc->desc = "VFIO-based subchannel assignment";
     set_bit(DEVICE_CATEGORY_MISC, dc->categories);
@@ -708,6 +728,7 @@
     .name = TYPE_VFIO_CCW,
     .parent = TYPE_S390_CCW,
     .instance_size = sizeof(VFIOCCWDevice),
+    .instance_init = vfio_ccw_instance_init,
     .class_init = vfio_ccw_class_init,
 };
 
diff --git a/hw/vfio/common.c b/hw/vfio/common.c
index e70fdf5..08a3e57 100644
--- a/hw/vfio/common.c
+++ b/hw/vfio/common.c
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
  */
 
 #include "qemu/osdep.h"
+#include CONFIG_DEVICES /* CONFIG_IOMMUFD */
 #include <sys/ioctl.h>
 #ifdef CONFIG_KVM
 #include <linux/kvm.h>
@@ -145,7 +146,7 @@
 
 bool vfio_viommu_preset(VFIODevice *vbasedev)
 {
-    return vbasedev->container->space->as != &address_space_memory;
+    return vbasedev->bcontainer->space->as != &address_space_memory;
 }
 
 static void vfio_set_migration_error(int err)
@@ -177,7 +178,7 @@
            migration->device_state == VFIO_DEVICE_STATE_PRE_COPY_P2P;
 }
 
-static bool vfio_devices_all_dirty_tracking(VFIOContainer *container)
+static bool vfio_devices_all_dirty_tracking(VFIOContainerBase *bcontainer)
 {
     VFIODevice *vbasedev;
     MigrationState *ms = migrate_get_current();
@@ -187,7 +188,7 @@
         return false;
     }
 
-    QLIST_FOREACH(vbasedev, &container->device_list, container_next) {
+    QLIST_FOREACH(vbasedev, &bcontainer->device_list, container_next) {
         VFIOMigration *migration = vbasedev->migration;
 
         if (!migration) {
@@ -203,11 +204,11 @@
     return true;
 }
 
-bool vfio_devices_all_device_dirty_tracking(VFIOContainer *container)
+bool vfio_devices_all_device_dirty_tracking(const VFIOContainerBase *bcontainer)
 {
     VFIODevice *vbasedev;
 
-    QLIST_FOREACH(vbasedev, &container->device_list, container_next) {
+    QLIST_FOREACH(vbasedev, &bcontainer->device_list, container_next) {
         if (!vbasedev->dirty_pages_supported) {
             return false;
         }
@@ -220,7 +221,8 @@
  * Check if all VFIO devices are running and migration is active, which is
  * essentially equivalent to the migration being in pre-copy phase.
  */
-bool vfio_devices_all_running_and_mig_active(VFIOContainer *container)
+bool
+vfio_devices_all_running_and_mig_active(const VFIOContainerBase *bcontainer)
 {
     VFIODevice *vbasedev;
 
@@ -228,7 +230,7 @@
         return false;
     }
 
-    QLIST_FOREACH(vbasedev, &container->device_list, container_next) {
+    QLIST_FOREACH(vbasedev, &bcontainer->device_list, container_next) {
         VFIOMigration *migration = vbasedev->migration;
 
         if (!migration) {
@@ -292,7 +294,7 @@
 static void vfio_iommu_map_notify(IOMMUNotifier *n, IOMMUTLBEntry *iotlb)
 {
     VFIOGuestIOMMU *giommu = container_of(n, VFIOGuestIOMMU, n);
-    VFIOContainer *container = giommu->container;
+    VFIOContainerBase *bcontainer = giommu->bcontainer;
     hwaddr iova = iotlb->iova + giommu->iommu_offset;
     void *vaddr;
     int ret;
@@ -322,21 +324,22 @@
          * of vaddr will always be there, even if the memory object is
          * destroyed and its backing memory munmap-ed.
          */
-        ret = vfio_dma_map(container, iova,
-                           iotlb->addr_mask + 1, vaddr,
-                           read_only);
+        ret = vfio_container_dma_map(bcontainer, iova,
+                                     iotlb->addr_mask + 1, vaddr,
+                                     read_only);
         if (ret) {
-            error_report("vfio_dma_map(%p, 0x%"HWADDR_PRIx", "
+            error_report("vfio_container_dma_map(%p, 0x%"HWADDR_PRIx", "
                          "0x%"HWADDR_PRIx", %p) = %d (%s)",
-                         container, iova,
+                         bcontainer, iova,
                          iotlb->addr_mask + 1, vaddr, ret, strerror(-ret));
         }
     } else {
-        ret = vfio_dma_unmap(container, iova, iotlb->addr_mask + 1, iotlb);
+        ret = vfio_container_dma_unmap(bcontainer, iova,
+                                       iotlb->addr_mask + 1, iotlb);
         if (ret) {
-            error_report("vfio_dma_unmap(%p, 0x%"HWADDR_PRIx", "
+            error_report("vfio_container_dma_unmap(%p, 0x%"HWADDR_PRIx", "
                          "0x%"HWADDR_PRIx") = %d (%s)",
-                         container, iova,
+                         bcontainer, iova,
                          iotlb->addr_mask + 1, ret, strerror(-ret));
             vfio_set_migration_error(ret);
         }
@@ -350,14 +353,15 @@
 {
     VFIORamDiscardListener *vrdl = container_of(rdl, VFIORamDiscardListener,
                                                 listener);
+    VFIOContainerBase *bcontainer = vrdl->bcontainer;
     const hwaddr size = int128_get64(section->size);
     const hwaddr iova = section->offset_within_address_space;
     int ret;
 
     /* Unmap with a single call. */
-    ret = vfio_dma_unmap(vrdl->container, iova, size , NULL);
+    ret = vfio_container_dma_unmap(bcontainer, iova, size , NULL);
     if (ret) {
-        error_report("%s: vfio_dma_unmap() failed: %s", __func__,
+        error_report("%s: vfio_container_dma_unmap() failed: %s", __func__,
                      strerror(-ret));
     }
 }
@@ -367,6 +371,7 @@
 {
     VFIORamDiscardListener *vrdl = container_of(rdl, VFIORamDiscardListener,
                                                 listener);
+    VFIOContainerBase *bcontainer = vrdl->bcontainer;
     const hwaddr end = section->offset_within_region +
                        int128_get64(section->size);
     hwaddr start, next, iova;
@@ -385,8 +390,8 @@
                section->offset_within_address_space;
         vaddr = memory_region_get_ram_ptr(section->mr) + start;
 
-        ret = vfio_dma_map(vrdl->container, iova, next - start,
-                           vaddr, section->readonly);
+        ret = vfio_container_dma_map(bcontainer, iova, next - start,
+                                     vaddr, section->readonly);
         if (ret) {
             /* Rollback */
             vfio_ram_discard_notify_discard(rdl, section);
@@ -396,7 +401,7 @@
     return 0;
 }
 
-static void vfio_register_ram_discard_listener(VFIOContainer *container,
+static void vfio_register_ram_discard_listener(VFIOContainerBase *bcontainer,
                                                MemoryRegionSection *section)
 {
     RamDiscardManager *rdm = memory_region_get_ram_discard_manager(section->mr);
@@ -409,7 +414,7 @@
     g_assert(QEMU_IS_ALIGNED(int128_get64(section->size), TARGET_PAGE_SIZE));
 
     vrdl = g_new0(VFIORamDiscardListener, 1);
-    vrdl->container = container;
+    vrdl->bcontainer = bcontainer;
     vrdl->mr = section->mr;
     vrdl->offset_within_address_space = section->offset_within_address_space;
     vrdl->size = int128_get64(section->size);
@@ -417,14 +422,14 @@
                                                                 section->mr);
 
     g_assert(vrdl->granularity && is_power_of_2(vrdl->granularity));
-    g_assert(container->pgsizes &&
-             vrdl->granularity >= 1ULL << ctz64(container->pgsizes));
+    g_assert(bcontainer->pgsizes &&
+             vrdl->granularity >= 1ULL << ctz64(bcontainer->pgsizes));
 
     ram_discard_listener_init(&vrdl->listener,
                               vfio_ram_discard_notify_populate,
                               vfio_ram_discard_notify_discard, true);
     ram_discard_manager_register_listener(rdm, &vrdl->listener, section);
-    QLIST_INSERT_HEAD(&container->vrdl_list, vrdl, next);
+    QLIST_INSERT_HEAD(&bcontainer->vrdl_list, vrdl, next);
 
     /*
      * Sanity-check if we have a theoretically problematic setup where we could
@@ -439,7 +444,7 @@
      * number of sections in the address space we could have over time,
      * also consuming DMA mappings.
      */
-    if (container->dma_max_mappings) {
+    if (bcontainer->dma_max_mappings) {
         unsigned int vrdl_count = 0, vrdl_mappings = 0, max_memslots = 512;
 
 #ifdef CONFIG_KVM
@@ -448,7 +453,7 @@
         }
 #endif
 
-        QLIST_FOREACH(vrdl, &container->vrdl_list, next) {
+        QLIST_FOREACH(vrdl, &bcontainer->vrdl_list, next) {
             hwaddr start, end;
 
             start = QEMU_ALIGN_DOWN(vrdl->offset_within_address_space,
@@ -460,23 +465,23 @@
         }
 
         if (vrdl_mappings + max_memslots - vrdl_count >
-            container->dma_max_mappings) {
+            bcontainer->dma_max_mappings) {
             warn_report("%s: possibly running out of DMA mappings. E.g., try"
                         " increasing the 'block-size' of virtio-mem devies."
                         " Maximum possible DMA mappings: %d, Maximum possible"
-                        " memslots: %d", __func__, container->dma_max_mappings,
+                        " memslots: %d", __func__, bcontainer->dma_max_mappings,
                         max_memslots);
         }
     }
 }
 
-static void vfio_unregister_ram_discard_listener(VFIOContainer *container,
+static void vfio_unregister_ram_discard_listener(VFIOContainerBase *bcontainer,
                                                  MemoryRegionSection *section)
 {
     RamDiscardManager *rdm = memory_region_get_ram_discard_manager(section->mr);
     VFIORamDiscardListener *vrdl = NULL;
 
-    QLIST_FOREACH(vrdl, &container->vrdl_list, next) {
+    QLIST_FOREACH(vrdl, &bcontainer->vrdl_list, next) {
         if (vrdl->mr == section->mr &&
             vrdl->offset_within_address_space ==
             section->offset_within_address_space) {
@@ -538,7 +543,7 @@
     return true;
 }
 
-static bool vfio_get_section_iova_range(VFIOContainer *container,
+static bool vfio_get_section_iova_range(VFIOContainerBase *bcontainer,
                                         MemoryRegionSection *section,
                                         hwaddr *out_iova, hwaddr *out_end,
                                         Int128 *out_llend)
@@ -566,7 +571,8 @@
 static void vfio_listener_region_add(MemoryListener *listener,
                                      MemoryRegionSection *section)
 {
-    VFIOContainer *container = container_of(listener, VFIOContainer, listener);
+    VFIOContainerBase *bcontainer = container_of(listener, VFIOContainerBase,
+                                                 listener);
     hwaddr iova, end;
     Int128 llend, llsize;
     void *vaddr;
@@ -577,7 +583,8 @@
         return;
     }
 
-    if (!vfio_get_section_iova_range(container, section, &iova, &end, &llend)) {
+    if (!vfio_get_section_iova_range(bcontainer, section, &iova, &end,
+                                     &llend)) {
         if (memory_region_is_ram_device(section->mr)) {
             trace_vfio_listener_region_add_no_dma_map(
                 memory_region_name(section->mr),
@@ -588,7 +595,7 @@
         return;
     }
 
-    if (vfio_container_add_section_window(container, section, &err)) {
+    if (vfio_container_add_section_window(bcontainer, section, &err)) {
         goto fail;
     }
 
@@ -610,7 +617,7 @@
         giommu->iommu_mr = iommu_mr;
         giommu->iommu_offset = section->offset_within_address_space -
                                section->offset_within_region;
-        giommu->container = container;
+        giommu->bcontainer = bcontainer;
         llend = int128_add(int128_make64(section->offset_within_region),
                            section->size);
         llend = int128_sub(llend, int128_one());
@@ -623,16 +630,17 @@
                             iommu_idx);
 
         ret = memory_region_iommu_set_page_size_mask(giommu->iommu_mr,
-                                                     container->pgsizes,
+                                                     bcontainer->pgsizes,
                                                      &err);
         if (ret) {
             g_free(giommu);
             goto fail;
         }
 
-        if (container->iova_ranges) {
+        if (bcontainer->iova_ranges) {
             ret = memory_region_iommu_set_iova_ranges(giommu->iommu_mr,
-                    container->iova_ranges, &err);
+                                                      bcontainer->iova_ranges,
+                                                      &err);
             if (ret) {
                 g_free(giommu);
                 goto fail;
@@ -645,7 +653,7 @@
             g_free(giommu);
             goto fail;
         }
-        QLIST_INSERT_HEAD(&container->giommu_list, giommu, giommu_next);
+        QLIST_INSERT_HEAD(&bcontainer->giommu_list, giommu, giommu_next);
         memory_region_iommu_replay(giommu->iommu_mr, &giommu->n);
 
         return;
@@ -659,7 +667,7 @@
      * about changes.
      */
     if (memory_region_has_ram_discard_manager(section->mr)) {
-        vfio_register_ram_discard_listener(container, section);
+        vfio_register_ram_discard_listener(bcontainer, section);
         return;
     }
 
@@ -672,7 +680,7 @@
     llsize = int128_sub(llend, int128_make64(iova));
 
     if (memory_region_is_ram_device(section->mr)) {
-        hwaddr pgmask = (1ULL << ctz64(container->pgsizes)) - 1;
+        hwaddr pgmask = (1ULL << ctz64(bcontainer->pgsizes)) - 1;
 
         if ((iova & pgmask) || (int128_get64(llsize) & pgmask)) {
             trace_vfio_listener_region_add_no_dma_map(
@@ -684,12 +692,12 @@
         }
     }
 
-    ret = vfio_dma_map(container, iova, int128_get64(llsize),
-                       vaddr, section->readonly);
+    ret = vfio_container_dma_map(bcontainer, iova, int128_get64(llsize),
+                                 vaddr, section->readonly);
     if (ret) {
-        error_setg(&err, "vfio_dma_map(%p, 0x%"HWADDR_PRIx", "
+        error_setg(&err, "vfio_container_dma_map(%p, 0x%"HWADDR_PRIx", "
                    "0x%"HWADDR_PRIx", %p) = %d (%s)",
-                   container, iova, int128_get64(llsize), vaddr, ret,
+                   bcontainer, iova, int128_get64(llsize), vaddr, ret,
                    strerror(-ret));
         if (memory_region_is_ram_device(section->mr)) {
             /* Allow unexpected mappings not to be fatal for RAM devices */
@@ -711,9 +719,9 @@
      * can gracefully fail.  Runtime, there's not much we can do other
      * than throw a hardware error.
      */
-    if (!container->initialized) {
-        if (!container->error) {
-            error_propagate_prepend(&container->error, err,
+    if (!bcontainer->initialized) {
+        if (!bcontainer->error) {
+            error_propagate_prepend(&bcontainer->error, err,
                                     "Region %s: ",
                                     memory_region_name(section->mr));
         } else {
@@ -728,7 +736,8 @@
 static void vfio_listener_region_del(MemoryListener *listener,
                                      MemoryRegionSection *section)
 {
-    VFIOContainer *container = container_of(listener, VFIOContainer, listener);
+    VFIOContainerBase *bcontainer = container_of(listener, VFIOContainerBase,
+                                                 listener);
     hwaddr iova, end;
     Int128 llend, llsize;
     int ret;
@@ -741,7 +750,7 @@
     if (memory_region_is_iommu(section->mr)) {
         VFIOGuestIOMMU *giommu;
 
-        QLIST_FOREACH(giommu, &container->giommu_list, giommu_next) {
+        QLIST_FOREACH(giommu, &bcontainer->giommu_list, giommu_next) {
             if (MEMORY_REGION(giommu->iommu_mr) == section->mr &&
                 giommu->n.start == section->offset_within_region) {
                 memory_region_unregister_iommu_notifier(section->mr,
@@ -761,7 +770,8 @@
          */
     }
 
-    if (!vfio_get_section_iova_range(container, section, &iova, &end, &llend)) {
+    if (!vfio_get_section_iova_range(bcontainer, section, &iova, &end,
+                                     &llend)) {
         return;
     }
 
@@ -772,10 +782,10 @@
     if (memory_region_is_ram_device(section->mr)) {
         hwaddr pgmask;
 
-        pgmask = (1ULL << ctz64(container->pgsizes)) - 1;
+        pgmask = (1ULL << ctz64(bcontainer->pgsizes)) - 1;
         try_unmap = !((iova & pgmask) || (int128_get64(llsize) & pgmask));
     } else if (memory_region_has_ram_discard_manager(section->mr)) {
-        vfio_unregister_ram_discard_listener(container, section);
+        vfio_unregister_ram_discard_listener(bcontainer, section);
         /* Unregistering will trigger an unmap. */
         try_unmap = false;
     }
@@ -784,27 +794,29 @@
         if (int128_eq(llsize, int128_2_64())) {
             /* The unmap ioctl doesn't accept a full 64-bit span. */
             llsize = int128_rshift(llsize, 1);
-            ret = vfio_dma_unmap(container, iova, int128_get64(llsize), NULL);
+            ret = vfio_container_dma_unmap(bcontainer, iova,
+                                           int128_get64(llsize), NULL);
             if (ret) {
-                error_report("vfio_dma_unmap(%p, 0x%"HWADDR_PRIx", "
+                error_report("vfio_container_dma_unmap(%p, 0x%"HWADDR_PRIx", "
                              "0x%"HWADDR_PRIx") = %d (%s)",
-                             container, iova, int128_get64(llsize), ret,
+                             bcontainer, iova, int128_get64(llsize), ret,
                              strerror(-ret));
             }
             iova += int128_get64(llsize);
         }
-        ret = vfio_dma_unmap(container, iova, int128_get64(llsize), NULL);
+        ret = vfio_container_dma_unmap(bcontainer, iova,
+                                       int128_get64(llsize), NULL);
         if (ret) {
-            error_report("vfio_dma_unmap(%p, 0x%"HWADDR_PRIx", "
+            error_report("vfio_container_dma_unmap(%p, 0x%"HWADDR_PRIx", "
                          "0x%"HWADDR_PRIx") = %d (%s)",
-                         container, iova, int128_get64(llsize), ret,
+                         bcontainer, iova, int128_get64(llsize), ret,
                          strerror(-ret));
         }
     }
 
     memory_region_unref(section->mr);
 
-    vfio_container_del_section_window(container, section);
+    vfio_container_del_section_window(bcontainer, section);
 }
 
 typedef struct VFIODirtyRanges {
@@ -817,13 +829,13 @@
 } VFIODirtyRanges;
 
 typedef struct VFIODirtyRangesListener {
-    VFIOContainer *container;
+    VFIOContainerBase *bcontainer;
     VFIODirtyRanges ranges;
     MemoryListener listener;
 } VFIODirtyRangesListener;
 
 static bool vfio_section_is_vfio_pci(MemoryRegionSection *section,
-                                     VFIOContainer *container)
+                                     VFIOContainerBase *bcontainer)
 {
     VFIOPCIDevice *pcidev;
     VFIODevice *vbasedev;
@@ -831,7 +843,7 @@
 
     owner = memory_region_owner(section->mr);
 
-    QLIST_FOREACH(vbasedev, &container->device_list, container_next) {
+    QLIST_FOREACH(vbasedev, &bcontainer->device_list, container_next) {
         if (vbasedev->type != VFIO_DEVICE_TYPE_PCI) {
             continue;
         }
@@ -854,7 +866,7 @@
     hwaddr iova, end, *min, *max;
 
     if (!vfio_listener_valid_section(section, "tracking_update") ||
-        !vfio_get_section_iova_range(dirty->container, section,
+        !vfio_get_section_iova_range(dirty->bcontainer, section,
                                      &iova, &end, NULL)) {
         return;
     }
@@ -878,7 +890,7 @@
      * The alternative would be an IOVATree but that has a much bigger runtime
      * overhead and unnecessary complexity.
      */
-    if (vfio_section_is_vfio_pci(section, dirty->container) &&
+    if (vfio_section_is_vfio_pci(section, dirty->bcontainer) &&
         iova >= UINT32_MAX) {
         min = &range->minpci64;
         max = &range->maxpci64;
@@ -902,7 +914,7 @@
     .region_add = vfio_dirty_tracking_update,
 };
 
-static void vfio_dirty_tracking_init(VFIOContainer *container,
+static void vfio_dirty_tracking_init(VFIOContainerBase *bcontainer,
                                      VFIODirtyRanges *ranges)
 {
     VFIODirtyRangesListener dirty;
@@ -912,10 +924,10 @@
     dirty.ranges.min64 = UINT64_MAX;
     dirty.ranges.minpci64 = UINT64_MAX;
     dirty.listener = vfio_dirty_tracking_listener;
-    dirty.container = container;
+    dirty.bcontainer = bcontainer;
 
     memory_listener_register(&dirty.listener,
-                             container->space->as);
+                             bcontainer->space->as);
 
     *ranges = dirty.ranges;
 
@@ -927,7 +939,7 @@
     memory_listener_unregister(&dirty.listener);
 }
 
-static void vfio_devices_dma_logging_stop(VFIOContainer *container)
+static void vfio_devices_dma_logging_stop(VFIOContainerBase *bcontainer)
 {
     uint64_t buf[DIV_ROUND_UP(sizeof(struct vfio_device_feature),
                               sizeof(uint64_t))] = {};
@@ -938,7 +950,7 @@
     feature->flags = VFIO_DEVICE_FEATURE_SET |
                      VFIO_DEVICE_FEATURE_DMA_LOGGING_STOP;
 
-    QLIST_FOREACH(vbasedev, &container->device_list, container_next) {
+    QLIST_FOREACH(vbasedev, &bcontainer->device_list, container_next) {
         if (!vbasedev->dirty_tracking) {
             continue;
         }
@@ -952,7 +964,7 @@
 }
 
 static struct vfio_device_feature *
-vfio_device_feature_dma_logging_start_create(VFIOContainer *container,
+vfio_device_feature_dma_logging_start_create(VFIOContainerBase *bcontainer,
                                              VFIODirtyRanges *tracking)
 {
     struct vfio_device_feature *feature;
@@ -1025,21 +1037,21 @@
     g_free(feature);
 }
 
-static int vfio_devices_dma_logging_start(VFIOContainer *container)
+static int vfio_devices_dma_logging_start(VFIOContainerBase *bcontainer)
 {
     struct vfio_device_feature *feature;
     VFIODirtyRanges ranges;
     VFIODevice *vbasedev;
     int ret = 0;
 
-    vfio_dirty_tracking_init(container, &ranges);
-    feature = vfio_device_feature_dma_logging_start_create(container,
+    vfio_dirty_tracking_init(bcontainer, &ranges);
+    feature = vfio_device_feature_dma_logging_start_create(bcontainer,
                                                            &ranges);
     if (!feature) {
         return -errno;
     }
 
-    QLIST_FOREACH(vbasedev, &container->device_list, container_next) {
+    QLIST_FOREACH(vbasedev, &bcontainer->device_list, container_next) {
         if (vbasedev->dirty_tracking) {
             continue;
         }
@@ -1056,7 +1068,7 @@
 
 out:
     if (ret) {
-        vfio_devices_dma_logging_stop(container);
+        vfio_devices_dma_logging_stop(bcontainer);
     }
 
     vfio_device_feature_dma_logging_start_destroy(feature);
@@ -1066,13 +1078,14 @@
 
 static void vfio_listener_log_global_start(MemoryListener *listener)
 {
-    VFIOContainer *container = container_of(listener, VFIOContainer, listener);
+    VFIOContainerBase *bcontainer = container_of(listener, VFIOContainerBase,
+                                                 listener);
     int ret;
 
-    if (vfio_devices_all_device_dirty_tracking(container)) {
-        ret = vfio_devices_dma_logging_start(container);
+    if (vfio_devices_all_device_dirty_tracking(bcontainer)) {
+        ret = vfio_devices_dma_logging_start(bcontainer);
     } else {
-        ret = vfio_set_dirty_page_tracking(container, true);
+        ret = vfio_container_set_dirty_page_tracking(bcontainer, true);
     }
 
     if (ret) {
@@ -1084,13 +1097,14 @@
 
 static void vfio_listener_log_global_stop(MemoryListener *listener)
 {
-    VFIOContainer *container = container_of(listener, VFIOContainer, listener);
+    VFIOContainerBase *bcontainer = container_of(listener, VFIOContainerBase,
+                                                 listener);
     int ret = 0;
 
-    if (vfio_devices_all_device_dirty_tracking(container)) {
-        vfio_devices_dma_logging_stop(container);
+    if (vfio_devices_all_device_dirty_tracking(bcontainer)) {
+        vfio_devices_dma_logging_stop(bcontainer);
     } else {
-        ret = vfio_set_dirty_page_tracking(container, false);
+        ret = vfio_container_set_dirty_page_tracking(bcontainer, false);
     }
 
     if (ret) {
@@ -1126,14 +1140,14 @@
     return 0;
 }
 
-int vfio_devices_query_dirty_bitmap(VFIOContainer *container,
+int vfio_devices_query_dirty_bitmap(const VFIOContainerBase *bcontainer,
                                     VFIOBitmap *vbmap, hwaddr iova,
                                     hwaddr size)
 {
     VFIODevice *vbasedev;
     int ret;
 
-    QLIST_FOREACH(vbasedev, &container->device_list, container_next) {
+    QLIST_FOREACH(vbasedev, &bcontainer->device_list, container_next) {
         ret = vfio_device_dma_logging_report(vbasedev, iova, size,
                                              vbmap->bitmap);
         if (ret) {
@@ -1149,16 +1163,16 @@
     return 0;
 }
 
-int vfio_get_dirty_bitmap(VFIOContainer *container, uint64_t iova,
+int vfio_get_dirty_bitmap(const VFIOContainerBase *bcontainer, uint64_t iova,
                           uint64_t size, ram_addr_t ram_addr)
 {
     bool all_device_dirty_tracking =
-        vfio_devices_all_device_dirty_tracking(container);
+        vfio_devices_all_device_dirty_tracking(bcontainer);
     uint64_t dirty_pages;
     VFIOBitmap vbmap;
     int ret;
 
-    if (!container->dirty_pages_supported && !all_device_dirty_tracking) {
+    if (!bcontainer->dirty_pages_supported && !all_device_dirty_tracking) {
         cpu_physical_memory_set_dirty_range(ram_addr, size,
                                             tcg_enabled() ? DIRTY_CLIENTS_ALL :
                                             DIRTY_CLIENTS_NOCODE);
@@ -1171,9 +1185,9 @@
     }
 
     if (all_device_dirty_tracking) {
-        ret = vfio_devices_query_dirty_bitmap(container, &vbmap, iova, size);
+        ret = vfio_devices_query_dirty_bitmap(bcontainer, &vbmap, iova, size);
     } else {
-        ret = vfio_query_dirty_bitmap(container, &vbmap, iova, size);
+        ret = vfio_container_query_dirty_bitmap(bcontainer, &vbmap, iova, size);
     }
 
     if (ret) {
@@ -1183,8 +1197,7 @@
     dirty_pages = cpu_physical_memory_set_dirty_lebitmap(vbmap.bitmap, ram_addr,
                                                          vbmap.pages);
 
-    trace_vfio_get_dirty_bitmap(container->fd, iova, size, vbmap.size,
-                                ram_addr, dirty_pages);
+    trace_vfio_get_dirty_bitmap(iova, size, vbmap.size, ram_addr, dirty_pages);
 out:
     g_free(vbmap.bitmap);
 
@@ -1201,7 +1214,7 @@
     vfio_giommu_dirty_notifier *gdn = container_of(n,
                                                 vfio_giommu_dirty_notifier, n);
     VFIOGuestIOMMU *giommu = gdn->giommu;
-    VFIOContainer *container = giommu->container;
+    VFIOContainerBase *bcontainer = giommu->bcontainer;
     hwaddr iova = iotlb->iova + giommu->iommu_offset;
     ram_addr_t translated_addr;
     int ret = -EINVAL;
@@ -1216,12 +1229,12 @@
 
     rcu_read_lock();
     if (vfio_get_xlat_addr(iotlb, NULL, &translated_addr, NULL)) {
-        ret = vfio_get_dirty_bitmap(container, iova, iotlb->addr_mask + 1,
+        ret = vfio_get_dirty_bitmap(bcontainer, iova, iotlb->addr_mask + 1,
                                     translated_addr);
         if (ret) {
             error_report("vfio_iommu_map_dirty_notify(%p, 0x%"HWADDR_PRIx", "
                          "0x%"HWADDR_PRIx") = %d (%s)",
-                         container, iova, iotlb->addr_mask + 1, ret,
+                         bcontainer, iova, iotlb->addr_mask + 1, ret,
                          strerror(-ret));
         }
     }
@@ -1246,16 +1259,17 @@
      * Sync the whole mapped region (spanning multiple individual mappings)
      * in one go.
      */
-    return vfio_get_dirty_bitmap(vrdl->container, iova, size, ram_addr);
+    return vfio_get_dirty_bitmap(vrdl->bcontainer, iova, size, ram_addr);
 }
 
-static int vfio_sync_ram_discard_listener_dirty_bitmap(VFIOContainer *container,
-                                                   MemoryRegionSection *section)
+static int
+vfio_sync_ram_discard_listener_dirty_bitmap(VFIOContainerBase *bcontainer,
+                                            MemoryRegionSection *section)
 {
     RamDiscardManager *rdm = memory_region_get_ram_discard_manager(section->mr);
     VFIORamDiscardListener *vrdl = NULL;
 
-    QLIST_FOREACH(vrdl, &container->vrdl_list, next) {
+    QLIST_FOREACH(vrdl, &bcontainer->vrdl_list, next) {
         if (vrdl->mr == section->mr &&
             vrdl->offset_within_address_space ==
             section->offset_within_address_space) {
@@ -1276,7 +1290,7 @@
                                                 &vrdl);
 }
 
-static int vfio_sync_dirty_bitmap(VFIOContainer *container,
+static int vfio_sync_dirty_bitmap(VFIOContainerBase *bcontainer,
                                   MemoryRegionSection *section)
 {
     ram_addr_t ram_addr;
@@ -1284,7 +1298,7 @@
     if (memory_region_is_iommu(section->mr)) {
         VFIOGuestIOMMU *giommu;
 
-        QLIST_FOREACH(giommu, &container->giommu_list, giommu_next) {
+        QLIST_FOREACH(giommu, &bcontainer->giommu_list, giommu_next) {
             if (MEMORY_REGION(giommu->iommu_mr) == section->mr &&
                 giommu->n.start == section->offset_within_region) {
                 Int128 llend;
@@ -1308,13 +1322,13 @@
         }
         return 0;
     } else if (memory_region_has_ram_discard_manager(section->mr)) {
-        return vfio_sync_ram_discard_listener_dirty_bitmap(container, section);
+        return vfio_sync_ram_discard_listener_dirty_bitmap(bcontainer, section);
     }
 
     ram_addr = memory_region_get_ram_addr(section->mr) +
                section->offset_within_region;
 
-    return vfio_get_dirty_bitmap(container,
+    return vfio_get_dirty_bitmap(bcontainer,
                    REAL_HOST_PAGE_ALIGN(section->offset_within_address_space),
                    int128_get64(section->size), ram_addr);
 }
@@ -1322,15 +1336,16 @@
 static void vfio_listener_log_sync(MemoryListener *listener,
         MemoryRegionSection *section)
 {
-    VFIOContainer *container = container_of(listener, VFIOContainer, listener);
+    VFIOContainerBase *bcontainer = container_of(listener, VFIOContainerBase,
+                                                 listener);
     int ret;
 
     if (vfio_listener_skipped_section(section)) {
         return;
     }
 
-    if (vfio_devices_all_dirty_tracking(container)) {
-        ret = vfio_sync_dirty_bitmap(container, section);
+    if (vfio_devices_all_dirty_tracking(bcontainer)) {
+        ret = vfio_sync_dirty_bitmap(bcontainer, section);
         if (ret) {
             error_report("vfio: Failed to sync dirty bitmap, err: %d (%s)", ret,
                          strerror(-ret));
@@ -1449,10 +1464,13 @@
 
 void vfio_put_address_space(VFIOAddressSpace *space)
 {
-    if (QLIST_EMPTY(&space->containers)) {
-        QLIST_REMOVE(space, list);
-        g_free(space);
+    if (!QLIST_EMPTY(&space->containers)) {
+        return;
     }
+
+    QLIST_REMOVE(space, list);
+    g_free(space);
+
     if (QLIST_EMPTY(&vfio_address_spaces)) {
         qemu_unregister_reset(vfio_reset_handler, NULL);
     }
@@ -1481,3 +1499,24 @@
 
     return info;
 }
+
+int vfio_attach_device(char *name, VFIODevice *vbasedev,
+                       AddressSpace *as, Error **errp)
+{
+    const VFIOIOMMUOps *ops = &vfio_legacy_ops;
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_IOMMUFD
+    if (vbasedev->iommufd) {
+        ops = &vfio_iommufd_ops;
+    }
+#endif
+    return ops->attach_device(name, vbasedev, as, errp);
+}
+
+void vfio_detach_device(VFIODevice *vbasedev)
+{
+    if (!vbasedev->bcontainer) {
+        return;
+    }
+    vbasedev->bcontainer->ops->detach_device(vbasedev);
+}
diff --git a/hw/vfio/container-base.c b/hw/vfio/container-base.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1ffd25b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hw/vfio/container-base.c
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+/*
+ * VFIO BASE CONTAINER
+ *
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 Intel Corporation.
+ * Copyright Red Hat, Inc. 2023
+ *
+ * Authors: Yi Liu <yi.l.liu@intel.com>
+ *          Eric Auger <eric.auger@redhat.com>
+ *
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
+ */
+
+#include "qemu/osdep.h"
+#include "qapi/error.h"
+#include "qemu/error-report.h"
+#include "hw/vfio/vfio-container-base.h"
+
+int vfio_container_dma_map(VFIOContainerBase *bcontainer,
+                           hwaddr iova, ram_addr_t size,
+                           void *vaddr, bool readonly)
+{
+    g_assert(bcontainer->ops->dma_map);
+    return bcontainer->ops->dma_map(bcontainer, iova, size, vaddr, readonly);
+}
+
+int vfio_container_dma_unmap(VFIOContainerBase *bcontainer,
+                             hwaddr iova, ram_addr_t size,
+                             IOMMUTLBEntry *iotlb)
+{
+    g_assert(bcontainer->ops->dma_unmap);
+    return bcontainer->ops->dma_unmap(bcontainer, iova, size, iotlb);
+}
+
+int vfio_container_add_section_window(VFIOContainerBase *bcontainer,
+                                      MemoryRegionSection *section,
+                                      Error **errp)
+{
+    if (!bcontainer->ops->add_window) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    return bcontainer->ops->add_window(bcontainer, section, errp);
+}
+
+void vfio_container_del_section_window(VFIOContainerBase *bcontainer,
+                                       MemoryRegionSection *section)
+{
+    if (!bcontainer->ops->del_window) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    return bcontainer->ops->del_window(bcontainer, section);
+}
+
+int vfio_container_set_dirty_page_tracking(VFIOContainerBase *bcontainer,
+                                           bool start)
+{
+    if (!bcontainer->dirty_pages_supported) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    g_assert(bcontainer->ops->set_dirty_page_tracking);
+    return bcontainer->ops->set_dirty_page_tracking(bcontainer, start);
+}
+
+int vfio_container_query_dirty_bitmap(const VFIOContainerBase *bcontainer,
+                                      VFIOBitmap *vbmap,
+                                      hwaddr iova, hwaddr size)
+{
+    g_assert(bcontainer->ops->query_dirty_bitmap);
+    return bcontainer->ops->query_dirty_bitmap(bcontainer, vbmap, iova, size);
+}
+
+void vfio_container_init(VFIOContainerBase *bcontainer, VFIOAddressSpace *space,
+                         const VFIOIOMMUOps *ops)
+{
+    bcontainer->ops = ops;
+    bcontainer->space = space;
+    bcontainer->error = NULL;
+    bcontainer->dirty_pages_supported = false;
+    bcontainer->dma_max_mappings = 0;
+    bcontainer->iova_ranges = NULL;
+    QLIST_INIT(&bcontainer->giommu_list);
+    QLIST_INIT(&bcontainer->vrdl_list);
+}
+
+void vfio_container_destroy(VFIOContainerBase *bcontainer)
+{
+    VFIOGuestIOMMU *giommu, *tmp;
+
+    QLIST_REMOVE(bcontainer, next);
+
+    QLIST_FOREACH_SAFE(giommu, &bcontainer->giommu_list, giommu_next, tmp) {
+        memory_region_unregister_iommu_notifier(
+                MEMORY_REGION(giommu->iommu_mr), &giommu->n);
+        QLIST_REMOVE(giommu, giommu_next);
+        g_free(giommu);
+    }
+
+    g_list_free_full(bcontainer->iova_ranges, g_free);
+}
diff --git a/hw/vfio/container.c b/hw/vfio/container.c
index 2420100..b22feb8 100644
--- a/hw/vfio/container.c
+++ b/hw/vfio/container.c
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@
 #include "trace.h"
 #include "qapi/error.h"
 #include "migration/migration.h"
+#include "pci.h"
 
 VFIOGroupList vfio_group_list =
     QLIST_HEAD_INITIALIZER(vfio_group_list);
@@ -60,10 +61,11 @@
     }
 }
 
-static int vfio_dma_unmap_bitmap(VFIOContainer *container,
+static int vfio_dma_unmap_bitmap(const VFIOContainer *container,
                                  hwaddr iova, ram_addr_t size,
                                  IOMMUTLBEntry *iotlb)
 {
+    const VFIOContainerBase *bcontainer = &container->bcontainer;
     struct vfio_iommu_type1_dma_unmap *unmap;
     struct vfio_bitmap *bitmap;
     VFIOBitmap vbmap;
@@ -91,7 +93,7 @@
     bitmap->size = vbmap.size;
     bitmap->data = (__u64 *)vbmap.bitmap;
 
-    if (vbmap.size > container->max_dirty_bitmap_size) {
+    if (vbmap.size > bcontainer->max_dirty_bitmap_size) {
         error_report("UNMAP: Size of bitmap too big 0x%"PRIx64, vbmap.size);
         ret = -E2BIG;
         goto unmap_exit;
@@ -115,9 +117,12 @@
 /*
  * DMA - Mapping and unmapping for the "type1" IOMMU interface used on x86
  */
-int vfio_dma_unmap(VFIOContainer *container, hwaddr iova,
-                   ram_addr_t size, IOMMUTLBEntry *iotlb)
+static int vfio_legacy_dma_unmap(const VFIOContainerBase *bcontainer,
+                                 hwaddr iova, ram_addr_t size,
+                                 IOMMUTLBEntry *iotlb)
 {
+    const VFIOContainer *container = container_of(bcontainer, VFIOContainer,
+                                                  bcontainer);
     struct vfio_iommu_type1_dma_unmap unmap = {
         .argsz = sizeof(unmap),
         .flags = 0,
@@ -127,9 +132,9 @@
     bool need_dirty_sync = false;
     int ret;
 
-    if (iotlb && vfio_devices_all_running_and_mig_active(container)) {
-        if (!vfio_devices_all_device_dirty_tracking(container) &&
-            container->dirty_pages_supported) {
+    if (iotlb && vfio_devices_all_running_and_mig_active(bcontainer)) {
+        if (!vfio_devices_all_device_dirty_tracking(bcontainer) &&
+            bcontainer->dirty_pages_supported) {
             return vfio_dma_unmap_bitmap(container, iova, size, iotlb);
         }
 
@@ -151,8 +156,8 @@
          */
         if (errno == EINVAL && unmap.size && !(unmap.iova + unmap.size) &&
             container->iommu_type == VFIO_TYPE1v2_IOMMU) {
-            trace_vfio_dma_unmap_overflow_workaround();
-            unmap.size -= 1ULL << ctz64(container->pgsizes);
+            trace_vfio_legacy_dma_unmap_overflow_workaround();
+            unmap.size -= 1ULL << ctz64(bcontainer->pgsizes);
             continue;
         }
         error_report("VFIO_UNMAP_DMA failed: %s", strerror(errno));
@@ -160,7 +165,7 @@
     }
 
     if (need_dirty_sync) {
-        ret = vfio_get_dirty_bitmap(container, iova, size,
+        ret = vfio_get_dirty_bitmap(bcontainer, iova, size,
                                     iotlb->translated_addr);
         if (ret) {
             return ret;
@@ -170,9 +175,11 @@
     return 0;
 }
 
-int vfio_dma_map(VFIOContainer *container, hwaddr iova,
-                 ram_addr_t size, void *vaddr, bool readonly)
+static int vfio_legacy_dma_map(const VFIOContainerBase *bcontainer, hwaddr iova,
+                               ram_addr_t size, void *vaddr, bool readonly)
 {
+    const VFIOContainer *container = container_of(bcontainer, VFIOContainer,
+                                                  bcontainer);
     struct vfio_iommu_type1_dma_map map = {
         .argsz = sizeof(map),
         .flags = VFIO_DMA_MAP_FLAG_READ,
@@ -191,7 +198,8 @@
      * the VGA ROM space.
      */
     if (ioctl(container->fd, VFIO_IOMMU_MAP_DMA, &map) == 0 ||
-        (errno == EBUSY && vfio_dma_unmap(container, iova, size, NULL) == 0 &&
+        (errno == EBUSY &&
+         vfio_legacy_dma_unmap(bcontainer, iova, size, NULL) == 0 &&
          ioctl(container->fd, VFIO_IOMMU_MAP_DMA, &map) == 0)) {
         return 0;
     }
@@ -200,17 +208,17 @@
     return -errno;
 }
 
-int vfio_set_dirty_page_tracking(VFIOContainer *container, bool start)
+static int
+vfio_legacy_set_dirty_page_tracking(const VFIOContainerBase *bcontainer,
+                                    bool start)
 {
+    const VFIOContainer *container = container_of(bcontainer, VFIOContainer,
+                                                  bcontainer);
     int ret;
     struct vfio_iommu_type1_dirty_bitmap dirty = {
         .argsz = sizeof(dirty),
     };
 
-    if (!container->dirty_pages_supported) {
-        return 0;
-    }
-
     if (start) {
         dirty.flags = VFIO_IOMMU_DIRTY_PAGES_FLAG_START;
     } else {
@@ -227,9 +235,12 @@
     return ret;
 }
 
-int vfio_query_dirty_bitmap(VFIOContainer *container, VFIOBitmap *vbmap,
-                            hwaddr iova, hwaddr size)
+static int vfio_legacy_query_dirty_bitmap(const VFIOContainerBase *bcontainer,
+                                          VFIOBitmap *vbmap,
+                                          hwaddr iova, hwaddr size)
 {
+    const VFIOContainer *container = container_of(bcontainer, VFIOContainer,
+                                                  bcontainer);
     struct vfio_iommu_type1_dirty_bitmap *dbitmap;
     struct vfio_iommu_type1_dirty_bitmap_get *range;
     int ret;
@@ -296,7 +307,7 @@
 }
 
 static bool vfio_get_info_iova_range(struct vfio_iommu_type1_info *info,
-                                     VFIOContainer *container)
+                                     VFIOContainerBase *bcontainer)
 {
     struct vfio_info_cap_header *hdr;
     struct vfio_iommu_type1_info_cap_iova_range *cap;
@@ -314,8 +325,8 @@
 
         range_set_bounds(range, cap->iova_ranges[i].start,
                          cap->iova_ranges[i].end);
-        container->iova_ranges =
-            range_list_insert(container->iova_ranges, range);
+        bcontainer->iova_ranges =
+            range_list_insert(bcontainer->iova_ranges, range);
     }
 
     return true;
@@ -442,6 +453,7 @@
 {
     struct vfio_info_cap_header *hdr;
     struct vfio_iommu_type1_info_cap_migration *cap_mig;
+    VFIOContainerBase *bcontainer = &container->bcontainer;
 
     hdr = vfio_get_iommu_info_cap(info, VFIO_IOMMU_TYPE1_INFO_CAP_MIGRATION);
     if (!hdr) {
@@ -456,22 +468,17 @@
      * qemu_real_host_page_size to mark those dirty.
      */
     if (cap_mig->pgsize_bitmap & qemu_real_host_page_size()) {
-        container->dirty_pages_supported = true;
-        container->max_dirty_bitmap_size = cap_mig->max_dirty_bitmap_size;
-        container->dirty_pgsizes = cap_mig->pgsize_bitmap;
+        bcontainer->dirty_pages_supported = true;
+        bcontainer->max_dirty_bitmap_size = cap_mig->max_dirty_bitmap_size;
+        bcontainer->dirty_pgsizes = cap_mig->pgsize_bitmap;
     }
 }
 
-static void vfio_free_container(VFIOContainer *container)
-{
-    g_list_free_full(container->iova_ranges, g_free);
-    g_free(container);
-}
-
 static int vfio_connect_container(VFIOGroup *group, AddressSpace *as,
                                   Error **errp)
 {
     VFIOContainer *container;
+    VFIOContainerBase *bcontainer;
     int ret, fd;
     VFIOAddressSpace *space;
 
@@ -508,7 +515,8 @@
      * details once we know which type of IOMMU we are using.
      */
 
-    QLIST_FOREACH(container, &space->containers, next) {
+    QLIST_FOREACH(bcontainer, &space->containers, next) {
+        container = container_of(bcontainer, VFIOContainer, bcontainer);
         if (!ioctl(group->fd, VFIO_GROUP_SET_CONTAINER, &container->fd)) {
             ret = vfio_ram_block_discard_disable(container, true);
             if (ret) {
@@ -544,14 +552,9 @@
     }
 
     container = g_malloc0(sizeof(*container));
-    container->space = space;
     container->fd = fd;
-    container->error = NULL;
-    container->dirty_pages_supported = false;
-    container->dma_max_mappings = 0;
-    container->iova_ranges = NULL;
-    QLIST_INIT(&container->giommu_list);
-    QLIST_INIT(&container->vrdl_list);
+    bcontainer = &container->bcontainer;
+    vfio_container_init(bcontainer, space, &vfio_legacy_ops);
 
     ret = vfio_init_container(container, group->fd, errp);
     if (ret) {
@@ -577,16 +580,16 @@
         }
 
         if (info->flags & VFIO_IOMMU_INFO_PGSIZES) {
-            container->pgsizes = info->iova_pgsizes;
+            bcontainer->pgsizes = info->iova_pgsizes;
         } else {
-            container->pgsizes = qemu_real_host_page_size();
+            bcontainer->pgsizes = qemu_real_host_page_size();
         }
 
-        if (!vfio_get_info_dma_avail(info, &container->dma_max_mappings)) {
-            container->dma_max_mappings = 65535;
+        if (!vfio_get_info_dma_avail(info, &bcontainer->dma_max_mappings)) {
+            bcontainer->dma_max_mappings = 65535;
         }
 
-        vfio_get_info_iova_range(info, container);
+        vfio_get_info_iova_range(info, bcontainer);
 
         vfio_get_iommu_info_migration(container, info);
         g_free(info);
@@ -606,30 +609,29 @@
     vfio_kvm_device_add_group(group);
 
     QLIST_INIT(&container->group_list);
-    QLIST_INSERT_HEAD(&space->containers, container, next);
+    QLIST_INSERT_HEAD(&space->containers, bcontainer, next);
 
     group->container = container;
     QLIST_INSERT_HEAD(&container->group_list, group, container_next);
 
-    container->listener = vfio_memory_listener;
+    bcontainer->listener = vfio_memory_listener;
+    memory_listener_register(&bcontainer->listener, bcontainer->space->as);
 
-    memory_listener_register(&container->listener, container->space->as);
-
-    if (container->error) {
+    if (bcontainer->error) {
         ret = -1;
-        error_propagate_prepend(errp, container->error,
+        error_propagate_prepend(errp, bcontainer->error,
             "memory listener initialization failed: ");
         goto listener_release_exit;
     }
 
-    container->initialized = true;
+    bcontainer->initialized = true;
 
     return 0;
 listener_release_exit:
     QLIST_REMOVE(group, container_next);
-    QLIST_REMOVE(container, next);
+    QLIST_REMOVE(bcontainer, next);
     vfio_kvm_device_del_group(group);
-    memory_listener_unregister(&container->listener);
+    memory_listener_unregister(&bcontainer->listener);
     if (container->iommu_type == VFIO_SPAPR_TCE_v2_IOMMU ||
         container->iommu_type == VFIO_SPAPR_TCE_IOMMU) {
         vfio_spapr_container_deinit(container);
@@ -639,7 +641,7 @@
     vfio_ram_block_discard_disable(container, false);
 
 free_container_exit:
-    vfio_free_container(container);
+    g_free(container);
 
 close_fd_exit:
     close(fd);
@@ -653,6 +655,7 @@
 static void vfio_disconnect_container(VFIOGroup *group)
 {
     VFIOContainer *container = group->container;
+    VFIOContainerBase *bcontainer = &container->bcontainer;
 
     QLIST_REMOVE(group, container_next);
     group->container = NULL;
@@ -663,7 +666,7 @@
      * group.
      */
     if (QLIST_EMPTY(&container->group_list)) {
-        memory_listener_unregister(&container->listener);
+        memory_listener_unregister(&bcontainer->listener);
         if (container->iommu_type == VFIO_SPAPR_TCE_v2_IOMMU ||
             container->iommu_type == VFIO_SPAPR_TCE_IOMMU) {
             vfio_spapr_container_deinit(container);
@@ -676,21 +679,13 @@
     }
 
     if (QLIST_EMPTY(&container->group_list)) {
-        VFIOAddressSpace *space = container->space;
-        VFIOGuestIOMMU *giommu, *tmp;
+        VFIOAddressSpace *space = bcontainer->space;
 
-        QLIST_REMOVE(container, next);
-
-        QLIST_FOREACH_SAFE(giommu, &container->giommu_list, giommu_next, tmp) {
-            memory_region_unregister_iommu_notifier(
-                    MEMORY_REGION(giommu->iommu_mr), &giommu->n);
-            QLIST_REMOVE(giommu, giommu_next);
-            g_free(giommu);
-        }
+        vfio_container_destroy(bcontainer);
 
         trace_vfio_disconnect_container(container->fd);
         close(container->fd);
-        vfio_free_container(container);
+        g_free(container);
 
         vfio_put_address_space(space);
     }
@@ -705,7 +700,7 @@
     QLIST_FOREACH(group, &vfio_group_list, next) {
         if (group->groupid == groupid) {
             /* Found it.  Now is it already in the right context? */
-            if (group->container->space->as == as) {
+            if (group->container->bcontainer.space->as == as) {
                 return group;
             } else {
                 error_setg(errp, "group %d used in multiple address spaces",
@@ -877,13 +872,13 @@
  * @name and @vbasedev->name are likely to be different depending
  * on the type of the device, hence the need for passing @name
  */
-int vfio_attach_device(char *name, VFIODevice *vbasedev,
-                       AddressSpace *as, Error **errp)
+static int vfio_legacy_attach_device(const char *name, VFIODevice *vbasedev,
+                                     AddressSpace *as, Error **errp)
 {
     int groupid = vfio_device_groupid(vbasedev, errp);
     VFIODevice *vbasedev_iter;
     VFIOGroup *group;
-    VFIOContainer *container;
+    VFIOContainerBase *bcontainer;
     int ret;
 
     if (groupid < 0) {
@@ -910,26 +905,200 @@
         return ret;
     }
 
-    container = group->container;
-    vbasedev->container = container;
-    QLIST_INSERT_HEAD(&container->device_list, vbasedev, container_next);
+    bcontainer = &group->container->bcontainer;
+    vbasedev->bcontainer = bcontainer;
+    QLIST_INSERT_HEAD(&bcontainer->device_list, vbasedev, container_next);
     QLIST_INSERT_HEAD(&vfio_device_list, vbasedev, global_next);
 
     return ret;
 }
 
-void vfio_detach_device(VFIODevice *vbasedev)
+static void vfio_legacy_detach_device(VFIODevice *vbasedev)
 {
     VFIOGroup *group = vbasedev->group;
 
-    if (!vbasedev->container) {
-        return;
-    }
-
     QLIST_REMOVE(vbasedev, global_next);
     QLIST_REMOVE(vbasedev, container_next);
-    vbasedev->container = NULL;
+    vbasedev->bcontainer = NULL;
     trace_vfio_detach_device(vbasedev->name, group->groupid);
     vfio_put_base_device(vbasedev);
     vfio_put_group(group);
 }
+
+static int vfio_legacy_pci_hot_reset(VFIODevice *vbasedev, bool single)
+{
+    VFIOPCIDevice *vdev = container_of(vbasedev, VFIOPCIDevice, vbasedev);
+    VFIOGroup *group;
+    struct vfio_pci_hot_reset_info *info = NULL;
+    struct vfio_pci_dependent_device *devices;
+    struct vfio_pci_hot_reset *reset;
+    int32_t *fds;
+    int ret, i, count;
+    bool multi = false;
+
+    trace_vfio_pci_hot_reset(vdev->vbasedev.name, single ? "one" : "multi");
+
+    if (!single) {
+        vfio_pci_pre_reset(vdev);
+    }
+    vdev->vbasedev.needs_reset = false;
+
+    ret = vfio_pci_get_pci_hot_reset_info(vdev, &info);
+
+    if (ret) {
+        goto out_single;
+    }
+    devices = &info->devices[0];
+
+    trace_vfio_pci_hot_reset_has_dep_devices(vdev->vbasedev.name);
+
+    /* Verify that we have all the groups required */
+    for (i = 0; i < info->count; i++) {
+        PCIHostDeviceAddress host;
+        VFIOPCIDevice *tmp;
+        VFIODevice *vbasedev_iter;
+
+        host.domain = devices[i].segment;
+        host.bus = devices[i].bus;
+        host.slot = PCI_SLOT(devices[i].devfn);
+        host.function = PCI_FUNC(devices[i].devfn);
+
+        trace_vfio_pci_hot_reset_dep_devices(host.domain,
+                host.bus, host.slot, host.function, devices[i].group_id);
+
+        if (vfio_pci_host_match(&host, vdev->vbasedev.name)) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        QLIST_FOREACH(group, &vfio_group_list, next) {
+            if (group->groupid == devices[i].group_id) {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (!group) {
+            if (!vdev->has_pm_reset) {
+                error_report("vfio: Cannot reset device %s, "
+                             "depends on group %d which is not owned.",
+                             vdev->vbasedev.name, devices[i].group_id);
+            }
+            ret = -EPERM;
+            goto out;
+        }
+
+        /* Prep dependent devices for reset and clear our marker. */
+        QLIST_FOREACH(vbasedev_iter, &group->device_list, next) {
+            if (!vbasedev_iter->dev->realized ||
+                vbasedev_iter->type != VFIO_DEVICE_TYPE_PCI) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            tmp = container_of(vbasedev_iter, VFIOPCIDevice, vbasedev);
+            if (vfio_pci_host_match(&host, tmp->vbasedev.name)) {
+                if (single) {
+                    ret = -EINVAL;
+                    goto out_single;
+                }
+                vfio_pci_pre_reset(tmp);
+                tmp->vbasedev.needs_reset = false;
+                multi = true;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (!single && !multi) {
+        ret = -EINVAL;
+        goto out_single;
+    }
+
+    /* Determine how many group fds need to be passed */
+    count = 0;
+    QLIST_FOREACH(group, &vfio_group_list, next) {
+        for (i = 0; i < info->count; i++) {
+            if (group->groupid == devices[i].group_id) {
+                count++;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    reset = g_malloc0(sizeof(*reset) + (count * sizeof(*fds)));
+    reset->argsz = sizeof(*reset) + (count * sizeof(*fds));
+    fds = &reset->group_fds[0];
+
+    /* Fill in group fds */
+    QLIST_FOREACH(group, &vfio_group_list, next) {
+        for (i = 0; i < info->count; i++) {
+            if (group->groupid == devices[i].group_id) {
+                fds[reset->count++] = group->fd;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* Bus reset! */
+    ret = ioctl(vdev->vbasedev.fd, VFIO_DEVICE_PCI_HOT_RESET, reset);
+    g_free(reset);
+    if (ret) {
+        ret = -errno;
+    }
+
+    trace_vfio_pci_hot_reset_result(vdev->vbasedev.name,
+                                    ret ? strerror(errno) : "Success");
+
+out:
+    /* Re-enable INTx on affected devices */
+    for (i = 0; i < info->count; i++) {
+        PCIHostDeviceAddress host;
+        VFIOPCIDevice *tmp;
+        VFIODevice *vbasedev_iter;
+
+        host.domain = devices[i].segment;
+        host.bus = devices[i].bus;
+        host.slot = PCI_SLOT(devices[i].devfn);
+        host.function = PCI_FUNC(devices[i].devfn);
+
+        if (vfio_pci_host_match(&host, vdev->vbasedev.name)) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        QLIST_FOREACH(group, &vfio_group_list, next) {
+            if (group->groupid == devices[i].group_id) {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (!group) {
+            break;
+        }
+
+        QLIST_FOREACH(vbasedev_iter, &group->device_list, next) {
+            if (!vbasedev_iter->dev->realized ||
+                vbasedev_iter->type != VFIO_DEVICE_TYPE_PCI) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            tmp = container_of(vbasedev_iter, VFIOPCIDevice, vbasedev);
+            if (vfio_pci_host_match(&host, tmp->vbasedev.name)) {
+                vfio_pci_post_reset(tmp);
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+out_single:
+    if (!single) {
+        vfio_pci_post_reset(vdev);
+    }
+    g_free(info);
+
+    return ret;
+}
+
+const VFIOIOMMUOps vfio_legacy_ops = {
+    .dma_map = vfio_legacy_dma_map,
+    .dma_unmap = vfio_legacy_dma_unmap,
+    .attach_device = vfio_legacy_attach_device,
+    .detach_device = vfio_legacy_detach_device,
+    .set_dirty_page_tracking = vfio_legacy_set_dirty_page_tracking,
+    .query_dirty_bitmap = vfio_legacy_query_dirty_bitmap,
+    .pci_hot_reset = vfio_legacy_pci_hot_reset,
+};
diff --git a/hw/vfio/helpers.c b/hw/vfio/helpers.c
index 168847e..6789870 100644
--- a/hw/vfio/helpers.c
+++ b/hw/vfio/helpers.c
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@
 #include "trace.h"
 #include "qapi/error.h"
 #include "qemu/error-report.h"
+#include "monitor/monitor.h"
 
 /*
  * Common VFIO interrupt disable
@@ -609,3 +610,56 @@
 
     return ret;
 }
+
+int vfio_device_get_name(VFIODevice *vbasedev, Error **errp)
+{
+    struct stat st;
+
+    if (vbasedev->fd < 0) {
+        if (stat(vbasedev->sysfsdev, &st) < 0) {
+            error_setg_errno(errp, errno, "no such host device");
+            error_prepend(errp, VFIO_MSG_PREFIX, vbasedev->sysfsdev);
+            return -errno;
+        }
+        /* User may specify a name, e.g: VFIO platform device */
+        if (!vbasedev->name) {
+            vbasedev->name = g_path_get_basename(vbasedev->sysfsdev);
+        }
+    } else {
+        if (!vbasedev->iommufd) {
+            error_setg(errp, "Use FD passing only with iommufd backend");
+            return -EINVAL;
+        }
+        /*
+         * Give a name with fd so any function printing out vbasedev->name
+         * will not break.
+         */
+        if (!vbasedev->name) {
+            vbasedev->name = g_strdup_printf("VFIO_FD%d", vbasedev->fd);
+        }
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+void vfio_device_set_fd(VFIODevice *vbasedev, const char *str, Error **errp)
+{
+    int fd = monitor_fd_param(monitor_cur(), str, errp);
+
+    if (fd < 0) {
+        error_prepend(errp, "Could not parse remote object fd %s:", str);
+        return;
+    }
+    vbasedev->fd = fd;
+}
+
+void vfio_device_init(VFIODevice *vbasedev, int type, VFIODeviceOps *ops,
+                      DeviceState *dev, bool ram_discard)
+{
+    vbasedev->type = type;
+    vbasedev->ops = ops;
+    vbasedev->dev = dev;
+    vbasedev->fd = -1;
+
+    vbasedev->ram_block_discard_allowed = ram_discard;
+}
diff --git a/hw/vfio/iommufd.c b/hw/vfio/iommufd.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..87a561c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hw/vfio/iommufd.c
@@ -0,0 +1,630 @@
+/*
+ * iommufd container backend
+ *
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 Intel Corporation.
+ * Copyright Red Hat, Inc. 2023
+ *
+ * Authors: Yi Liu <yi.l.liu@intel.com>
+ *          Eric Auger <eric.auger@redhat.com>
+ *
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
+ */
+
+#include "qemu/osdep.h"
+#include <sys/ioctl.h>
+#include <linux/vfio.h>
+#include <linux/iommufd.h>
+
+#include "hw/vfio/vfio-common.h"
+#include "qemu/error-report.h"
+#include "trace.h"
+#include "qapi/error.h"
+#include "sysemu/iommufd.h"
+#include "hw/qdev-core.h"
+#include "sysemu/reset.h"
+#include "qemu/cutils.h"
+#include "qemu/chardev_open.h"
+#include "pci.h"
+
+static int iommufd_cdev_map(const VFIOContainerBase *bcontainer, hwaddr iova,
+                            ram_addr_t size, void *vaddr, bool readonly)
+{
+    const VFIOIOMMUFDContainer *container =
+        container_of(bcontainer, VFIOIOMMUFDContainer, bcontainer);
+
+    return iommufd_backend_map_dma(container->be,
+                                   container->ioas_id,
+                                   iova, size, vaddr, readonly);
+}
+
+static int iommufd_cdev_unmap(const VFIOContainerBase *bcontainer,
+                              hwaddr iova, ram_addr_t size,
+                              IOMMUTLBEntry *iotlb)
+{
+    const VFIOIOMMUFDContainer *container =
+        container_of(bcontainer, VFIOIOMMUFDContainer, bcontainer);
+
+    /* TODO: Handle dma_unmap_bitmap with iotlb args (migration) */
+    return iommufd_backend_unmap_dma(container->be,
+                                     container->ioas_id, iova, size);
+}
+
+static int iommufd_cdev_kvm_device_add(VFIODevice *vbasedev, Error **errp)
+{
+    return vfio_kvm_device_add_fd(vbasedev->fd, errp);
+}
+
+static void iommufd_cdev_kvm_device_del(VFIODevice *vbasedev)
+{
+    Error *err = NULL;
+
+    if (vfio_kvm_device_del_fd(vbasedev->fd, &err)) {
+        error_report_err(err);
+    }
+}
+
+static int iommufd_cdev_connect_and_bind(VFIODevice *vbasedev, Error **errp)
+{
+    IOMMUFDBackend *iommufd = vbasedev->iommufd;
+    struct vfio_device_bind_iommufd bind = {
+        .argsz = sizeof(bind),
+        .flags = 0,
+    };
+    int ret;
+
+    ret = iommufd_backend_connect(iommufd, errp);
+    if (ret) {
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Add device to kvm-vfio to be prepared for the tracking
+     * in KVM. Especially for some emulated devices, it requires
+     * to have kvm information in the device open.
+     */
+    ret = iommufd_cdev_kvm_device_add(vbasedev, errp);
+    if (ret) {
+        goto err_kvm_device_add;
+    }
+
+    /* Bind device to iommufd */
+    bind.iommufd = iommufd->fd;
+    ret = ioctl(vbasedev->fd, VFIO_DEVICE_BIND_IOMMUFD, &bind);
+    if (ret) {
+        error_setg_errno(errp, errno, "error bind device fd=%d to iommufd=%d",
+                         vbasedev->fd, bind.iommufd);
+        goto err_bind;
+    }
+
+    vbasedev->devid = bind.out_devid;
+    trace_iommufd_cdev_connect_and_bind(bind.iommufd, vbasedev->name,
+                                        vbasedev->fd, vbasedev->devid);
+    return ret;
+err_bind:
+    iommufd_cdev_kvm_device_del(vbasedev);
+err_kvm_device_add:
+    iommufd_backend_disconnect(iommufd);
+    return ret;
+}
+
+static void iommufd_cdev_unbind_and_disconnect(VFIODevice *vbasedev)
+{
+    /* Unbind is automatically conducted when device fd is closed */
+    iommufd_cdev_kvm_device_del(vbasedev);
+    iommufd_backend_disconnect(vbasedev->iommufd);
+}
+
+static int iommufd_cdev_getfd(const char *sysfs_path, Error **errp)
+{
+    long int ret = -ENOTTY;
+    char *path, *vfio_dev_path = NULL, *vfio_path = NULL;
+    DIR *dir = NULL;
+    struct dirent *dent;
+    gchar *contents;
+    struct stat st;
+    gsize length;
+    int major, minor;
+    dev_t vfio_devt;
+
+    path = g_strdup_printf("%s/vfio-dev", sysfs_path);
+    if (stat(path, &st) < 0) {
+        error_setg_errno(errp, errno, "no such host device");
+        goto out_free_path;
+    }
+
+    dir = opendir(path);
+    if (!dir) {
+        error_setg_errno(errp, errno, "couldn't open directory %s", path);
+        goto out_free_path;
+    }
+
+    while ((dent = readdir(dir))) {
+        if (!strncmp(dent->d_name, "vfio", 4)) {
+            vfio_dev_path = g_strdup_printf("%s/%s/dev", path, dent->d_name);
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (!vfio_dev_path) {
+        error_setg(errp, "failed to find vfio-dev/vfioX/dev");
+        goto out_close_dir;
+    }
+
+    if (!g_file_get_contents(vfio_dev_path, &contents, &length, NULL)) {
+        error_setg(errp, "failed to load \"%s\"", vfio_dev_path);
+        goto out_free_dev_path;
+    }
+
+    if (sscanf(contents, "%d:%d", &major, &minor) != 2) {
+        error_setg(errp, "failed to get major:minor for \"%s\"", vfio_dev_path);
+        goto out_free_dev_path;
+    }
+    g_free(contents);
+    vfio_devt = makedev(major, minor);
+
+    vfio_path = g_strdup_printf("/dev/vfio/devices/%s", dent->d_name);
+    ret = open_cdev(vfio_path, vfio_devt);
+    if (ret < 0) {
+        error_setg(errp, "Failed to open %s", vfio_path);
+    }
+
+    trace_iommufd_cdev_getfd(vfio_path, ret);
+    g_free(vfio_path);
+
+out_free_dev_path:
+    g_free(vfio_dev_path);
+out_close_dir:
+    closedir(dir);
+out_free_path:
+    if (*errp) {
+        error_prepend(errp, VFIO_MSG_PREFIX, path);
+    }
+    g_free(path);
+
+    return ret;
+}
+
+static int iommufd_cdev_attach_ioas_hwpt(VFIODevice *vbasedev, uint32_t id,
+                                         Error **errp)
+{
+    int ret, iommufd = vbasedev->iommufd->fd;
+    struct vfio_device_attach_iommufd_pt attach_data = {
+        .argsz = sizeof(attach_data),
+        .flags = 0,
+        .pt_id = id,
+    };
+
+    /* Attach device to an IOAS or hwpt within iommufd */
+    ret = ioctl(vbasedev->fd, VFIO_DEVICE_ATTACH_IOMMUFD_PT, &attach_data);
+    if (ret) {
+        error_setg_errno(errp, errno,
+                         "[iommufd=%d] error attach %s (%d) to id=%d",
+                         iommufd, vbasedev->name, vbasedev->fd, id);
+    } else {
+        trace_iommufd_cdev_attach_ioas_hwpt(iommufd, vbasedev->name,
+                                            vbasedev->fd, id);
+    }
+    return ret;
+}
+
+static int iommufd_cdev_detach_ioas_hwpt(VFIODevice *vbasedev, Error **errp)
+{
+    int ret, iommufd = vbasedev->iommufd->fd;
+    struct vfio_device_detach_iommufd_pt detach_data = {
+        .argsz = sizeof(detach_data),
+        .flags = 0,
+    };
+
+    ret = ioctl(vbasedev->fd, VFIO_DEVICE_DETACH_IOMMUFD_PT, &detach_data);
+    if (ret) {
+        error_setg_errno(errp, errno, "detach %s failed", vbasedev->name);
+    } else {
+        trace_iommufd_cdev_detach_ioas_hwpt(iommufd, vbasedev->name);
+    }
+    return ret;
+}
+
+static int iommufd_cdev_attach_container(VFIODevice *vbasedev,
+                                         VFIOIOMMUFDContainer *container,
+                                         Error **errp)
+{
+    return iommufd_cdev_attach_ioas_hwpt(vbasedev, container->ioas_id, errp);
+}
+
+static void iommufd_cdev_detach_container(VFIODevice *vbasedev,
+                                          VFIOIOMMUFDContainer *container)
+{
+    Error *err = NULL;
+
+    if (iommufd_cdev_detach_ioas_hwpt(vbasedev, &err)) {
+        error_report_err(err);
+    }
+}
+
+static void iommufd_cdev_container_destroy(VFIOIOMMUFDContainer *container)
+{
+    VFIOContainerBase *bcontainer = &container->bcontainer;
+
+    if (!QLIST_EMPTY(&bcontainer->device_list)) {
+        return;
+    }
+    memory_listener_unregister(&bcontainer->listener);
+    vfio_container_destroy(bcontainer);
+    iommufd_backend_free_id(container->be, container->ioas_id);
+    g_free(container);
+}
+
+static int iommufd_cdev_ram_block_discard_disable(bool state)
+{
+    /*
+     * We support coordinated discarding of RAM via the RamDiscardManager.
+     */
+    return ram_block_uncoordinated_discard_disable(state);
+}
+
+static int iommufd_cdev_get_info_iova_range(VFIOIOMMUFDContainer *container,
+                                            uint32_t ioas_id, Error **errp)
+{
+    VFIOContainerBase *bcontainer = &container->bcontainer;
+    struct iommu_ioas_iova_ranges *info;
+    struct iommu_iova_range *iova_ranges;
+    int ret, sz, fd = container->be->fd;
+
+    info = g_malloc0(sizeof(*info));
+    info->size = sizeof(*info);
+    info->ioas_id = ioas_id;
+
+    ret = ioctl(fd, IOMMU_IOAS_IOVA_RANGES, info);
+    if (ret && errno != EMSGSIZE) {
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    sz = info->num_iovas * sizeof(struct iommu_iova_range);
+    info = g_realloc(info, sizeof(*info) + sz);
+    info->allowed_iovas = (uintptr_t)(info + 1);
+
+    ret = ioctl(fd, IOMMU_IOAS_IOVA_RANGES, info);
+    if (ret) {
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    iova_ranges = (struct iommu_iova_range *)(uintptr_t)info->allowed_iovas;
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < info->num_iovas; i++) {
+        Range *range = g_new(Range, 1);
+
+        range_set_bounds(range, iova_ranges[i].start, iova_ranges[i].last);
+        bcontainer->iova_ranges =
+            range_list_insert(bcontainer->iova_ranges, range);
+    }
+    bcontainer->pgsizes = info->out_iova_alignment;
+
+    g_free(info);
+    return 0;
+
+error:
+    ret = -errno;
+    g_free(info);
+    error_setg_errno(errp, errno, "Cannot get IOVA ranges");
+    return ret;
+}
+
+static int iommufd_cdev_attach(const char *name, VFIODevice *vbasedev,
+                               AddressSpace *as, Error **errp)
+{
+    VFIOContainerBase *bcontainer;
+    VFIOIOMMUFDContainer *container;
+    VFIOAddressSpace *space;
+    struct vfio_device_info dev_info = { .argsz = sizeof(dev_info) };
+    int ret, devfd;
+    uint32_t ioas_id;
+    Error *err = NULL;
+
+    if (vbasedev->fd < 0) {
+        devfd = iommufd_cdev_getfd(vbasedev->sysfsdev, errp);
+        if (devfd < 0) {
+            return devfd;
+        }
+        vbasedev->fd = devfd;
+    } else {
+        devfd = vbasedev->fd;
+    }
+
+    ret = iommufd_cdev_connect_and_bind(vbasedev, errp);
+    if (ret) {
+        goto err_connect_bind;
+    }
+
+    space = vfio_get_address_space(as);
+
+    /* try to attach to an existing container in this space */
+    QLIST_FOREACH(bcontainer, &space->containers, next) {
+        container = container_of(bcontainer, VFIOIOMMUFDContainer, bcontainer);
+        if (bcontainer->ops != &vfio_iommufd_ops ||
+            vbasedev->iommufd != container->be) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (iommufd_cdev_attach_container(vbasedev, container, &err)) {
+            const char *msg = error_get_pretty(err);
+
+            trace_iommufd_cdev_fail_attach_existing_container(msg);
+            error_free(err);
+            err = NULL;
+        } else {
+            ret = iommufd_cdev_ram_block_discard_disable(true);
+            if (ret) {
+                error_setg(errp,
+                              "Cannot set discarding of RAM broken (%d)", ret);
+                goto err_discard_disable;
+            }
+            goto found_container;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* Need to allocate a new dedicated container */
+    ret = iommufd_backend_alloc_ioas(vbasedev->iommufd, &ioas_id, errp);
+    if (ret < 0) {
+        goto err_alloc_ioas;
+    }
+
+    trace_iommufd_cdev_alloc_ioas(vbasedev->iommufd->fd, ioas_id);
+
+    container = g_malloc0(sizeof(*container));
+    container->be = vbasedev->iommufd;
+    container->ioas_id = ioas_id;
+
+    bcontainer = &container->bcontainer;
+    vfio_container_init(bcontainer, space, &vfio_iommufd_ops);
+    QLIST_INSERT_HEAD(&space->containers, bcontainer, next);
+
+    ret = iommufd_cdev_attach_container(vbasedev, container, errp);
+    if (ret) {
+        goto err_attach_container;
+    }
+
+    ret = iommufd_cdev_ram_block_discard_disable(true);
+    if (ret) {
+        goto err_discard_disable;
+    }
+
+    ret = iommufd_cdev_get_info_iova_range(container, ioas_id, &err);
+    if (ret) {
+        error_append_hint(&err,
+                   "Fallback to default 64bit IOVA range and 4K page size\n");
+        warn_report_err(err);
+        err = NULL;
+        bcontainer->pgsizes = qemu_real_host_page_size();
+    }
+
+    bcontainer->listener = vfio_memory_listener;
+    memory_listener_register(&bcontainer->listener, bcontainer->space->as);
+
+    if (bcontainer->error) {
+        ret = -1;
+        error_propagate_prepend(errp, bcontainer->error,
+                                "memory listener initialization failed: ");
+        goto err_listener_register;
+    }
+
+    bcontainer->initialized = true;
+
+found_container:
+    ret = ioctl(devfd, VFIO_DEVICE_GET_INFO, &dev_info);
+    if (ret) {
+        error_setg_errno(errp, errno, "error getting device info");
+        goto err_listener_register;
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * TODO: examine RAM_BLOCK_DISCARD stuff, should we do group level
+     * for discarding incompatibility check as well?
+     */
+    if (vbasedev->ram_block_discard_allowed) {
+        iommufd_cdev_ram_block_discard_disable(false);
+    }
+
+    vbasedev->group = 0;
+    vbasedev->num_irqs = dev_info.num_irqs;
+    vbasedev->num_regions = dev_info.num_regions;
+    vbasedev->flags = dev_info.flags;
+    vbasedev->reset_works = !!(dev_info.flags & VFIO_DEVICE_FLAGS_RESET);
+    vbasedev->bcontainer = bcontainer;
+    QLIST_INSERT_HEAD(&bcontainer->device_list, vbasedev, container_next);
+    QLIST_INSERT_HEAD(&vfio_device_list, vbasedev, global_next);
+
+    trace_iommufd_cdev_device_info(vbasedev->name, devfd, vbasedev->num_irqs,
+                                   vbasedev->num_regions, vbasedev->flags);
+    return 0;
+
+err_listener_register:
+    iommufd_cdev_ram_block_discard_disable(false);
+err_discard_disable:
+    iommufd_cdev_detach_container(vbasedev, container);
+err_attach_container:
+    iommufd_cdev_container_destroy(container);
+err_alloc_ioas:
+    vfio_put_address_space(space);
+    iommufd_cdev_unbind_and_disconnect(vbasedev);
+err_connect_bind:
+    close(vbasedev->fd);
+    return ret;
+}
+
+static void iommufd_cdev_detach(VFIODevice *vbasedev)
+{
+    VFIOContainerBase *bcontainer = vbasedev->bcontainer;
+    VFIOAddressSpace *space = bcontainer->space;
+    VFIOIOMMUFDContainer *container = container_of(bcontainer,
+                                                   VFIOIOMMUFDContainer,
+                                                   bcontainer);
+    QLIST_REMOVE(vbasedev, global_next);
+    QLIST_REMOVE(vbasedev, container_next);
+    vbasedev->bcontainer = NULL;
+
+    if (!vbasedev->ram_block_discard_allowed) {
+        iommufd_cdev_ram_block_discard_disable(false);
+    }
+
+    iommufd_cdev_detach_container(vbasedev, container);
+    iommufd_cdev_container_destroy(container);
+    vfio_put_address_space(space);
+
+    iommufd_cdev_unbind_and_disconnect(vbasedev);
+    close(vbasedev->fd);
+}
+
+static VFIODevice *iommufd_cdev_pci_find_by_devid(__u32 devid)
+{
+    VFIODevice *vbasedev_iter;
+
+    QLIST_FOREACH(vbasedev_iter, &vfio_device_list, global_next) {
+        if (vbasedev_iter->bcontainer->ops != &vfio_iommufd_ops) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (devid == vbasedev_iter->devid) {
+            return vbasedev_iter;
+        }
+    }
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+static VFIOPCIDevice *
+iommufd_cdev_dep_get_realized_vpdev(struct vfio_pci_dependent_device *dep_dev,
+                                    VFIODevice *reset_dev)
+{
+    VFIODevice *vbasedev_tmp;
+
+    if (dep_dev->devid == reset_dev->devid ||
+        dep_dev->devid == VFIO_PCI_DEVID_OWNED) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    vbasedev_tmp = iommufd_cdev_pci_find_by_devid(dep_dev->devid);
+    if (!vbasedev_tmp || !vbasedev_tmp->dev->realized ||
+        vbasedev_tmp->type != VFIO_DEVICE_TYPE_PCI) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    return container_of(vbasedev_tmp, VFIOPCIDevice, vbasedev);
+}
+
+static int iommufd_cdev_pci_hot_reset(VFIODevice *vbasedev, bool single)
+{
+    VFIOPCIDevice *vdev = container_of(vbasedev, VFIOPCIDevice, vbasedev);
+    struct vfio_pci_hot_reset_info *info = NULL;
+    struct vfio_pci_dependent_device *devices;
+    struct vfio_pci_hot_reset *reset;
+    int ret, i;
+    bool multi = false;
+
+    trace_vfio_pci_hot_reset(vdev->vbasedev.name, single ? "one" : "multi");
+
+    if (!single) {
+        vfio_pci_pre_reset(vdev);
+    }
+    vdev->vbasedev.needs_reset = false;
+
+    ret = vfio_pci_get_pci_hot_reset_info(vdev, &info);
+
+    if (ret) {
+        goto out_single;
+    }
+
+    assert(info->flags & VFIO_PCI_HOT_RESET_FLAG_DEV_ID);
+
+    devices = &info->devices[0];
+
+    if (!(info->flags & VFIO_PCI_HOT_RESET_FLAG_DEV_ID_OWNED)) {
+        if (!vdev->has_pm_reset) {
+            for (i = 0; i < info->count; i++) {
+                if (devices[i].devid == VFIO_PCI_DEVID_NOT_OWNED) {
+                    error_report("vfio: Cannot reset device %s, "
+                                 "depends on device %04x:%02x:%02x.%x "
+                                 "which is not owned.",
+                                 vdev->vbasedev.name, devices[i].segment,
+                                 devices[i].bus, PCI_SLOT(devices[i].devfn),
+                                 PCI_FUNC(devices[i].devfn));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        ret = -EPERM;
+        goto out_single;
+    }
+
+    trace_vfio_pci_hot_reset_has_dep_devices(vdev->vbasedev.name);
+
+    for (i = 0; i < info->count; i++) {
+        VFIOPCIDevice *tmp;
+
+        trace_iommufd_cdev_pci_hot_reset_dep_devices(devices[i].segment,
+                                                     devices[i].bus,
+                                                     PCI_SLOT(devices[i].devfn),
+                                                     PCI_FUNC(devices[i].devfn),
+                                                     devices[i].devid);
+
+        /*
+         * If a VFIO cdev device is resettable, all the dependent devices
+         * are either bound to same iommufd or within same iommu_groups as
+         * one of the iommufd bound devices.
+         */
+        assert(devices[i].devid != VFIO_PCI_DEVID_NOT_OWNED);
+
+        tmp = iommufd_cdev_dep_get_realized_vpdev(&devices[i], &vdev->vbasedev);
+        if (!tmp) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        if (single) {
+            ret = -EINVAL;
+            goto out_single;
+        }
+        vfio_pci_pre_reset(tmp);
+        tmp->vbasedev.needs_reset = false;
+        multi = true;
+    }
+
+    if (!single && !multi) {
+        ret = -EINVAL;
+        goto out_single;
+    }
+
+    /* Use zero length array for hot reset with iommufd backend */
+    reset = g_malloc0(sizeof(*reset));
+    reset->argsz = sizeof(*reset);
+
+     /* Bus reset! */
+    ret = ioctl(vdev->vbasedev.fd, VFIO_DEVICE_PCI_HOT_RESET, reset);
+    g_free(reset);
+    if (ret) {
+        ret = -errno;
+    }
+
+    trace_vfio_pci_hot_reset_result(vdev->vbasedev.name,
+                                    ret ? strerror(errno) : "Success");
+
+    /* Re-enable INTx on affected devices */
+    for (i = 0; i < info->count; i++) {
+        VFIOPCIDevice *tmp;
+
+        tmp = iommufd_cdev_dep_get_realized_vpdev(&devices[i], &vdev->vbasedev);
+        if (!tmp) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        vfio_pci_post_reset(tmp);
+    }
+out_single:
+    if (!single) {
+        vfio_pci_post_reset(vdev);
+    }
+    g_free(info);
+
+    return ret;
+}
+
+const VFIOIOMMUOps vfio_iommufd_ops = {
+    .dma_map = iommufd_cdev_map,
+    .dma_unmap = iommufd_cdev_unmap,
+    .attach_device = iommufd_cdev_attach,
+    .detach_device = iommufd_cdev_detach,
+    .pci_hot_reset = iommufd_cdev_pci_hot_reset,
+};
diff --git a/hw/vfio/meson.build b/hw/vfio/meson.build
index 2a6912c..e5d98b6 100644
--- a/hw/vfio/meson.build
+++ b/hw/vfio/meson.build
@@ -2,10 +2,14 @@
 vfio_ss.add(files(
   'helpers.c',
   'common.c',
+  'container-base.c',
   'container.c',
   'spapr.c',
   'migration.c',
 ))
+vfio_ss.add(when: 'CONFIG_IOMMUFD', if_true: files(
+  'iommufd.c',
+))
 vfio_ss.add(when: 'CONFIG_VFIO_PCI', if_true: files(
   'display.c',
   'pci-quirks.c',
diff --git a/hw/vfio/pci.c b/hw/vfio/pci.c
index c62c02f..1874ec1 100644
--- a/hw/vfio/pci.c
+++ b/hw/vfio/pci.c
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
  */
 
 #include "qemu/osdep.h"
+#include CONFIG_DEVICES /* CONFIG_IOMMUFD */
 #include <linux/vfio.h>
 #include <sys/ioctl.h>
 
@@ -42,6 +43,7 @@
 #include "qapi/error.h"
 #include "migration/blocker.h"
 #include "migration/qemu-file.h"
+#include "sysemu/iommufd.h"
 
 #define TYPE_VFIO_PCI_NOHOTPLUG "vfio-pci-nohotplug"
 
@@ -2374,7 +2376,7 @@
     return 0;
 }
 
-static void vfio_pci_pre_reset(VFIOPCIDevice *vdev)
+void vfio_pci_pre_reset(VFIOPCIDevice *vdev)
 {
     PCIDevice *pdev = &vdev->pdev;
     uint16_t cmd;
@@ -2411,7 +2413,7 @@
     vfio_pci_write_config(pdev, PCI_COMMAND, cmd, 2);
 }
 
-static void vfio_pci_post_reset(VFIOPCIDevice *vdev)
+void vfio_pci_post_reset(VFIOPCIDevice *vdev)
 {
     Error *err = NULL;
     int nr;
@@ -2435,7 +2437,7 @@
     vfio_quirk_reset(vdev);
 }
 
-static bool vfio_pci_host_match(PCIHostDeviceAddress *addr, const char *name)
+bool vfio_pci_host_match(PCIHostDeviceAddress *addr, const char *name)
 {
     char tmp[13];
 
@@ -2445,22 +2447,13 @@
     return (strcmp(tmp, name) == 0);
 }
 
-static int vfio_pci_hot_reset(VFIOPCIDevice *vdev, bool single)
+int vfio_pci_get_pci_hot_reset_info(VFIOPCIDevice *vdev,
+                                    struct vfio_pci_hot_reset_info **info_p)
 {
-    VFIOGroup *group;
     struct vfio_pci_hot_reset_info *info;
-    struct vfio_pci_dependent_device *devices;
-    struct vfio_pci_hot_reset *reset;
-    int32_t *fds;
-    int ret, i, count;
-    bool multi = false;
+    int ret, count;
 
-    trace_vfio_pci_hot_reset(vdev->vbasedev.name, single ? "one" : "multi");
-
-    if (!single) {
-        vfio_pci_pre_reset(vdev);
-    }
-    vdev->vbasedev.needs_reset = false;
+    assert(info_p && !*info_p);
 
     info = g_malloc0(sizeof(*info));
     info->argsz = sizeof(*info);
@@ -2468,163 +2461,36 @@
     ret = ioctl(vdev->vbasedev.fd, VFIO_DEVICE_GET_PCI_HOT_RESET_INFO, info);
     if (ret && errno != ENOSPC) {
         ret = -errno;
+        g_free(info);
         if (!vdev->has_pm_reset) {
             error_report("vfio: Cannot reset device %s, "
                          "no available reset mechanism.", vdev->vbasedev.name);
         }
-        goto out_single;
+        return ret;
     }
 
     count = info->count;
-    info = g_realloc(info, sizeof(*info) + (count * sizeof(*devices)));
-    info->argsz = sizeof(*info) + (count * sizeof(*devices));
-    devices = &info->devices[0];
+    info = g_realloc(info, sizeof(*info) + (count * sizeof(info->devices[0])));
+    info->argsz = sizeof(*info) + (count * sizeof(info->devices[0]));
 
     ret = ioctl(vdev->vbasedev.fd, VFIO_DEVICE_GET_PCI_HOT_RESET_INFO, info);
     if (ret) {
         ret = -errno;
+        g_free(info);
         error_report("vfio: hot reset info failed: %m");
-        goto out_single;
+        return ret;
     }
 
-    trace_vfio_pci_hot_reset_has_dep_devices(vdev->vbasedev.name);
+    *info_p = info;
+    return 0;
+}
 
-    /* Verify that we have all the groups required */
-    for (i = 0; i < info->count; i++) {
-        PCIHostDeviceAddress host;
-        VFIOPCIDevice *tmp;
-        VFIODevice *vbasedev_iter;
+static int vfio_pci_hot_reset(VFIOPCIDevice *vdev, bool single)
+{
+    VFIODevice *vbasedev = &vdev->vbasedev;
+    const VFIOIOMMUOps *ops = vbasedev->bcontainer->ops;
 
-        host.domain = devices[i].segment;
-        host.bus = devices[i].bus;
-        host.slot = PCI_SLOT(devices[i].devfn);
-        host.function = PCI_FUNC(devices[i].devfn);
-
-        trace_vfio_pci_hot_reset_dep_devices(host.domain,
-                host.bus, host.slot, host.function, devices[i].group_id);
-
-        if (vfio_pci_host_match(&host, vdev->vbasedev.name)) {
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        QLIST_FOREACH(group, &vfio_group_list, next) {
-            if (group->groupid == devices[i].group_id) {
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-
-        if (!group) {
-            if (!vdev->has_pm_reset) {
-                error_report("vfio: Cannot reset device %s, "
-                             "depends on group %d which is not owned.",
-                             vdev->vbasedev.name, devices[i].group_id);
-            }
-            ret = -EPERM;
-            goto out;
-        }
-
-        /* Prep dependent devices for reset and clear our marker. */
-        QLIST_FOREACH(vbasedev_iter, &group->device_list, next) {
-            if (!vbasedev_iter->dev->realized ||
-                vbasedev_iter->type != VFIO_DEVICE_TYPE_PCI) {
-                continue;
-            }
-            tmp = container_of(vbasedev_iter, VFIOPCIDevice, vbasedev);
-            if (vfio_pci_host_match(&host, tmp->vbasedev.name)) {
-                if (single) {
-                    ret = -EINVAL;
-                    goto out_single;
-                }
-                vfio_pci_pre_reset(tmp);
-                tmp->vbasedev.needs_reset = false;
-                multi = true;
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    if (!single && !multi) {
-        ret = -EINVAL;
-        goto out_single;
-    }
-
-    /* Determine how many group fds need to be passed */
-    count = 0;
-    QLIST_FOREACH(group, &vfio_group_list, next) {
-        for (i = 0; i < info->count; i++) {
-            if (group->groupid == devices[i].group_id) {
-                count++;
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    reset = g_malloc0(sizeof(*reset) + (count * sizeof(*fds)));
-    reset->argsz = sizeof(*reset) + (count * sizeof(*fds));
-    fds = &reset->group_fds[0];
-
-    /* Fill in group fds */
-    QLIST_FOREACH(group, &vfio_group_list, next) {
-        for (i = 0; i < info->count; i++) {
-            if (group->groupid == devices[i].group_id) {
-                fds[reset->count++] = group->fd;
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    /* Bus reset! */
-    ret = ioctl(vdev->vbasedev.fd, VFIO_DEVICE_PCI_HOT_RESET, reset);
-    g_free(reset);
-
-    trace_vfio_pci_hot_reset_result(vdev->vbasedev.name,
-                                    ret ? strerror(errno) : "Success");
-
-out:
-    /* Re-enable INTx on affected devices */
-    for (i = 0; i < info->count; i++) {
-        PCIHostDeviceAddress host;
-        VFIOPCIDevice *tmp;
-        VFIODevice *vbasedev_iter;
-
-        host.domain = devices[i].segment;
-        host.bus = devices[i].bus;
-        host.slot = PCI_SLOT(devices[i].devfn);
-        host.function = PCI_FUNC(devices[i].devfn);
-
-        if (vfio_pci_host_match(&host, vdev->vbasedev.name)) {
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        QLIST_FOREACH(group, &vfio_group_list, next) {
-            if (group->groupid == devices[i].group_id) {
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-
-        if (!group) {
-            break;
-        }
-
-        QLIST_FOREACH(vbasedev_iter, &group->device_list, next) {
-            if (!vbasedev_iter->dev->realized ||
-                vbasedev_iter->type != VFIO_DEVICE_TYPE_PCI) {
-                continue;
-            }
-            tmp = container_of(vbasedev_iter, VFIOPCIDevice, vbasedev);
-            if (vfio_pci_host_match(&host, tmp->vbasedev.name)) {
-                vfio_pci_post_reset(tmp);
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-out_single:
-    if (!single) {
-        vfio_pci_post_reset(vdev);
-    }
-    g_free(info);
-
-    return ret;
+    return ops->pci_hot_reset(vbasedev, single);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -3078,17 +2944,19 @@
     VFIODevice *vbasedev = &vdev->vbasedev;
     char *tmp, *subsys;
     Error *err = NULL;
-    struct stat st;
     int i, ret;
     bool is_mdev;
     char uuid[UUID_STR_LEN];
     char *name;
 
-    if (!vbasedev->sysfsdev) {
+    if (vbasedev->fd < 0 && !vbasedev->sysfsdev) {
         if (!(~vdev->host.domain || ~vdev->host.bus ||
               ~vdev->host.slot || ~vdev->host.function)) {
             error_setg(errp, "No provided host device");
             error_append_hint(errp, "Use -device vfio-pci,host=DDDD:BB:DD.F "
+#ifdef CONFIG_IOMMUFD
+                              "or -device vfio-pci,fd=DEVICE_FD "
+#endif
                               "or -device vfio-pci,sysfsdev=PATH_TO_DEVICE\n");
             return;
         }
@@ -3098,17 +2966,10 @@
                             vdev->host.slot, vdev->host.function);
     }
 
-    if (stat(vbasedev->sysfsdev, &st) < 0) {
-        error_setg_errno(errp, errno, "no such host device");
-        error_prepend(errp, VFIO_MSG_PREFIX, vbasedev->sysfsdev);
+    if (vfio_device_get_name(vbasedev, errp) < 0) {
         return;
     }
 
-    vbasedev->name = g_path_get_basename(vbasedev->sysfsdev);
-    vbasedev->ops = &vfio_pci_ops;
-    vbasedev->type = VFIO_DEVICE_TYPE_PCI;
-    vbasedev->dev = DEVICE(vdev);
-
     /*
      * Mediated devices *might* operate compatibly with discarding of RAM, but
      * we cannot know for certain, it depends on whether the mdev vendor driver
@@ -3456,6 +3317,7 @@
 {
     PCIDevice *pci_dev = PCI_DEVICE(obj);
     VFIOPCIDevice *vdev = VFIO_PCI(obj);
+    VFIODevice *vbasedev = &vdev->vbasedev;
 
     device_add_bootindex_property(obj, &vdev->bootindex,
                                   "bootindex", NULL,
@@ -3465,6 +3327,9 @@
     vdev->host.slot = ~0U;
     vdev->host.function = ~0U;
 
+    vfio_device_init(vbasedev, VFIO_DEVICE_TYPE_PCI, &vfio_pci_ops,
+                     DEVICE(vdev), false);
+
     vdev->nv_gpudirect_clique = 0xFF;
 
     /* QEMU_PCI_CAP_EXPRESS initialization does not depend on QEMU command
@@ -3517,14 +3382,20 @@
                                    qdev_prop_nv_gpudirect_clique, uint8_t),
     DEFINE_PROP_OFF_AUTO_PCIBAR("x-msix-relocation", VFIOPCIDevice, msix_relo,
                                 OFF_AUTOPCIBAR_OFF),
-    /*
-     * TODO - support passed fds... is this necessary?
-     * DEFINE_PROP_STRING("vfiofd", VFIOPCIDevice, vfiofd_name),
-     * DEFINE_PROP_STRING("vfiogroupfd, VFIOPCIDevice, vfiogroupfd_name),
-     */
+#ifdef CONFIG_IOMMUFD
+    DEFINE_PROP_LINK("iommufd", VFIOPCIDevice, vbasedev.iommufd,
+                     TYPE_IOMMUFD_BACKEND, IOMMUFDBackend *),
+#endif
     DEFINE_PROP_END_OF_LIST(),
 };
 
+#ifdef CONFIG_IOMMUFD
+static void vfio_pci_set_fd(Object *obj, const char *str, Error **errp)
+{
+    vfio_device_set_fd(&VFIO_PCI(obj)->vbasedev, str, errp);
+}
+#endif
+
 static void vfio_pci_dev_class_init(ObjectClass *klass, void *data)
 {
     DeviceClass *dc = DEVICE_CLASS(klass);
@@ -3532,6 +3403,9 @@
 
     dc->reset = vfio_pci_reset;
     device_class_set_props(dc, vfio_pci_dev_properties);
+#ifdef CONFIG_IOMMUFD
+    object_class_property_add_str(klass, "fd", NULL, vfio_pci_set_fd);
+#endif
     dc->desc = "VFIO-based PCI device assignment";
     set_bit(DEVICE_CATEGORY_MISC, dc->categories);
     pdc->realize = vfio_realize;
diff --git a/hw/vfio/pci.h b/hw/vfio/pci.h
index fba8737..6e64a26 100644
--- a/hw/vfio/pci.h
+++ b/hw/vfio/pci.h
@@ -218,6 +218,12 @@
 
 extern const PropertyInfo qdev_prop_nv_gpudirect_clique;
 
+void vfio_pci_pre_reset(VFIOPCIDevice *vdev);
+void vfio_pci_post_reset(VFIOPCIDevice *vdev);
+bool vfio_pci_host_match(PCIHostDeviceAddress *addr, const char *name);
+int vfio_pci_get_pci_hot_reset_info(VFIOPCIDevice *vdev,
+                                    struct vfio_pci_hot_reset_info **info_p);
+
 int vfio_populate_vga(VFIOPCIDevice *vdev, Error **errp);
 
 int vfio_pci_igd_opregion_init(VFIOPCIDevice *vdev,
diff --git a/hw/vfio/platform.c b/hw/vfio/platform.c
index 8e3d4ac..a8d9b7d 100644
--- a/hw/vfio/platform.c
+++ b/hw/vfio/platform.c
@@ -15,11 +15,13 @@
  */
 
 #include "qemu/osdep.h"
+#include CONFIG_DEVICES /* CONFIG_IOMMUFD */
 #include "qapi/error.h"
 #include <sys/ioctl.h>
 #include <linux/vfio.h>
 
 #include "hw/vfio/vfio-platform.h"
+#include "sysemu/iommufd.h"
 #include "migration/vmstate.h"
 #include "qemu/error-report.h"
 #include "qemu/lockable.h"
@@ -529,14 +531,13 @@
  */
 static int vfio_base_device_init(VFIODevice *vbasedev, Error **errp)
 {
-    struct stat st;
     int ret;
 
-    /* @sysfsdev takes precedence over @host */
-    if (vbasedev->sysfsdev) {
+    /* @fd takes precedence over @sysfsdev which takes precedence over @host */
+    if (vbasedev->fd < 0 && vbasedev->sysfsdev) {
         g_free(vbasedev->name);
         vbasedev->name = g_path_get_basename(vbasedev->sysfsdev);
-    } else {
+    } else if (vbasedev->fd < 0) {
         if (!vbasedev->name || strchr(vbasedev->name, '/')) {
             error_setg(errp, "wrong host device name");
             return -EINVAL;
@@ -546,10 +547,9 @@
                                              vbasedev->name);
     }
 
-    if (stat(vbasedev->sysfsdev, &st) < 0) {
-        error_setg_errno(errp, errno,
-                         "failed to get the sysfs host device file status");
-        return -errno;
+    ret = vfio_device_get_name(vbasedev, errp);
+    if (ret) {
+        return ret;
     }
 
     ret = vfio_attach_device(vbasedev->name, vbasedev,
@@ -581,10 +581,6 @@
     VFIODevice *vbasedev = &vdev->vbasedev;
     int i, ret;
 
-    vbasedev->type = VFIO_DEVICE_TYPE_PLATFORM;
-    vbasedev->dev = dev;
-    vbasedev->ops = &vfio_platform_ops;
-
     qemu_mutex_init(&vdev->intp_mutex);
 
     trace_vfio_platform_realize(vbasedev->sysfsdev ?
@@ -649,9 +645,29 @@
     DEFINE_PROP_UINT32("mmap-timeout-ms", VFIOPlatformDevice,
                        mmap_timeout, 1100),
     DEFINE_PROP_BOOL("x-irqfd", VFIOPlatformDevice, irqfd_allowed, true),
+#ifdef CONFIG_IOMMUFD
+    DEFINE_PROP_LINK("iommufd", VFIOPlatformDevice, vbasedev.iommufd,
+                     TYPE_IOMMUFD_BACKEND, IOMMUFDBackend *),
+#endif
     DEFINE_PROP_END_OF_LIST(),
 };
 
+static void vfio_platform_instance_init(Object *obj)
+{
+    VFIOPlatformDevice *vdev = VFIO_PLATFORM_DEVICE(obj);
+    VFIODevice *vbasedev = &vdev->vbasedev;
+
+    vfio_device_init(vbasedev, VFIO_DEVICE_TYPE_PLATFORM, &vfio_platform_ops,
+                     DEVICE(vdev), false);
+}
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_IOMMUFD
+static void vfio_platform_set_fd(Object *obj, const char *str, Error **errp)
+{
+    vfio_device_set_fd(&VFIO_PLATFORM_DEVICE(obj)->vbasedev, str, errp);
+}
+#endif
+
 static void vfio_platform_class_init(ObjectClass *klass, void *data)
 {
     DeviceClass *dc = DEVICE_CLASS(klass);
@@ -659,6 +675,9 @@
 
     dc->realize = vfio_platform_realize;
     device_class_set_props(dc, vfio_platform_dev_properties);
+#ifdef CONFIG_IOMMUFD
+    object_class_property_add_str(klass, "fd", NULL, vfio_platform_set_fd);
+#endif
     dc->vmsd = &vfio_platform_vmstate;
     dc->desc = "VFIO-based platform device assignment";
     sbc->connect_irq_notifier = vfio_start_irqfd_injection;
@@ -671,6 +690,7 @@
     .name = TYPE_VFIO_PLATFORM,
     .parent = TYPE_SYS_BUS_DEVICE,
     .instance_size = sizeof(VFIOPlatformDevice),
+    .instance_init = vfio_platform_instance_init,
     .class_init = vfio_platform_class_init,
     .class_size = sizeof(VFIOPlatformDeviceClass),
 };
diff --git a/hw/vfio/spapr.c b/hw/vfio/spapr.c
index 83da2f7..5c6426e 100644
--- a/hw/vfio/spapr.c
+++ b/hw/vfio/spapr.c
@@ -24,6 +24,12 @@
 #include "qapi/error.h"
 #include "trace.h"
 
+typedef struct VFIOSpaprContainer {
+    VFIOContainer container;
+    MemoryListener prereg_listener;
+    QLIST_HEAD(, VFIOHostDMAWindow) hostwin_list;
+} VFIOSpaprContainer;
+
 static bool vfio_prereg_listener_skipped_section(MemoryRegionSection *section)
 {
     if (memory_region_is_iommu(section->mr)) {
@@ -44,8 +50,10 @@
 static void vfio_prereg_listener_region_add(MemoryListener *listener,
                                             MemoryRegionSection *section)
 {
-    VFIOContainer *container = container_of(listener, VFIOContainer,
-                                            prereg_listener);
+    VFIOSpaprContainer *scontainer = container_of(listener, VFIOSpaprContainer,
+                                                  prereg_listener);
+    VFIOContainer *container = &scontainer->container;
+    VFIOContainerBase *bcontainer = &container->bcontainer;
     const hwaddr gpa = section->offset_within_address_space;
     hwaddr end;
     int ret;
@@ -88,9 +96,9 @@
          * can gracefully fail.  Runtime, there's not much we can do other
          * than throw a hardware error.
          */
-        if (!container->initialized) {
-            if (!container->error) {
-                error_setg_errno(&container->error, -ret,
+        if (!bcontainer->initialized) {
+            if (!bcontainer->error) {
+                error_setg_errno(&bcontainer->error, -ret,
                                  "Memory registering failed");
             }
         } else {
@@ -102,8 +110,9 @@
 static void vfio_prereg_listener_region_del(MemoryListener *listener,
                                             MemoryRegionSection *section)
 {
-    VFIOContainer *container = container_of(listener, VFIOContainer,
-                                            prereg_listener);
+    VFIOSpaprContainer *scontainer = container_of(listener, VFIOSpaprContainer,
+                                                  prereg_listener);
+    VFIOContainer *container = &scontainer->container;
     const hwaddr gpa = section->offset_within_address_space;
     hwaddr end;
     int ret;
@@ -146,12 +155,12 @@
     .region_del = vfio_prereg_listener_region_del,
 };
 
-static void vfio_host_win_add(VFIOContainer *container, hwaddr min_iova,
+static void vfio_host_win_add(VFIOSpaprContainer *scontainer, hwaddr min_iova,
                               hwaddr max_iova, uint64_t iova_pgsizes)
 {
     VFIOHostDMAWindow *hostwin;
 
-    QLIST_FOREACH(hostwin, &container->hostwin_list, hostwin_next) {
+    QLIST_FOREACH(hostwin, &scontainer->hostwin_list, hostwin_next) {
         if (ranges_overlap(hostwin->min_iova,
                            hostwin->max_iova - hostwin->min_iova + 1,
                            min_iova,
@@ -165,15 +174,15 @@
     hostwin->min_iova = min_iova;
     hostwin->max_iova = max_iova;
     hostwin->iova_pgsizes = iova_pgsizes;
-    QLIST_INSERT_HEAD(&container->hostwin_list, hostwin, hostwin_next);
+    QLIST_INSERT_HEAD(&scontainer->hostwin_list, hostwin, hostwin_next);
 }
 
-static int vfio_host_win_del(VFIOContainer *container,
+static int vfio_host_win_del(VFIOSpaprContainer *scontainer,
                              hwaddr min_iova, hwaddr max_iova)
 {
     VFIOHostDMAWindow *hostwin;
 
-    QLIST_FOREACH(hostwin, &container->hostwin_list, hostwin_next) {
+    QLIST_FOREACH(hostwin, &scontainer->hostwin_list, hostwin_next) {
         if (hostwin->min_iova == min_iova && hostwin->max_iova == max_iova) {
             QLIST_REMOVE(hostwin, hostwin_next);
             g_free(hostwin);
@@ -184,7 +193,7 @@
     return -1;
 }
 
-static VFIOHostDMAWindow *vfio_find_hostwin(VFIOContainer *container,
+static VFIOHostDMAWindow *vfio_find_hostwin(VFIOSpaprContainer *container,
                                             hwaddr iova, hwaddr end)
 {
     VFIOHostDMAWindow *hostwin;
@@ -226,6 +235,7 @@
                                     hwaddr *pgsize)
 {
     int ret = 0;
+    VFIOContainerBase *bcontainer = &container->bcontainer;
     IOMMUMemoryRegion *iommu_mr = IOMMU_MEMORY_REGION(section->mr);
     uint64_t pagesize = memory_region_iommu_get_min_page_size(iommu_mr), pgmask;
     unsigned entries, bits_total, bits_per_level, max_levels;
@@ -239,13 +249,13 @@
     if (pagesize > rampagesize) {
         pagesize = rampagesize;
     }
-    pgmask = container->pgsizes & (pagesize | (pagesize - 1));
+    pgmask = bcontainer->pgsizes & (pagesize | (pagesize - 1));
     pagesize = pgmask ? (1ULL << (63 - clz64(pgmask))) : 0;
     if (!pagesize) {
         error_report("Host doesn't support page size 0x%"PRIx64
                      ", the supported mask is 0x%lx",
                      memory_region_iommu_get_min_page_size(iommu_mr),
-                     container->pgsizes);
+                     bcontainer->pgsizes);
         return -EINVAL;
     }
 
@@ -313,10 +323,15 @@
     return 0;
 }
 
-int vfio_container_add_section_window(VFIOContainer *container,
-                                      MemoryRegionSection *section,
-                                      Error **errp)
+static int
+vfio_spapr_container_add_section_window(VFIOContainerBase *bcontainer,
+                                        MemoryRegionSection *section,
+                                        Error **errp)
 {
+    VFIOContainer *container = container_of(bcontainer, VFIOContainer,
+                                            bcontainer);
+    VFIOSpaprContainer *scontainer = container_of(container, VFIOSpaprContainer,
+                                                  container);
     VFIOHostDMAWindow *hostwin;
     hwaddr pgsize = 0;
     int ret;
@@ -332,7 +347,7 @@
         iova = section->offset_within_address_space;
         end = iova + int128_get64(section->size) - 1;
 
-        if (!vfio_find_hostwin(container, iova, end)) {
+        if (!vfio_find_hostwin(scontainer, iova, end)) {
             error_setg(errp, "Container %p can't map guest IOVA region"
                        " 0x%"HWADDR_PRIx"..0x%"HWADDR_PRIx, container,
                        iova, end);
@@ -346,7 +361,7 @@
     }
 
     /* For now intersections are not allowed, we may relax this later */
-    QLIST_FOREACH(hostwin, &container->hostwin_list, hostwin_next) {
+    QLIST_FOREACH(hostwin, &scontainer->hostwin_list, hostwin_next) {
         if (ranges_overlap(hostwin->min_iova,
                            hostwin->max_iova - hostwin->min_iova + 1,
                            section->offset_within_address_space,
@@ -368,7 +383,7 @@
         return ret;
     }
 
-    vfio_host_win_add(container, section->offset_within_address_space,
+    vfio_host_win_add(scontainer, section->offset_within_address_space,
                       section->offset_within_address_space +
                       int128_get64(section->size) - 1, pgsize);
 #ifdef CONFIG_KVM
@@ -401,16 +416,22 @@
     return 0;
 }
 
-void vfio_container_del_section_window(VFIOContainer *container,
-                                       MemoryRegionSection *section)
+static void
+vfio_spapr_container_del_section_window(VFIOContainerBase *bcontainer,
+                                        MemoryRegionSection *section)
 {
+    VFIOContainer *container = container_of(bcontainer, VFIOContainer,
+                                            bcontainer);
+    VFIOSpaprContainer *scontainer = container_of(container, VFIOSpaprContainer,
+                                                  container);
+
     if (container->iommu_type != VFIO_SPAPR_TCE_v2_IOMMU) {
         return;
     }
 
     vfio_spapr_remove_window(container,
                              section->offset_within_address_space);
-    if (vfio_host_win_del(container,
+    if (vfio_host_win_del(scontainer,
                           section->offset_within_address_space,
                           section->offset_within_address_space +
                           int128_get64(section->size) - 1) < 0) {
@@ -419,13 +440,26 @@
     }
 }
 
+static VFIOIOMMUOps vfio_iommu_spapr_ops;
+
+static void setup_spapr_ops(VFIOContainerBase *bcontainer)
+{
+    vfio_iommu_spapr_ops = *bcontainer->ops;
+    vfio_iommu_spapr_ops.add_window = vfio_spapr_container_add_section_window;
+    vfio_iommu_spapr_ops.del_window = vfio_spapr_container_del_section_window;
+    bcontainer->ops = &vfio_iommu_spapr_ops;
+}
+
 int vfio_spapr_container_init(VFIOContainer *container, Error **errp)
 {
+    VFIOContainerBase *bcontainer = &container->bcontainer;
+    VFIOSpaprContainer *scontainer = container_of(container, VFIOSpaprContainer,
+                                                  container);
     struct vfio_iommu_spapr_tce_info info;
     bool v2 = container->iommu_type == VFIO_SPAPR_TCE_v2_IOMMU;
     int ret, fd = container->fd;
 
-    QLIST_INIT(&container->hostwin_list);
+    QLIST_INIT(&scontainer->hostwin_list);
 
     /*
      * The host kernel code implementing VFIO_IOMMU_DISABLE is called
@@ -439,13 +473,13 @@
             return -errno;
         }
     } else {
-        container->prereg_listener = vfio_prereg_listener;
+        scontainer->prereg_listener = vfio_prereg_listener;
 
-        memory_listener_register(&container->prereg_listener,
+        memory_listener_register(&scontainer->prereg_listener,
                                  &address_space_memory);
-        if (container->error) {
+        if (bcontainer->error) {
             ret = -1;
-            error_propagate_prepend(errp, container->error,
+            error_propagate_prepend(errp, bcontainer->error,
                     "RAM memory listener initialization failed: ");
             goto listener_unregister_exit;
         }
@@ -461,7 +495,7 @@
     }
 
     if (v2) {
-        container->pgsizes = info.ddw.pgsizes;
+        bcontainer->pgsizes = info.ddw.pgsizes;
         /*
          * There is a default window in just created container.
          * To make region_add/del simpler, we better remove this
@@ -476,30 +510,34 @@
         }
     } else {
         /* The default table uses 4K pages */
-        container->pgsizes = 0x1000;
-        vfio_host_win_add(container, info.dma32_window_start,
+        bcontainer->pgsizes = 0x1000;
+        vfio_host_win_add(scontainer, info.dma32_window_start,
                           info.dma32_window_start +
                           info.dma32_window_size - 1,
                           0x1000);
     }
 
+    setup_spapr_ops(bcontainer);
+
     return 0;
 
 listener_unregister_exit:
     if (v2) {
-        memory_listener_unregister(&container->prereg_listener);
+        memory_listener_unregister(&scontainer->prereg_listener);
     }
     return ret;
 }
 
 void vfio_spapr_container_deinit(VFIOContainer *container)
 {
+    VFIOSpaprContainer *scontainer = container_of(container, VFIOSpaprContainer,
+                                                  container);
     VFIOHostDMAWindow *hostwin, *next;
 
     if (container->iommu_type == VFIO_SPAPR_TCE_v2_IOMMU) {
-        memory_listener_unregister(&container->prereg_listener);
+        memory_listener_unregister(&scontainer->prereg_listener);
     }
-    QLIST_FOREACH_SAFE(hostwin, &container->hostwin_list, hostwin_next,
+    QLIST_FOREACH_SAFE(hostwin, &scontainer->hostwin_list, hostwin_next,
                        next) {
         QLIST_REMOVE(hostwin, hostwin_next);
         g_free(hostwin);
diff --git a/hw/vfio/trace-events b/hw/vfio/trace-events
index 0eb2387..8fdde54 100644
--- a/hw/vfio/trace-events
+++ b/hw/vfio/trace-events
@@ -116,8 +116,8 @@
 vfio_region_sparse_mmap_header(const char *name, int index, int nr_areas) "Device %s region %d: %d sparse mmap entries"
 vfio_region_sparse_mmap_entry(int i, unsigned long start, unsigned long end) "sparse entry %d [0x%lx - 0x%lx]"
 vfio_get_dev_region(const char *name, int index, uint32_t type, uint32_t subtype) "%s index %d, %08x/%08x"
-vfio_dma_unmap_overflow_workaround(void) ""
-vfio_get_dirty_bitmap(int fd, uint64_t iova, uint64_t size, uint64_t bitmap_size, uint64_t start, uint64_t dirty_pages) "container fd=%d, iova=0x%"PRIx64" size= 0x%"PRIx64" bitmap_size=0x%"PRIx64" start=0x%"PRIx64" dirty_pages=%"PRIu64
+vfio_legacy_dma_unmap_overflow_workaround(void) ""
+vfio_get_dirty_bitmap(uint64_t iova, uint64_t size, uint64_t bitmap_size, uint64_t start, uint64_t dirty_pages) "iova=0x%"PRIx64" size= 0x%"PRIx64" bitmap_size=0x%"PRIx64" start=0x%"PRIx64" dirty_pages=%"PRIu64
 vfio_iommu_map_dirty_notify(uint64_t iova_start, uint64_t iova_end) "iommu dirty @ 0x%"PRIx64" - 0x%"PRIx64
 
 # platform.c
@@ -164,3 +164,14 @@
 vfio_state_pending_exact(const char *name, uint64_t precopy, uint64_t postcopy, uint64_t stopcopy_size, uint64_t precopy_init_size, uint64_t precopy_dirty_size) " (%s) precopy 0x%"PRIx64" postcopy 0x%"PRIx64" stopcopy size 0x%"PRIx64" precopy initial size 0x%"PRIx64" precopy dirty size 0x%"PRIx64
 vfio_vmstate_change(const char *name, int running, const char *reason, const char *dev_state) " (%s) running %d reason %s device state %s"
 vfio_vmstate_change_prepare(const char *name, int running, const char *reason, const char *dev_state) " (%s) running %d reason %s device state %s"
+
+#iommufd.c
+
+iommufd_cdev_connect_and_bind(int iommufd, const char *name, int devfd, int devid) " [iommufd=%d] Successfully bound device %s (fd=%d): output devid=%d"
+iommufd_cdev_getfd(const char *dev, int devfd) " %s (fd=%d)"
+iommufd_cdev_attach_ioas_hwpt(int iommufd, const char *name, int devfd, int id) " [iommufd=%d] Successfully attached device %s (%d) to id=%d"
+iommufd_cdev_detach_ioas_hwpt(int iommufd, const char *name) " [iommufd=%d] Successfully detached %s"
+iommufd_cdev_fail_attach_existing_container(const char *msg) " %s"
+iommufd_cdev_alloc_ioas(int iommufd, int ioas_id) " [iommufd=%d] new IOMMUFD container with ioasid=%d"
+iommufd_cdev_device_info(char *name, int devfd, int num_irqs, int num_regions, int flags) " %s (%d) num_irqs=%d num_regions=%d flags=%d"
+iommufd_cdev_pci_hot_reset_dep_devices(int domain, int bus, int slot, int function, int dev_id) "\t%04x:%02x:%02x.%x devid %d"
diff --git a/include/hw/vfio/vfio-common.h b/include/hw/vfio/vfio-common.h
index a4a22ac..b8aa8a5 100644
--- a/include/hw/vfio/vfio-common.h
+++ b/include/hw/vfio/vfio-common.h
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@
 #include <linux/vfio.h>
 #endif
 #include "sysemu/sysemu.h"
+#include "hw/vfio/vfio-container-base.h"
 
 #define VFIO_MSG_PREFIX "vfio %s: "
 
@@ -72,54 +73,15 @@
     bool initial_data_sent;
 } VFIOMigration;
 
-typedef struct VFIOAddressSpace {
-    AddressSpace *as;
-    QLIST_HEAD(, VFIOContainer) containers;
-    QLIST_ENTRY(VFIOAddressSpace) list;
-} VFIOAddressSpace;
-
 struct VFIOGroup;
 
 typedef struct VFIOContainer {
-    VFIOAddressSpace *space;
+    VFIOContainerBase bcontainer;
     int fd; /* /dev/vfio/vfio, empowered by the attached groups */
-    MemoryListener listener;
-    MemoryListener prereg_listener;
     unsigned iommu_type;
-    Error *error;
-    bool initialized;
-    bool dirty_pages_supported;
-    uint64_t dirty_pgsizes;
-    uint64_t max_dirty_bitmap_size;
-    unsigned long pgsizes;
-    unsigned int dma_max_mappings;
-    QLIST_HEAD(, VFIOGuestIOMMU) giommu_list;
-    QLIST_HEAD(, VFIOHostDMAWindow) hostwin_list;
     QLIST_HEAD(, VFIOGroup) group_list;
-    QLIST_HEAD(, VFIORamDiscardListener) vrdl_list;
-    QLIST_ENTRY(VFIOContainer) next;
-    QLIST_HEAD(, VFIODevice) device_list;
-    GList *iova_ranges;
 } VFIOContainer;
 
-typedef struct VFIOGuestIOMMU {
-    VFIOContainer *container;
-    IOMMUMemoryRegion *iommu_mr;
-    hwaddr iommu_offset;
-    IOMMUNotifier n;
-    QLIST_ENTRY(VFIOGuestIOMMU) giommu_next;
-} VFIOGuestIOMMU;
-
-typedef struct VFIORamDiscardListener {
-    VFIOContainer *container;
-    MemoryRegion *mr;
-    hwaddr offset_within_address_space;
-    hwaddr size;
-    uint64_t granularity;
-    RamDiscardListener listener;
-    QLIST_ENTRY(VFIORamDiscardListener) next;
-} VFIORamDiscardListener;
-
 typedef struct VFIOHostDMAWindow {
     hwaddr min_iova;
     hwaddr max_iova;
@@ -127,6 +89,14 @@
     QLIST_ENTRY(VFIOHostDMAWindow) hostwin_next;
 } VFIOHostDMAWindow;
 
+typedef struct IOMMUFDBackend IOMMUFDBackend;
+
+typedef struct VFIOIOMMUFDContainer {
+    VFIOContainerBase bcontainer;
+    IOMMUFDBackend *be;
+    uint32_t ioas_id;
+} VFIOIOMMUFDContainer;
+
 typedef struct VFIODeviceOps VFIODeviceOps;
 
 typedef struct VFIODevice {
@@ -134,7 +104,7 @@
     QLIST_ENTRY(VFIODevice) container_next;
     QLIST_ENTRY(VFIODevice) global_next;
     struct VFIOGroup *group;
-    VFIOContainer *container;
+    VFIOContainerBase *bcontainer;
     char *sysfsdev;
     char *name;
     DeviceState *dev;
@@ -154,6 +124,8 @@
     OnOffAuto pre_copy_dirty_page_tracking;
     bool dirty_pages_supported;
     bool dirty_tracking;
+    int devid;
+    IOMMUFDBackend *iommufd;
 } VFIODevice;
 
 struct VFIODeviceOps {
@@ -201,31 +173,10 @@
     } dmabuf;
 } VFIODisplay;
 
-typedef struct {
-    unsigned long *bitmap;
-    hwaddr size;
-    hwaddr pages;
-} VFIOBitmap;
-
 VFIOAddressSpace *vfio_get_address_space(AddressSpace *as);
 void vfio_put_address_space(VFIOAddressSpace *space);
-bool vfio_devices_all_running_and_saving(VFIOContainer *container);
-
-/* container->fd */
-int vfio_dma_unmap(VFIOContainer *container, hwaddr iova,
-                   ram_addr_t size, IOMMUTLBEntry *iotlb);
-int vfio_dma_map(VFIOContainer *container, hwaddr iova,
-                 ram_addr_t size, void *vaddr, bool readonly);
-int vfio_set_dirty_page_tracking(VFIOContainer *container, bool start);
-int vfio_query_dirty_bitmap(VFIOContainer *container, VFIOBitmap *vbmap,
-                            hwaddr iova, hwaddr size);
 
 /* SPAPR specific */
-int vfio_container_add_section_window(VFIOContainer *container,
-                                      MemoryRegionSection *section,
-                                      Error **errp);
-void vfio_container_del_section_window(VFIOContainer *container,
-                                       MemoryRegionSection *section);
 int vfio_spapr_container_init(VFIOContainer *container, Error **errp);
 void vfio_spapr_container_deinit(VFIOContainer *container);
 
@@ -259,7 +210,8 @@
 typedef QLIST_HEAD(VFIODeviceList, VFIODevice) VFIODeviceList;
 extern VFIOGroupList vfio_group_list;
 extern VFIODeviceList vfio_device_list;
-
+extern const VFIOIOMMUOps vfio_legacy_ops;
+extern const VFIOIOMMUOps vfio_iommufd_ops;
 extern const MemoryListener vfio_memory_listener;
 extern int vfio_kvm_device_fd;
 
@@ -292,11 +244,19 @@
 void vfio_migration_exit(VFIODevice *vbasedev);
 
 int vfio_bitmap_alloc(VFIOBitmap *vbmap, hwaddr size);
-bool vfio_devices_all_running_and_mig_active(VFIOContainer *container);
-bool vfio_devices_all_device_dirty_tracking(VFIOContainer *container);
-int vfio_devices_query_dirty_bitmap(VFIOContainer *container,
+bool
+vfio_devices_all_running_and_mig_active(const VFIOContainerBase *bcontainer);
+bool
+vfio_devices_all_device_dirty_tracking(const VFIOContainerBase *bcontainer);
+int vfio_devices_query_dirty_bitmap(const VFIOContainerBase *bcontainer,
                                     VFIOBitmap *vbmap, hwaddr iova,
                                     hwaddr size);
-int vfio_get_dirty_bitmap(VFIOContainer *container, uint64_t iova,
-                                 uint64_t size, ram_addr_t ram_addr);
+int vfio_get_dirty_bitmap(const VFIOContainerBase *bcontainer, uint64_t iova,
+                          uint64_t size, ram_addr_t ram_addr);
+
+/* Returns 0 on success, or a negative errno. */
+int vfio_device_get_name(VFIODevice *vbasedev, Error **errp);
+void vfio_device_set_fd(VFIODevice *vbasedev, const char *str, Error **errp);
+void vfio_device_init(VFIODevice *vbasedev, int type, VFIODeviceOps *ops,
+                      DeviceState *dev, bool ram_discard);
 #endif /* HW_VFIO_VFIO_COMMON_H */
diff --git a/include/hw/vfio/vfio-container-base.h b/include/hw/vfio/vfio-container-base.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2ae297c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/hw/vfio/vfio-container-base.h
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+/*
+ * VFIO BASE CONTAINER
+ *
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 Intel Corporation.
+ * Copyright Red Hat, Inc. 2023
+ *
+ * Authors: Yi Liu <yi.l.liu@intel.com>
+ *          Eric Auger <eric.auger@redhat.com>
+ *
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
+ */
+
+#ifndef HW_VFIO_VFIO_CONTAINER_BASE_H
+#define HW_VFIO_VFIO_CONTAINER_BASE_H
+
+#include "exec/memory.h"
+
+typedef struct VFIODevice VFIODevice;
+typedef struct VFIOIOMMUOps VFIOIOMMUOps;
+
+typedef struct {
+    unsigned long *bitmap;
+    hwaddr size;
+    hwaddr pages;
+} VFIOBitmap;
+
+typedef struct VFIOAddressSpace {
+    AddressSpace *as;
+    QLIST_HEAD(, VFIOContainerBase) containers;
+    QLIST_ENTRY(VFIOAddressSpace) list;
+} VFIOAddressSpace;
+
+/*
+ * This is the base object for vfio container backends
+ */
+typedef struct VFIOContainerBase {
+    const VFIOIOMMUOps *ops;
+    VFIOAddressSpace *space;
+    MemoryListener listener;
+    Error *error;
+    bool initialized;
+    uint64_t dirty_pgsizes;
+    uint64_t max_dirty_bitmap_size;
+    unsigned long pgsizes;
+    unsigned int dma_max_mappings;
+    bool dirty_pages_supported;
+    QLIST_HEAD(, VFIOGuestIOMMU) giommu_list;
+    QLIST_HEAD(, VFIORamDiscardListener) vrdl_list;
+    QLIST_ENTRY(VFIOContainerBase) next;
+    QLIST_HEAD(, VFIODevice) device_list;
+    GList *iova_ranges;
+} VFIOContainerBase;
+
+typedef struct VFIOGuestIOMMU {
+    VFIOContainerBase *bcontainer;
+    IOMMUMemoryRegion *iommu_mr;
+    hwaddr iommu_offset;
+    IOMMUNotifier n;
+    QLIST_ENTRY(VFIOGuestIOMMU) giommu_next;
+} VFIOGuestIOMMU;
+
+typedef struct VFIORamDiscardListener {
+    VFIOContainerBase *bcontainer;
+    MemoryRegion *mr;
+    hwaddr offset_within_address_space;
+    hwaddr size;
+    uint64_t granularity;
+    RamDiscardListener listener;
+    QLIST_ENTRY(VFIORamDiscardListener) next;
+} VFIORamDiscardListener;
+
+int vfio_container_dma_map(VFIOContainerBase *bcontainer,
+                           hwaddr iova, ram_addr_t size,
+                           void *vaddr, bool readonly);
+int vfio_container_dma_unmap(VFIOContainerBase *bcontainer,
+                             hwaddr iova, ram_addr_t size,
+                             IOMMUTLBEntry *iotlb);
+int vfio_container_add_section_window(VFIOContainerBase *bcontainer,
+                                      MemoryRegionSection *section,
+                                      Error **errp);
+void vfio_container_del_section_window(VFIOContainerBase *bcontainer,
+                                       MemoryRegionSection *section);
+int vfio_container_set_dirty_page_tracking(VFIOContainerBase *bcontainer,
+                                           bool start);
+int vfio_container_query_dirty_bitmap(const VFIOContainerBase *bcontainer,
+                                      VFIOBitmap *vbmap,
+                                      hwaddr iova, hwaddr size);
+
+void vfio_container_init(VFIOContainerBase *bcontainer,
+                         VFIOAddressSpace *space,
+                         const VFIOIOMMUOps *ops);
+void vfio_container_destroy(VFIOContainerBase *bcontainer);
+
+struct VFIOIOMMUOps {
+    /* basic feature */
+    int (*dma_map)(const VFIOContainerBase *bcontainer,
+                   hwaddr iova, ram_addr_t size,
+                   void *vaddr, bool readonly);
+    int (*dma_unmap)(const VFIOContainerBase *bcontainer,
+                     hwaddr iova, ram_addr_t size,
+                     IOMMUTLBEntry *iotlb);
+    int (*attach_device)(const char *name, VFIODevice *vbasedev,
+                         AddressSpace *as, Error **errp);
+    void (*detach_device)(VFIODevice *vbasedev);
+    /* migration feature */
+    int (*set_dirty_page_tracking)(const VFIOContainerBase *bcontainer,
+                                   bool start);
+    int (*query_dirty_bitmap)(const VFIOContainerBase *bcontainer,
+                              VFIOBitmap *vbmap,
+                              hwaddr iova, hwaddr size);
+    /* PCI specific */
+    int (*pci_hot_reset)(VFIODevice *vbasedev, bool single);
+
+    /* SPAPR specific */
+    int (*add_window)(VFIOContainerBase *bcontainer,
+                      MemoryRegionSection *section,
+                      Error **errp);
+    void (*del_window)(VFIOContainerBase *bcontainer,
+                       MemoryRegionSection *section);
+};
+#endif /* HW_VFIO_VFIO_CONTAINER_BASE_H */
diff --git a/include/qemu/chardev_open.h b/include/qemu/chardev_open.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..64e8fcf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/qemu/chardev_open.h
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+/*
+ * QEMU Chardev Helper
+ *
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 Intel Corporation.
+ *
+ * Authors: Yi Liu <yi.l.liu@intel.com>
+ *
+ * This work is licensed under the terms of the GNU GPL, version 2.  See
+ * the COPYING file in the top-level directory.
+ */
+
+#ifndef QEMU_CHARDEV_OPEN_H
+#define QEMU_CHARDEV_OPEN_H
+
+int open_cdev(const char *devpath, dev_t cdev);
+#endif
diff --git a/include/sysemu/iommufd.h b/include/sysemu/iommufd.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9c5524b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/sysemu/iommufd.h
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+#ifndef SYSEMU_IOMMUFD_H
+#define SYSEMU_IOMMUFD_H
+
+#include "qom/object.h"
+#include "qemu/thread.h"
+#include "exec/hwaddr.h"
+#include "exec/cpu-common.h"
+
+#define TYPE_IOMMUFD_BACKEND "iommufd"
+OBJECT_DECLARE_TYPE(IOMMUFDBackend, IOMMUFDBackendClass, IOMMUFD_BACKEND)
+
+struct IOMMUFDBackendClass {
+    ObjectClass parent_class;
+};
+
+struct IOMMUFDBackend {
+    Object parent;
+
+    /*< protected >*/
+    int fd;            /* /dev/iommu file descriptor */
+    bool owned;        /* is the /dev/iommu opened internally */
+    QemuMutex lock;
+    uint32_t users;
+
+    /*< public >*/
+};
+
+int iommufd_backend_connect(IOMMUFDBackend *be, Error **errp);
+void iommufd_backend_disconnect(IOMMUFDBackend *be);
+
+int iommufd_backend_alloc_ioas(IOMMUFDBackend *be, uint32_t *ioas_id,
+                               Error **errp);
+void iommufd_backend_free_id(IOMMUFDBackend *be, uint32_t id);
+int iommufd_backend_map_dma(IOMMUFDBackend *be, uint32_t ioas_id, hwaddr iova,
+                            ram_addr_t size, void *vaddr, bool readonly);
+int iommufd_backend_unmap_dma(IOMMUFDBackend *be, uint32_t ioas_id,
+                              hwaddr iova, ram_addr_t size);
+#endif
diff --git a/qapi/qom.json b/qapi/qom.json
index c53ef97..95516ba 100644
--- a/qapi/qom.json
+++ b/qapi/qom.json
@@ -795,6 +795,23 @@
   'data': { 'socket': 'SocketAddress', 'device': 'str' } }
 
 ##
+# @IOMMUFDProperties:
+#
+# Properties for iommufd objects.
+#
+# @fd: file descriptor name previously passed via 'getfd' command,
+#     which represents a pre-opened /dev/iommu.  This allows the
+#     iommufd object to be shared accross several subsystems
+#     (VFIO, VDPA, ...), and the file descriptor to be shared
+#     with other process, e.g. DPDK.  (default: QEMU opens
+#     /dev/iommu by itself)
+#
+# Since: 9.0
+##
+{ 'struct': 'IOMMUFDProperties',
+  'data': { '*fd': 'str' } }
+
+##
 # @RngProperties:
 #
 # Properties for objects of classes derived from rng.
@@ -934,6 +951,7 @@
     'input-barrier',
     { 'name': 'input-linux',
       'if': 'CONFIG_LINUX' },
+    'iommufd',
     'iothread',
     'main-loop',
     { 'name': 'memory-backend-epc',
@@ -1003,6 +1021,7 @@
       'input-barrier':              'InputBarrierProperties',
       'input-linux':                { 'type': 'InputLinuxProperties',
                                       'if': 'CONFIG_LINUX' },
+      'iommufd':                    'IOMMUFDProperties',
       'iothread':                   'IothreadProperties',
       'main-loop':                  'MainLoopProperties',
       'memory-backend-epc':         { 'type': 'MemoryBackendEpcProperties',
diff --git a/qemu-options.hx b/qemu-options.hx
index 42fd09e..5fe8ea5 100644
--- a/qemu-options.hx
+++ b/qemu-options.hx
@@ -5224,6 +5224,18 @@
 
         The ``share`` boolean option is on by default with memfd.
 
+    ``-object iommufd,id=id[,fd=fd]``
+        Creates an iommufd backend which allows control of DMA mapping
+        through the ``/dev/iommu`` device.
+
+        The ``id`` parameter is a unique ID which frontends (such as
+        vfio-pci of vdpa) will use to connect with the iommufd backend.
+
+        The ``fd`` parameter is an optional pre-opened file descriptor
+        resulting from ``/dev/iommu`` opening. Usually the iommufd is shared
+        across all subsystems, bringing the benefit of centralized
+        reference counting.
+
     ``-object rng-builtin,id=id``
         Creates a random number generator backend which obtains entropy
         from QEMU builtin functions. The ``id`` parameter is a unique ID
diff --git a/util/chardev_open.c b/util/chardev_open.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f776429
--- /dev/null
+++ b/util/chardev_open.c
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2019, Mellanox Technologies. All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 Intel Corporation.
+ *
+ * This software is available to you under a choice of one of two
+ * licenses.  You may choose to be licensed under the terms of the GNU
+ * General Public License (GPL) Version 2, available from the file
+ * COPYING in the main directory of this source tree, or the
+ * OpenIB.org BSD license below:
+ *
+ *      Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or
+ *      without modification, are permitted provided that the following
+ *      conditions are met:
+ *
+ *      - Redistributions of source code must retain the above
+ *        copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
+ *        disclaimer.
+ *
+ *      - Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+ *        copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
+ *        disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials
+ *        provided with the distribution.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+ * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+ * MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+ * NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS
+ * BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN
+ * ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+ * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * Authors: Yi Liu <yi.l.liu@intel.com>
+ *
+ * Copied from
+ * https://github.com/linux-rdma/rdma-core/blob/master/util/open_cdev.c
+ *
+ */
+
+#include "qemu/osdep.h"
+#include "qemu/chardev_open.h"
+
+static int open_cdev_internal(const char *path, dev_t cdev)
+{
+    struct stat st;
+    int fd;
+
+    fd = qemu_open_old(path, O_RDWR);
+    if (fd == -1) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+    if (fstat(fd, &st) || !S_ISCHR(st.st_mode) ||
+        (cdev != 0 && st.st_rdev != cdev)) {
+        close(fd);
+        return -1;
+    }
+    return fd;
+}
+
+static int open_cdev_robust(dev_t cdev)
+{
+    g_autofree char *devpath = NULL;
+
+    /*
+     * This assumes that udev is being used and is creating the /dev/char/
+     * symlinks.
+     */
+    devpath = g_strdup_printf("/dev/char/%u:%u", major(cdev), minor(cdev));
+    return open_cdev_internal(devpath, cdev);
+}
+
+int open_cdev(const char *devpath, dev_t cdev)
+{
+    int fd;
+
+    fd = open_cdev_internal(devpath, cdev);
+    if (fd == -1 && cdev != 0) {
+        return open_cdev_robust(cdev);
+    }
+    return fd;
+}
diff --git a/util/meson.build b/util/meson.build
index c2322ef..174c133 100644
--- a/util/meson.build
+++ b/util/meson.build
@@ -108,6 +108,7 @@
     util_ss.add(files('filemonitor-stub.c'))
   endif
   util_ss.add(when: 'CONFIG_LINUX', if_true: files('vfio-helpers.c'))
+  util_ss.add(when: 'CONFIG_LINUX', if_true: files('chardev_open.c'))
 endif
 
 if cpu == 'aarch64'