.. _user-mode:

QEMU User space emulator
========================

Supported Operating Systems
---------------------------

The following OS are supported in user space emulation:

-  Linux (referred as qemu-linux-user)

-  BSD (referred as qemu-bsd-user)

Features
--------

QEMU user space emulation has the following notable features:

System call translation
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

System calls are the principle interface between user-space and the
kernel. Generally the same system calls exist on all versions of the
kernel so QEMU includes a generic system call translator. The
translator takes care of adjusting endianess, 32/64 bit parameter size
and then calling the equivalent host system call.

QEMU can also adjust device specific ``ioctl()`` calls in a similar
fashion.

POSIX signal handling
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

QEMU can redirect to the running program all signals coming from the
host (such as ``SIGALRM``), as well as synthesize signals from
virtual CPU exceptions (for example ``SIGFPE`` when the program
executes a division by zero).

QEMU relies on the host kernel to emulate most signal system calls,
for example to emulate the signal mask. On Linux, QEMU supports both
normal and real-time signals.

Threading
~~~~~~~~~

On Linux, QEMU can emulate the ``clone`` syscall and create a real
host thread (with a separate virtual CPU) for each emulated thread.
However as QEMU relies on the system libc to call ``clone`` on its
behalf we limit the flags accepted to those it uses. Specifically this
means flags affecting namespaces (e.g. container runtimes) are not
supported. QEMU user-mode processes can still be run inside containers
though.

While QEMU does its best to emulate atomic operations properly
differences between the host and guest memory models can cause issues
for software that makes assumptions about the memory model.

QEMU was conceived so that ultimately it can emulate itself. Although it
is not very useful, it is an important test to show the power of the
emulator.

.. _linux-user-mode:

Linux User space emulator
-------------------------

Command line options
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

::

   qemu-i386 [-h] [-d] [-L path] [-s size] [-cpu model] [-g endpoint] [-B offset] [-R size] program [arguments...]

``-h``
   Print the help

``-L path``
   Set the x86 elf interpreter prefix (default=/usr/local/qemu-i386)

``-s size``
   Set the x86 stack size in bytes (default=524288)

``-cpu model``
   Select CPU model (-cpu help for list and additional feature
   selection)

``-E var=value``
   Set environment var to value.

``-U var``
   Remove var from the environment.

``-B offset``
   Offset guest address by the specified number of bytes. This is useful
   when the address region required by guest applications is reserved on
   the host. This option is currently only supported on some hosts.

``-R size``
   Pre-allocate a guest virtual address space of the given size (in
   bytes). \"G\", \"M\", and \"k\" suffixes may be used when specifying
   the size.

Debug options:

``-d item1,...``
   Activate logging of the specified items (use '-d help' for a list of
   log items)

``-g endpoint``
   Wait gdb connection to a port (e.g., ``1234``) or a unix socket (e.g.,
   ``/tmp/qemu.sock``).

   If a unix socket path contains single ``%d`` placeholder (e.g.,
   ``/tmp/qemu-%d.sock``), it is replaced by the emulator PID, which is useful
   when passing this option via the ``QEMU_GDB`` environment variable to a
   multi-process application.

   If the endpoint address is followed by ``,suspend=n`` (e.g.,
   ``1234,suspend=n``), then the emulated program starts without waiting for a
   connection, which can be established at any later point in time.

``-one-insn-per-tb``
   Run the emulation with one guest instruction per translation block.
   This slows down emulation a lot, but can be useful in some situations,
   such as when trying to analyse the logs produced by the ``-d`` option.

Environment variables:

QEMU_STRACE
   Print system calls and arguments similar to the 'strace' program
   (NOTE: the actual 'strace' program will not work because the user
   space emulator hasn't implemented ptrace). At the moment this is
   incomplete. All system calls that don't have a specific argument
   format are printed with information for six arguments. Many
   flag-style arguments don't have decoders and will show up as numbers.

Other binaries
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

-  user mode (Alpha)

   * ``qemu-alpha`` TODO.

-  user mode (Arm)

   * ``qemu-armeb`` TODO.

   * ``qemu-arm`` is also capable of running Arm \"Angel\" semihosted ELF
     binaries (as implemented by the arm-elf and arm-eabi Newlib/GDB
     configurations), and arm-uclinux bFLT format binaries.

-  user mode (ColdFire)

-  user mode (M68K)

   * ``qemu-m68k`` is capable of running semihosted binaries using the BDM
     (m5xxx-ram-hosted.ld) or m68k-sim (sim.ld) syscall interfaces, and
     coldfire uClinux bFLT format binaries.

   The binary format is detected automatically.

-  user mode (i386)

   * ``qemu-i386`` TODO.
   * ``qemu-x86_64`` TODO.

-  user mode (Microblaze)

   * ``qemu-microblaze`` TODO.

-  user mode (MIPS)

   * ``qemu-mips`` executes 32-bit big endian MIPS binaries (MIPS O32 ABI).

   * ``qemu-mipsel`` executes 32-bit little endian MIPS binaries (MIPS O32 ABI).

   * ``qemu-mips64`` executes 64-bit big endian MIPS binaries (MIPS N64 ABI).

   * ``qemu-mips64el`` executes 64-bit little endian MIPS binaries (MIPS N64
     ABI).

   * ``qemu-mipsn32`` executes 32-bit big endian MIPS binaries (MIPS N32 ABI).

   * ``qemu-mipsn32el`` executes 32-bit little endian MIPS binaries (MIPS N32
     ABI).

-  user mode (PowerPC)

   * ``qemu-ppc64`` TODO.
   * ``qemu-ppc`` TODO.

-  user mode (SH4)

   * ``qemu-sh4eb`` TODO.
   * ``qemu-sh4`` TODO.

-  user mode (SPARC)

   * ``qemu-sparc`` can execute Sparc32 binaries (Sparc32 CPU, 32 bit ABI).

   * ``qemu-sparc32plus`` can execute Sparc32 and SPARC32PLUS binaries
     (Sparc64 CPU, 32 bit ABI).

   * ``qemu-sparc64`` can execute some Sparc64 (Sparc64 CPU, 64 bit ABI) and
     SPARC32PLUS binaries (Sparc64 CPU, 32 bit ABI).

.. _bsd-user-mode:

BSD User space emulator
-----------------------

BSD Status
~~~~~~~~~~

-  target Sparc64 on Sparc64: Some trivial programs work.

Quick Start
~~~~~~~~~~~

In order to launch a BSD process, QEMU needs the process executable
itself and all the target dynamic libraries used by it.

-  On Sparc64, you can just try to launch any process by using the
   native libraries::

      qemu-sparc64 /bin/ls

Command line options
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

::

   qemu-sparc64 [-h] [-d] [-L path] [-s size] [-bsd type] program [arguments...]

``-h``
   Print the help

``-L path``
   Set the library root path (default=/)

``-s size``
   Set the stack size in bytes (default=524288)

``-ignore-environment``
   Start with an empty environment. Without this option, the initial
   environment is a copy of the caller's environment.

``-E var=value``
   Set environment var to value.

``-U var``
   Remove var from the environment.

``-bsd type``
   Set the type of the emulated BSD Operating system. Valid values are
   FreeBSD, NetBSD and OpenBSD (default).

Debug options:

``-d item1,...``
   Activate logging of the specified items (use '-d help' for a list of
   log items)

``-one-insn-per-tb``
   Run the emulation with one guest instruction per translation block.
   This slows down emulation a lot, but can be useful in some situations,
   such as when trying to analyse the logs produced by the ``-d`` option.