diff --git a/.gitlab-ci.d/buildtest.yml b/.gitlab-ci.d/buildtest.yml
index 9836d81..372404f 100644
--- a/.gitlab-ci.d/buildtest.yml
+++ b/.gitlab-ci.d/buildtest.yml
@@ -648,9 +648,9 @@
     - make check-tcg
 
 # Check our reduced build configurations
-# requires libfdt: aarch64, arm, i386, loongarch64, microblaze, microblazeel,
-#   mips64el, or1k, ppc, ppc64, riscv32, riscv64, rx, x86_64
-# does not build without boards: i386, s390x, sh4, sh4eb, x86_64
+# requires libfdt: aarch64, arm, loongarch64, microblaze, microblazeel,
+#   or1k, ppc64, riscv32, riscv64, rx
+# fails qtest without boards: i386, x86_64
 build-without-defaults:
   extends: .native_build_job_template
   needs:
@@ -665,7 +665,8 @@
       --disable-qom-cast-debug
       --disable-strip
     TARGETS: alpha-softmmu avr-softmmu cris-softmmu hppa-softmmu m68k-softmmu
-      mips-softmmu mips64-softmmu mipsel-softmmu sparc-softmmu
+      mips-softmmu mips64-softmmu mipsel-softmmu mips64el-softmmu
+      ppc-softmmu s390x-softmmu sh4-softmmu sh4eb-softmmu sparc-softmmu
       sparc64-softmmu tricore-softmmu xtensa-softmmu xtensaeb-softmmu
       hexagon-linux-user i386-linux-user s390x-linux-user
     MAKE_CHECK_ARGS: check
diff --git a/Kconfig.host b/Kconfig.host
index f6a2a13..17f4050 100644
--- a/Kconfig.host
+++ b/Kconfig.host
@@ -23,6 +23,9 @@
 config TPM
     bool
 
+config FDT
+    bool
+
 config VHOST_USER
     bool
 
diff --git a/configs/targets/aarch64-softmmu.mak b/configs/targets/aarch64-softmmu.mak
index 83c2239..84cb32d 100644
--- a/configs/targets/aarch64-softmmu.mak
+++ b/configs/targets/aarch64-softmmu.mak
@@ -3,4 +3,5 @@
 TARGET_SUPPORTS_MTTCG=y
 TARGET_KVM_HAVE_GUEST_DEBUG=y
 TARGET_XML_FILES= gdb-xml/aarch64-core.xml gdb-xml/aarch64-fpu.xml gdb-xml/arm-core.xml gdb-xml/arm-vfp.xml gdb-xml/arm-vfp3.xml gdb-xml/arm-vfp-sysregs.xml gdb-xml/arm-neon.xml gdb-xml/arm-m-profile.xml gdb-xml/arm-m-profile-mve.xml gdb-xml/aarch64-pauth.xml
+# needed by boot.c
 TARGET_NEED_FDT=y
diff --git a/configs/targets/arm-softmmu.mak b/configs/targets/arm-softmmu.mak
index 92c8349..bf390b7 100644
--- a/configs/targets/arm-softmmu.mak
+++ b/configs/targets/arm-softmmu.mak
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 TARGET_ARCH=arm
 TARGET_SUPPORTS_MTTCG=y
 TARGET_XML_FILES= gdb-xml/arm-core.xml gdb-xml/arm-vfp.xml gdb-xml/arm-vfp3.xml gdb-xml/arm-vfp-sysregs.xml gdb-xml/arm-neon.xml gdb-xml/arm-m-profile.xml gdb-xml/arm-m-profile-mve.xml
+# needed by boot.c
 TARGET_NEED_FDT=y
diff --git a/configs/targets/i386-softmmu.mak b/configs/targets/i386-softmmu.mak
index d61b507..2ac69d5 100644
--- a/configs/targets/i386-softmmu.mak
+++ b/configs/targets/i386-softmmu.mak
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 TARGET_ARCH=i386
 TARGET_SUPPORTS_MTTCG=y
-TARGET_NEED_FDT=y
 TARGET_KVM_HAVE_GUEST_DEBUG=y
 TARGET_XML_FILES= gdb-xml/i386-32bit.xml
diff --git a/configs/targets/loongarch64-softmmu.mak b/configs/targets/loongarch64-softmmu.mak
index f23780f..84beb19 100644
--- a/configs/targets/loongarch64-softmmu.mak
+++ b/configs/targets/loongarch64-softmmu.mak
@@ -2,4 +2,5 @@
 TARGET_BASE_ARCH=loongarch
 TARGET_SUPPORTS_MTTCG=y
 TARGET_XML_FILES= gdb-xml/loongarch-base32.xml gdb-xml/loongarch-base64.xml gdb-xml/loongarch-fpu.xml
+# all boards require libfdt
 TARGET_NEED_FDT=y
diff --git a/configs/targets/microblaze-softmmu.mak b/configs/targets/microblaze-softmmu.mak
index e84c0cc..eea266d 100644
--- a/configs/targets/microblaze-softmmu.mak
+++ b/configs/targets/microblaze-softmmu.mak
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 TARGET_ARCH=microblaze
 TARGET_BIG_ENDIAN=y
 TARGET_SUPPORTS_MTTCG=y
+# needed by boot.c
 TARGET_NEED_FDT=y
 TARGET_XML_FILES=gdb-xml/microblaze-core.xml gdb-xml/microblaze-stack-protect.xml
diff --git a/configs/targets/microblazeel-softmmu.mak b/configs/targets/microblazeel-softmmu.mak
index 9b68803..77b968a 100644
--- a/configs/targets/microblazeel-softmmu.mak
+++ b/configs/targets/microblazeel-softmmu.mak
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 TARGET_ARCH=microblaze
 TARGET_SUPPORTS_MTTCG=y
+# needed by boot.c
 TARGET_NEED_FDT=y
 TARGET_XML_FILES=gdb-xml/microblaze-core.xml gdb-xml/microblaze-stack-protect.xml
diff --git a/configs/targets/mips64el-softmmu.mak b/configs/targets/mips64el-softmmu.mak
index 8d9ab3d..3864daa 100644
--- a/configs/targets/mips64el-softmmu.mak
+++ b/configs/targets/mips64el-softmmu.mak
@@ -1,3 +1,2 @@
 TARGET_ARCH=mips64
 TARGET_BASE_ARCH=mips
-TARGET_NEED_FDT=y
diff --git a/configs/targets/or1k-softmmu.mak b/configs/targets/or1k-softmmu.mak
index 432f855..0341cb2 100644
--- a/configs/targets/or1k-softmmu.mak
+++ b/configs/targets/or1k-softmmu.mak
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 TARGET_ARCH=openrisc
 TARGET_SUPPORTS_MTTCG=y
 TARGET_BIG_ENDIAN=y
+# needed by boot.c and all boards
 TARGET_NEED_FDT=y
diff --git a/configs/targets/ppc-softmmu.mak b/configs/targets/ppc-softmmu.mak
index f3ea9c9..53120da 100644
--- a/configs/targets/ppc-softmmu.mak
+++ b/configs/targets/ppc-softmmu.mak
@@ -2,4 +2,3 @@
 TARGET_BIG_ENDIAN=y
 TARGET_KVM_HAVE_GUEST_DEBUG=y
 TARGET_XML_FILES= gdb-xml/power-core.xml gdb-xml/power-fpu.xml gdb-xml/power-altivec.xml gdb-xml/power-spe.xml
-TARGET_NEED_FDT=y
diff --git a/configs/targets/ppc64-softmmu.mak b/configs/targets/ppc64-softmmu.mak
index 1db8d83..40881d9 100644
--- a/configs/targets/ppc64-softmmu.mak
+++ b/configs/targets/ppc64-softmmu.mak
@@ -4,4 +4,5 @@
 TARGET_SUPPORTS_MTTCG=y
 TARGET_KVM_HAVE_GUEST_DEBUG=y
 TARGET_XML_FILES= gdb-xml/power64-core.xml gdb-xml/power-fpu.xml gdb-xml/power-altivec.xml gdb-xml/power-spe.xml gdb-xml/power-vsx.xml
+# all boards require libfdt
 TARGET_NEED_FDT=y
diff --git a/configs/targets/riscv32-softmmu.mak b/configs/targets/riscv32-softmmu.mak
index d8b71cd..338182d 100644
--- a/configs/targets/riscv32-softmmu.mak
+++ b/configs/targets/riscv32-softmmu.mak
@@ -2,4 +2,5 @@
 TARGET_BASE_ARCH=riscv
 TARGET_SUPPORTS_MTTCG=y
 TARGET_XML_FILES= gdb-xml/riscv-32bit-cpu.xml gdb-xml/riscv-32bit-fpu.xml gdb-xml/riscv-64bit-fpu.xml gdb-xml/riscv-32bit-virtual.xml
+# needed by boot.c
 TARGET_NEED_FDT=y
diff --git a/configs/targets/riscv64-softmmu.mak b/configs/targets/riscv64-softmmu.mak
index 7c0e7ee..f688ffa 100644
--- a/configs/targets/riscv64-softmmu.mak
+++ b/configs/targets/riscv64-softmmu.mak
@@ -2,4 +2,5 @@
 TARGET_BASE_ARCH=riscv
 TARGET_SUPPORTS_MTTCG=y
 TARGET_XML_FILES= gdb-xml/riscv-64bit-cpu.xml gdb-xml/riscv-32bit-fpu.xml gdb-xml/riscv-64bit-fpu.xml gdb-xml/riscv-64bit-virtual.xml
+# needed by boot.c
 TARGET_NEED_FDT=y
diff --git a/configs/targets/rx-softmmu.mak b/configs/targets/rx-softmmu.mak
index 0c458b2..706bbe6 100644
--- a/configs/targets/rx-softmmu.mak
+++ b/configs/targets/rx-softmmu.mak
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
 TARGET_ARCH=rx
 TARGET_XML_FILES= gdb-xml/rx-core.xml
+# all boards require libfdt
 TARGET_NEED_FDT=y
diff --git a/configs/targets/x86_64-softmmu.mak b/configs/targets/x86_64-softmmu.mak
index c5f882e..e12ac3d 100644
--- a/configs/targets/x86_64-softmmu.mak
+++ b/configs/targets/x86_64-softmmu.mak
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 TARGET_ARCH=x86_64
 TARGET_BASE_ARCH=i386
 TARGET_SUPPORTS_MTTCG=y
-TARGET_NEED_FDT=y
 TARGET_KVM_HAVE_GUEST_DEBUG=y
 TARGET_XML_FILES= gdb-xml/i386-64bit.xml
diff --git a/configure b/configure
index 1dca3d9..3306647 100755
--- a/configure
+++ b/configure
@@ -762,7 +762,7 @@
   --*) meson_option_parse "$opt" "$optarg"
   ;;
   # Pass through -Dxxxx options to meson
-  -D*) meson_options="$meson_options $opt"
+  -D*) meson_option_add "$opt"
   ;;
   esac
 done
diff --git a/docs/about/deprecated.rst b/docs/about/deprecated.rst
index 5c3ca47..40585ca 100644
--- a/docs/about/deprecated.rst
+++ b/docs/about/deprecated.rst
@@ -432,6 +432,14 @@
 CPU device properties
 '''''''''''''''''''''
 
+``pcommit`` on x86 (since 9.1)
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+The PCOMMIT instruction was never included in any physical processor.
+It was implemented as a no-op instruction in TCG up to QEMU 9.0, but
+only with ``-cpu max`` (which does not guarantee migration compatibility
+across versions).
+
 ``pmu-num=n`` on RISC-V CPUs (since 8.2)
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
diff --git a/hw/9pfs/xen-9p-backend.c b/hw/9pfs/xen-9p-backend.c
index 4aa9c8c..a3ac53f 100644
--- a/hw/9pfs/xen-9p-backend.c
+++ b/hw/9pfs/xen-9p-backend.c
@@ -513,7 +513,7 @@
     xenstore_write_be_int(xendev, "max-ring-page-order", MAX_RING_ORDER);
 }
 
-struct XenDevOps xen_9pfs_ops = {
+static struct XenDevOps xen_9pfs_ops = {
     .size       = sizeof(Xen9pfsDev),
     .flags      = DEVOPS_FLAG_NEED_GNTDEV,
     .alloc      = xen_9pfs_alloc,
@@ -522,3 +522,9 @@
     .disconnect = xen_9pfs_disconnect,
     .free       = xen_9pfs_free,
 };
+
+static void xen_9pfs_register_backend(void)
+{
+    xen_be_register("9pfs", &xen_9pfs_ops);
+}
+xen_backend_init(xen_9pfs_register_backend);
diff --git a/hw/arm/Kconfig b/hw/arm/Kconfig
index 98c264e..8b97683 100644
--- a/hw/arm/Kconfig
+++ b/hw/arm/Kconfig
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
     select ACPI
     select ARM_SMMUV3
     select GPIO_KEY
+    select DEVICE_TREE
     select FW_CFG_DMA
     select PCI_EXPRESS
     select PCI_EXPRESS_GENERIC_BRIDGE
@@ -265,6 +266,7 @@
     default y
     depends on TCG && AARCH64
     imply PCI_DEVICES
+    select DEVICE_TREE
     select AHCI
     select ARM_SMMUV3
     select GPIO_KEY
@@ -347,6 +349,7 @@
     bool
     default y
     depends on TCG && ARM
+    select DEVICE_TREE
     select A9MPCORE
     select A15MPCORE
     select ARM_MPTIMER
@@ -492,6 +495,7 @@
     select CPU_CLUSTER
     select DDC
     select DPCD
+    select DEVICE_TREE
     select SDHCI
     select SSI
     select SSI_M25P80
@@ -509,6 +513,7 @@
     depends on TCG && AARCH64
     select ARM_GIC
     select CPU_CLUSTER
+    select DEVICE_TREE
     select PL011
     select CADENCE
     select VIRTIO_MMIO
diff --git a/hw/arm/meson.build b/hw/arm/meson.build
index 6808135..aefde0c 100644
--- a/hw/arm/meson.build
+++ b/hw/arm/meson.build
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 arm_ss = ss.source_set()
-arm_ss.add(files('boot.c'), fdt)
+arm_ss.add(files('boot.c'))
 arm_ss.add(when: 'CONFIG_ARM_VIRT', if_true: files('virt.c'))
 arm_ss.add(when: 'CONFIG_ACPI', if_true: files('virt-acpi-build.c'))
 arm_ss.add(when: 'CONFIG_DIGIC', if_true: files('digic_boards.c'))
diff --git a/hw/core/Kconfig b/hw/core/Kconfig
index 9397503..24411f5 100644
--- a/hw/core/Kconfig
+++ b/hw/core/Kconfig
@@ -4,8 +4,14 @@
 config PTIMER
     bool
 
+config DEVICE_TREE
+    bool
+    # fail the build if libfdt not found
+    depends on FDT
+
 config FITLOADER
     bool
+    depends on DEVICE_TREE
 
 config GENERIC_LOADER
     bool
@@ -14,13 +20,14 @@
 config GUEST_LOADER
     bool
     default y
-    depends on TCG
+    depends on TCG && DEVICE_TREE
 
 config OR_IRQ
     bool
 
 config PLATFORM_BUS
     bool
+    depends on DEVICE_TREE
 
 config REGISTER
     bool
diff --git a/hw/core/meson.build b/hw/core/meson.build
index f20d414..a3d9bab 100644
--- a/hw/core/meson.build
+++ b/hw/core/meson.build
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 common_ss.add(files('machine-smp.c'))
 system_ss.add(when: 'CONFIG_FITLOADER', if_true: files('loader-fit.c'))
 system_ss.add(when: 'CONFIG_GENERIC_LOADER', if_true: files('generic-loader.c'))
-system_ss.add(when: ['CONFIG_GUEST_LOADER', fdt], if_true: files('guest-loader.c'))
+system_ss.add(when: 'CONFIG_GUEST_LOADER', if_true: files('guest-loader.c'))
 system_ss.add(when: 'CONFIG_OR_IRQ', if_true: files('or-irq.c'))
 system_ss.add(when: 'CONFIG_PLATFORM_BUS', if_true: files('platform-bus.c'))
 system_ss.add(when: 'CONFIG_PTIMER', if_true: files('ptimer.c'))
diff --git a/hw/display/xenfb.c b/hw/display/xenfb.c
index b2130a0..27536bf 100644
--- a/hw/display/xenfb.c
+++ b/hw/display/xenfb.c
@@ -972,7 +972,7 @@
 
 /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
 
-struct XenDevOps xen_kbdmouse_ops = {
+static struct XenDevOps xen_kbdmouse_ops = {
     .size       = sizeof(struct XenInput),
     .init       = input_init,
     .initialise = input_initialise,
@@ -995,3 +995,9 @@
     .gfx_update  = xenfb_update,
     .ui_info     = xenfb_ui_info,
 };
+
+static void xen_vkbd_register_backend(void)
+{
+    xen_be_register("vkbd", &xen_kbdmouse_ops);
+}
+xen_backend_init(xen_vkbd_register_backend);
diff --git a/hw/i386/Kconfig b/hw/i386/Kconfig
index 40b1e44..f4a33b6 100644
--- a/hw/i386/Kconfig
+++ b/hw/i386/Kconfig
@@ -115,7 +115,8 @@
 config MICROVM
     bool
     default y
-    depends on I386
+    depends on I386 && FDT
+    select DEVICE_TREE
     select SERIAL_ISA # for serial_hds_isa_init()
     select ISA_BUS
     select APIC
diff --git a/hw/i386/fw_cfg.c b/hw/i386/fw_cfg.c
index d802d27..6e0d994 100644
--- a/hw/i386/fw_cfg.c
+++ b/hw/i386/fw_cfg.c
@@ -203,6 +203,7 @@
     fw_cfg_add_file(fw_cfg, "etc/msr_feature_control", val, sizeof(*val));
 }
 
+#ifdef CONFIG_ACPI
 void fw_cfg_add_acpi_dsdt(Aml *scope, FWCfgState *fw_cfg)
 {
     /*
@@ -229,3 +230,4 @@
     aml_append(dev, aml_name_decl("_CRS", crs));
     aml_append(scope, dev);
 }
+#endif
diff --git a/hw/i386/meson.build b/hw/i386/meson.build
index d8b70ef..03aad10 100644
--- a/hw/i386/meson.build
+++ b/hw/i386/meson.build
@@ -1,18 +1,20 @@
 i386_ss = ss.source_set()
 i386_ss.add(files(
   'fw_cfg.c',
-  'vapic.c',
   'e820_memory_layout.c',
+  'monitor.c',
   'multiboot.c',
   'x86.c',
+  'x86-cpu.c',
 ))
 
+i386_ss.add(when: 'CONFIG_APIC', if_true: files('vapic.c'))
 i386_ss.add(when: 'CONFIG_X86_IOMMU', if_true: files('x86-iommu.c'),
                                       if_false: files('x86-iommu-stub.c'))
 i386_ss.add(when: 'CONFIG_AMD_IOMMU', if_true: files('amd_iommu.c'),
                                       if_false: files('amd_iommu-stub.c'))
 i386_ss.add(when: 'CONFIG_I440FX', if_true: files('pc_piix.c'))
-i386_ss.add(when: 'CONFIG_MICROVM', if_true: files('microvm.c', 'acpi-microvm.c', 'microvm-dt.c'))
+i386_ss.add(when: 'CONFIG_MICROVM', if_true: files('x86-common.c', 'microvm.c', 'acpi-microvm.c', 'microvm-dt.c'))
 i386_ss.add(when: 'CONFIG_Q35', if_true: files('pc_q35.c'))
 i386_ss.add(when: 'CONFIG_VMMOUSE', if_true: files('vmmouse.c'))
 i386_ss.add(when: 'CONFIG_VMPORT', if_true: files('vmport.c'))
@@ -22,6 +24,7 @@
 
 i386_ss.add(when: 'CONFIG_ACPI', if_true: files('acpi-common.c'))
 i386_ss.add(when: 'CONFIG_PC', if_true: files(
+  'x86-common.c',
   'pc.c',
   'pc_sysfw.c',
   'acpi-build.c',
diff --git a/hw/i386/monitor.c b/hw/i386/monitor.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1ebd356
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hw/i386/monitor.c
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+/*
+ * QEMU monitor
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2003-2004 Fabrice Bellard
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL
+ * THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+#include "qemu/osdep.h"
+#include "monitor/monitor.h"
+#include "qapi/qmp/qdict.h"
+#include "qapi/error.h"
+#include "qapi/qapi-commands-misc-target.h"
+#include "hw/i386/x86.h"
+#include "hw/rtc/mc146818rtc.h"
+
+#include CONFIG_DEVICES
+
+void qmp_rtc_reset_reinjection(Error **errp)
+{
+    X86MachineState *x86ms = X86_MACHINE(qdev_get_machine());
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_MC146818RTC
+    if (x86ms->rtc) {
+        rtc_reset_reinjection(MC146818_RTC(x86ms->rtc));
+    }
+#else
+    assert(!x86ms->rtc);
+#endif
+}
diff --git a/hw/i386/pc.c b/hw/i386/pc.c
index 505ea75..bfb46e9 100644
--- a/hw/i386/pc.c
+++ b/hw/i386/pc.c
@@ -1250,7 +1250,6 @@
             pci_create_simple(pcms->pcibus, -1, "xen-platform");
         }
         xen_bus_init();
-        xen_be_init();
     }
 #endif
 
@@ -1827,9 +1826,6 @@
     assert(!mc->get_hotplug_handler);
     mc->get_hotplug_handler = pc_get_hotplug_handler;
     mc->hotplug_allowed = pc_hotplug_allowed;
-    mc->cpu_index_to_instance_props = x86_cpu_index_to_props;
-    mc->get_default_cpu_node_id = x86_get_default_cpu_node_id;
-    mc->possible_cpu_arch_ids = x86_possible_cpu_arch_ids;
     mc->auto_enable_numa_with_memhp = true;
     mc->auto_enable_numa_with_memdev = true;
     mc->has_hotpluggable_cpus = true;
diff --git a/hw/i386/x86-common.c b/hw/i386/x86-common.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..67b03c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hw/i386/x86-common.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1007 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2003-2004 Fabrice Bellard
+ * Copyright (c) 2019, 2024 Red Hat, Inc.
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL
+ * THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+#include "qemu/osdep.h"
+#include "qemu/error-report.h"
+#include "qemu/cutils.h"
+#include "qemu/units.h"
+#include "qemu/datadir.h"
+#include "qapi/error.h"
+#include "sysemu/numa.h"
+#include "sysemu/sysemu.h"
+#include "sysemu/xen.h"
+#include "trace.h"
+
+#include "hw/i386/x86.h"
+#include "target/i386/cpu.h"
+#include "hw/rtc/mc146818rtc.h"
+#include "target/i386/sev.h"
+
+#include "hw/acpi/cpu_hotplug.h"
+#include "hw/irq.h"
+#include "hw/loader.h"
+#include "multiboot.h"
+#include "elf.h"
+#include "standard-headers/asm-x86/bootparam.h"
+#include CONFIG_DEVICES
+#include "kvm/kvm_i386.h"
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_XEN_EMU
+#include "hw/xen/xen.h"
+#include "hw/i386/kvm/xen_evtchn.h"
+#endif
+
+/* Physical Address of PVH entry point read from kernel ELF NOTE */
+static size_t pvh_start_addr;
+
+static void x86_cpu_new(X86MachineState *x86ms, int64_t apic_id, Error **errp)
+{
+    Object *cpu = object_new(MACHINE(x86ms)->cpu_type);
+
+    if (!object_property_set_uint(cpu, "apic-id", apic_id, errp)) {
+        goto out;
+    }
+    qdev_realize(DEVICE(cpu), NULL, errp);
+
+out:
+    object_unref(cpu);
+}
+
+void x86_cpus_init(X86MachineState *x86ms, int default_cpu_version)
+{
+    int i;
+    const CPUArchIdList *possible_cpus;
+    MachineState *ms = MACHINE(x86ms);
+    MachineClass *mc = MACHINE_GET_CLASS(x86ms);
+
+    x86_cpu_set_default_version(default_cpu_version);
+
+    /*
+     * Calculates the limit to CPU APIC ID values
+     *
+     * Limit for the APIC ID value, so that all
+     * CPU APIC IDs are < x86ms->apic_id_limit.
+     *
+     * This is used for FW_CFG_MAX_CPUS. See comments on fw_cfg_arch_create().
+     */
+    x86ms->apic_id_limit = x86_cpu_apic_id_from_index(x86ms,
+                                                      ms->smp.max_cpus - 1) + 1;
+
+    /*
+     * Can we support APIC ID 255 or higher?  With KVM, that requires
+     * both in-kernel lapic and X2APIC userspace API.
+     *
+     * kvm_enabled() must go first to ensure that kvm_* references are
+     * not emitted for the linker to consume (kvm_enabled() is
+     * a literal `0` in configurations where kvm_* aren't defined)
+     */
+    if (kvm_enabled() && x86ms->apic_id_limit > 255 &&
+        kvm_irqchip_in_kernel() && !kvm_enable_x2apic()) {
+        error_report("current -smp configuration requires kernel "
+                     "irqchip and X2APIC API support.");
+        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+    }
+
+    if (kvm_enabled()) {
+        kvm_set_max_apic_id(x86ms->apic_id_limit);
+    }
+
+    if (!kvm_irqchip_in_kernel()) {
+        apic_set_max_apic_id(x86ms->apic_id_limit);
+    }
+
+    possible_cpus = mc->possible_cpu_arch_ids(ms);
+    for (i = 0; i < ms->smp.cpus; i++) {
+        x86_cpu_new(x86ms, possible_cpus->cpus[i].arch_id, &error_fatal);
+    }
+}
+
+void x86_rtc_set_cpus_count(ISADevice *s, uint16_t cpus_count)
+{
+    MC146818RtcState *rtc = MC146818_RTC(s);
+
+    if (cpus_count > 0xff) {
+        /*
+         * If the number of CPUs can't be represented in 8 bits, the
+         * BIOS must use "FW_CFG_NB_CPUS". Set RTC field to 0 just
+         * to make old BIOSes fail more predictably.
+         */
+        mc146818rtc_set_cmos_data(rtc, 0x5f, 0);
+    } else {
+        mc146818rtc_set_cmos_data(rtc, 0x5f, cpus_count - 1);
+    }
+}
+
+static int x86_apic_cmp(const void *a, const void *b)
+{
+   CPUArchId *apic_a = (CPUArchId *)a;
+   CPUArchId *apic_b = (CPUArchId *)b;
+
+   return apic_a->arch_id - apic_b->arch_id;
+}
+
+/*
+ * returns pointer to CPUArchId descriptor that matches CPU's apic_id
+ * in ms->possible_cpus->cpus, if ms->possible_cpus->cpus has no
+ * entry corresponding to CPU's apic_id returns NULL.
+ */
+static CPUArchId *x86_find_cpu_slot(MachineState *ms, uint32_t id, int *idx)
+{
+    CPUArchId apic_id, *found_cpu;
+
+    apic_id.arch_id = id;
+    found_cpu = bsearch(&apic_id, ms->possible_cpus->cpus,
+        ms->possible_cpus->len, sizeof(*ms->possible_cpus->cpus),
+        x86_apic_cmp);
+    if (found_cpu && idx) {
+        *idx = found_cpu - ms->possible_cpus->cpus;
+    }
+    return found_cpu;
+}
+
+void x86_cpu_plug(HotplugHandler *hotplug_dev,
+                  DeviceState *dev, Error **errp)
+{
+    CPUArchId *found_cpu;
+    Error *local_err = NULL;
+    X86CPU *cpu = X86_CPU(dev);
+    X86MachineState *x86ms = X86_MACHINE(hotplug_dev);
+
+    if (x86ms->acpi_dev) {
+        hotplug_handler_plug(x86ms->acpi_dev, dev, &local_err);
+        if (local_err) {
+            goto out;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* increment the number of CPUs */
+    x86ms->boot_cpus++;
+    if (x86ms->rtc) {
+        x86_rtc_set_cpus_count(x86ms->rtc, x86ms->boot_cpus);
+    }
+    if (x86ms->fw_cfg) {
+        fw_cfg_modify_i16(x86ms->fw_cfg, FW_CFG_NB_CPUS, x86ms->boot_cpus);
+    }
+
+    found_cpu = x86_find_cpu_slot(MACHINE(x86ms), cpu->apic_id, NULL);
+    found_cpu->cpu = CPU(dev);
+out:
+    error_propagate(errp, local_err);
+}
+
+void x86_cpu_unplug_request_cb(HotplugHandler *hotplug_dev,
+                               DeviceState *dev, Error **errp)
+{
+    int idx = -1;
+    X86CPU *cpu = X86_CPU(dev);
+    X86MachineState *x86ms = X86_MACHINE(hotplug_dev);
+
+    if (!x86ms->acpi_dev) {
+        error_setg(errp, "CPU hot unplug not supported without ACPI");
+        return;
+    }
+
+    x86_find_cpu_slot(MACHINE(x86ms), cpu->apic_id, &idx);
+    assert(idx != -1);
+    if (idx == 0) {
+        error_setg(errp, "Boot CPU is unpluggable");
+        return;
+    }
+
+    hotplug_handler_unplug_request(x86ms->acpi_dev, dev,
+                                   errp);
+}
+
+void x86_cpu_unplug_cb(HotplugHandler *hotplug_dev,
+                       DeviceState *dev, Error **errp)
+{
+    CPUArchId *found_cpu;
+    Error *local_err = NULL;
+    X86CPU *cpu = X86_CPU(dev);
+    X86MachineState *x86ms = X86_MACHINE(hotplug_dev);
+
+    hotplug_handler_unplug(x86ms->acpi_dev, dev, &local_err);
+    if (local_err) {
+        goto out;
+    }
+
+    found_cpu = x86_find_cpu_slot(MACHINE(x86ms), cpu->apic_id, NULL);
+    found_cpu->cpu = NULL;
+    qdev_unrealize(dev);
+
+    /* decrement the number of CPUs */
+    x86ms->boot_cpus--;
+    /* Update the number of CPUs in CMOS */
+    x86_rtc_set_cpus_count(x86ms->rtc, x86ms->boot_cpus);
+    fw_cfg_modify_i16(x86ms->fw_cfg, FW_CFG_NB_CPUS, x86ms->boot_cpus);
+ out:
+    error_propagate(errp, local_err);
+}
+
+void x86_cpu_pre_plug(HotplugHandler *hotplug_dev,
+                      DeviceState *dev, Error **errp)
+{
+    int idx;
+    CPUState *cs;
+    CPUArchId *cpu_slot;
+    X86CPUTopoIDs topo_ids;
+    X86CPU *cpu = X86_CPU(dev);
+    CPUX86State *env = &cpu->env;
+    MachineState *ms = MACHINE(hotplug_dev);
+    X86MachineState *x86ms = X86_MACHINE(hotplug_dev);
+    unsigned int smp_cores = ms->smp.cores;
+    unsigned int smp_threads = ms->smp.threads;
+    X86CPUTopoInfo topo_info;
+
+    if (!object_dynamic_cast(OBJECT(cpu), ms->cpu_type)) {
+        error_setg(errp, "Invalid CPU type, expected cpu type: '%s'",
+                   ms->cpu_type);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (x86ms->acpi_dev) {
+        Error *local_err = NULL;
+
+        hotplug_handler_pre_plug(HOTPLUG_HANDLER(x86ms->acpi_dev), dev,
+                                 &local_err);
+        if (local_err) {
+            error_propagate(errp, local_err);
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+
+    init_topo_info(&topo_info, x86ms);
+
+    env->nr_dies = ms->smp.dies;
+
+    /*
+     * If APIC ID is not set,
+     * set it based on socket/die/core/thread properties.
+     */
+    if (cpu->apic_id == UNASSIGNED_APIC_ID) {
+        int max_socket = (ms->smp.max_cpus - 1) /
+                                smp_threads / smp_cores / ms->smp.dies;
+
+        /*
+         * die-id was optional in QEMU 4.0 and older, so keep it optional
+         * if there's only one die per socket.
+         */
+        if (cpu->die_id < 0 && ms->smp.dies == 1) {
+            cpu->die_id = 0;
+        }
+
+        if (cpu->socket_id < 0) {
+            error_setg(errp, "CPU socket-id is not set");
+            return;
+        } else if (cpu->socket_id > max_socket) {
+            error_setg(errp, "Invalid CPU socket-id: %u must be in range 0:%u",
+                       cpu->socket_id, max_socket);
+            return;
+        }
+        if (cpu->die_id < 0) {
+            error_setg(errp, "CPU die-id is not set");
+            return;
+        } else if (cpu->die_id > ms->smp.dies - 1) {
+            error_setg(errp, "Invalid CPU die-id: %u must be in range 0:%u",
+                       cpu->die_id, ms->smp.dies - 1);
+            return;
+        }
+        if (cpu->core_id < 0) {
+            error_setg(errp, "CPU core-id is not set");
+            return;
+        } else if (cpu->core_id > (smp_cores - 1)) {
+            error_setg(errp, "Invalid CPU core-id: %u must be in range 0:%u",
+                       cpu->core_id, smp_cores - 1);
+            return;
+        }
+        if (cpu->thread_id < 0) {
+            error_setg(errp, "CPU thread-id is not set");
+            return;
+        } else if (cpu->thread_id > (smp_threads - 1)) {
+            error_setg(errp, "Invalid CPU thread-id: %u must be in range 0:%u",
+                       cpu->thread_id, smp_threads - 1);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        topo_ids.pkg_id = cpu->socket_id;
+        topo_ids.die_id = cpu->die_id;
+        topo_ids.core_id = cpu->core_id;
+        topo_ids.smt_id = cpu->thread_id;
+        cpu->apic_id = x86_apicid_from_topo_ids(&topo_info, &topo_ids);
+    }
+
+    cpu_slot = x86_find_cpu_slot(MACHINE(x86ms), cpu->apic_id, &idx);
+    if (!cpu_slot) {
+        x86_topo_ids_from_apicid(cpu->apic_id, &topo_info, &topo_ids);
+        error_setg(errp,
+            "Invalid CPU [socket: %u, die: %u, core: %u, thread: %u] with"
+            " APIC ID %" PRIu32 ", valid index range 0:%d",
+            topo_ids.pkg_id, topo_ids.die_id, topo_ids.core_id, topo_ids.smt_id,
+            cpu->apic_id, ms->possible_cpus->len - 1);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (cpu_slot->cpu) {
+        error_setg(errp, "CPU[%d] with APIC ID %" PRIu32 " exists",
+                   idx, cpu->apic_id);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    /* if 'address' properties socket-id/core-id/thread-id are not set, set them
+     * so that machine_query_hotpluggable_cpus would show correct values
+     */
+    /* TODO: move socket_id/core_id/thread_id checks into x86_cpu_realizefn()
+     * once -smp refactoring is complete and there will be CPU private
+     * CPUState::nr_cores and CPUState::nr_threads fields instead of globals */
+    x86_topo_ids_from_apicid(cpu->apic_id, &topo_info, &topo_ids);
+    if (cpu->socket_id != -1 && cpu->socket_id != topo_ids.pkg_id) {
+        error_setg(errp, "property socket-id: %u doesn't match set apic-id:"
+            " 0x%x (socket-id: %u)", cpu->socket_id, cpu->apic_id,
+            topo_ids.pkg_id);
+        return;
+    }
+    cpu->socket_id = topo_ids.pkg_id;
+
+    if (cpu->die_id != -1 && cpu->die_id != topo_ids.die_id) {
+        error_setg(errp, "property die-id: %u doesn't match set apic-id:"
+            " 0x%x (die-id: %u)", cpu->die_id, cpu->apic_id, topo_ids.die_id);
+        return;
+    }
+    cpu->die_id = topo_ids.die_id;
+
+    if (cpu->core_id != -1 && cpu->core_id != topo_ids.core_id) {
+        error_setg(errp, "property core-id: %u doesn't match set apic-id:"
+            " 0x%x (core-id: %u)", cpu->core_id, cpu->apic_id,
+            topo_ids.core_id);
+        return;
+    }
+    cpu->core_id = topo_ids.core_id;
+
+    if (cpu->thread_id != -1 && cpu->thread_id != topo_ids.smt_id) {
+        error_setg(errp, "property thread-id: %u doesn't match set apic-id:"
+            " 0x%x (thread-id: %u)", cpu->thread_id, cpu->apic_id,
+            topo_ids.smt_id);
+        return;
+    }
+    cpu->thread_id = topo_ids.smt_id;
+
+    /*
+    * kvm_enabled() must go first to ensure that kvm_* references are
+    * not emitted for the linker to consume (kvm_enabled() is
+    * a literal `0` in configurations where kvm_* aren't defined)
+    */
+    if (kvm_enabled() && hyperv_feat_enabled(cpu, HYPERV_FEAT_VPINDEX) &&
+        !kvm_hv_vpindex_settable()) {
+        error_setg(errp, "kernel doesn't allow setting HyperV VP_INDEX");
+        return;
+    }
+
+    cs = CPU(cpu);
+    cs->cpu_index = idx;
+
+    numa_cpu_pre_plug(cpu_slot, dev, errp);
+}
+
+static long get_file_size(FILE *f)
+{
+    long where, size;
+
+    /* XXX: on Unix systems, using fstat() probably makes more sense */
+
+    where = ftell(f);
+    fseek(f, 0, SEEK_END);
+    size = ftell(f);
+    fseek(f, where, SEEK_SET);
+
+    return size;
+}
+
+void gsi_handler(void *opaque, int n, int level)
+{
+    GSIState *s = opaque;
+
+    trace_x86_gsi_interrupt(n, level);
+    switch (n) {
+    case 0 ... ISA_NUM_IRQS - 1:
+        if (s->i8259_irq[n]) {
+            /* Under KVM, Kernel will forward to both PIC and IOAPIC */
+            qemu_set_irq(s->i8259_irq[n], level);
+        }
+        /* fall through */
+    case ISA_NUM_IRQS ... IOAPIC_NUM_PINS - 1:
+#ifdef CONFIG_XEN_EMU
+        /*
+         * Xen delivers the GSI to the Legacy PIC (not that Legacy PIC
+         * routing actually works properly under Xen). And then to
+         * *either* the PIRQ handling or the I/OAPIC depending on
+         * whether the former wants it.
+         */
+        if (xen_mode == XEN_EMULATE && xen_evtchn_set_gsi(n, level)) {
+            break;
+        }
+#endif
+        qemu_set_irq(s->ioapic_irq[n], level);
+        break;
+    case IO_APIC_SECONDARY_IRQBASE
+        ... IO_APIC_SECONDARY_IRQBASE + IOAPIC_NUM_PINS - 1:
+        qemu_set_irq(s->ioapic2_irq[n - IO_APIC_SECONDARY_IRQBASE], level);
+        break;
+    }
+}
+
+void ioapic_init_gsi(GSIState *gsi_state, Object *parent)
+{
+    DeviceState *dev;
+    SysBusDevice *d;
+    unsigned int i;
+
+    assert(parent);
+    if (kvm_ioapic_in_kernel()) {
+        dev = qdev_new(TYPE_KVM_IOAPIC);
+    } else {
+        dev = qdev_new(TYPE_IOAPIC);
+    }
+    object_property_add_child(parent, "ioapic", OBJECT(dev));
+    d = SYS_BUS_DEVICE(dev);
+    sysbus_realize_and_unref(d, &error_fatal);
+    sysbus_mmio_map(d, 0, IO_APIC_DEFAULT_ADDRESS);
+
+    for (i = 0; i < IOAPIC_NUM_PINS; i++) {
+        gsi_state->ioapic_irq[i] = qdev_get_gpio_in(dev, i);
+    }
+}
+
+DeviceState *ioapic_init_secondary(GSIState *gsi_state)
+{
+    DeviceState *dev;
+    SysBusDevice *d;
+    unsigned int i;
+
+    dev = qdev_new(TYPE_IOAPIC);
+    d = SYS_BUS_DEVICE(dev);
+    sysbus_realize_and_unref(d, &error_fatal);
+    sysbus_mmio_map(d, 0, IO_APIC_SECONDARY_ADDRESS);
+
+    for (i = 0; i < IOAPIC_NUM_PINS; i++) {
+        gsi_state->ioapic2_irq[i] = qdev_get_gpio_in(dev, i);
+    }
+    return dev;
+}
+
+/*
+ * The entry point into the kernel for PVH boot is different from
+ * the native entry point.  The PVH entry is defined by the x86/HVM
+ * direct boot ABI and is available in an ELFNOTE in the kernel binary.
+ *
+ * This function is passed to load_elf() when it is called from
+ * load_elfboot() which then additionally checks for an ELF Note of
+ * type XEN_ELFNOTE_PHYS32_ENTRY and passes it to this function to
+ * parse the PVH entry address from the ELF Note.
+ *
+ * Due to trickery in elf_opts.h, load_elf() is actually available as
+ * load_elf32() or load_elf64() and this routine needs to be able
+ * to deal with being called as 32 or 64 bit.
+ *
+ * The address of the PVH entry point is saved to the 'pvh_start_addr'
+ * global variable.  (although the entry point is 32-bit, the kernel
+ * binary can be either 32-bit or 64-bit).
+ */
+static uint64_t read_pvh_start_addr(void *arg1, void *arg2, bool is64)
+{
+    size_t *elf_note_data_addr;
+
+    /* Check if ELF Note header passed in is valid */
+    if (arg1 == NULL) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    if (is64) {
+        struct elf64_note *nhdr64 = (struct elf64_note *)arg1;
+        uint64_t nhdr_size64 = sizeof(struct elf64_note);
+        uint64_t phdr_align = *(uint64_t *)arg2;
+        uint64_t nhdr_namesz = nhdr64->n_namesz;
+
+        elf_note_data_addr =
+            ((void *)nhdr64) + nhdr_size64 +
+            QEMU_ALIGN_UP(nhdr_namesz, phdr_align);
+
+        pvh_start_addr = *elf_note_data_addr;
+    } else {
+        struct elf32_note *nhdr32 = (struct elf32_note *)arg1;
+        uint32_t nhdr_size32 = sizeof(struct elf32_note);
+        uint32_t phdr_align = *(uint32_t *)arg2;
+        uint32_t nhdr_namesz = nhdr32->n_namesz;
+
+        elf_note_data_addr =
+            ((void *)nhdr32) + nhdr_size32 +
+            QEMU_ALIGN_UP(nhdr_namesz, phdr_align);
+
+        pvh_start_addr = *(uint32_t *)elf_note_data_addr;
+    }
+
+    return pvh_start_addr;
+}
+
+static bool load_elfboot(const char *kernel_filename,
+                         int kernel_file_size,
+                         uint8_t *header,
+                         size_t pvh_xen_start_addr,
+                         FWCfgState *fw_cfg)
+{
+    uint32_t flags = 0;
+    uint32_t mh_load_addr = 0;
+    uint32_t elf_kernel_size = 0;
+    uint64_t elf_entry;
+    uint64_t elf_low, elf_high;
+    int kernel_size;
+
+    if (ldl_p(header) != 0x464c457f) {
+        return false; /* no elfboot */
+    }
+
+    bool elf_is64 = header[EI_CLASS] == ELFCLASS64;
+    flags = elf_is64 ?
+        ((Elf64_Ehdr *)header)->e_flags : ((Elf32_Ehdr *)header)->e_flags;
+
+    if (flags & 0x00010004) { /* LOAD_ELF_HEADER_HAS_ADDR */
+        error_report("elfboot unsupported flags = %x", flags);
+        exit(1);
+    }
+
+    uint64_t elf_note_type = XEN_ELFNOTE_PHYS32_ENTRY;
+    kernel_size = load_elf(kernel_filename, read_pvh_start_addr,
+                           NULL, &elf_note_type, &elf_entry,
+                           &elf_low, &elf_high, NULL, 0, I386_ELF_MACHINE,
+                           0, 0);
+
+    if (kernel_size < 0) {
+        error_report("Error while loading elf kernel");
+        exit(1);
+    }
+    mh_load_addr = elf_low;
+    elf_kernel_size = elf_high - elf_low;
+
+    if (pvh_start_addr == 0) {
+        error_report("Error loading uncompressed kernel without PVH ELF Note");
+        exit(1);
+    }
+    fw_cfg_add_i32(fw_cfg, FW_CFG_KERNEL_ENTRY, pvh_start_addr);
+    fw_cfg_add_i32(fw_cfg, FW_CFG_KERNEL_ADDR, mh_load_addr);
+    fw_cfg_add_i32(fw_cfg, FW_CFG_KERNEL_SIZE, elf_kernel_size);
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+void x86_load_linux(X86MachineState *x86ms,
+                    FWCfgState *fw_cfg,
+                    int acpi_data_size,
+                    bool pvh_enabled)
+{
+    bool linuxboot_dma_enabled = X86_MACHINE_GET_CLASS(x86ms)->fwcfg_dma_enabled;
+    uint16_t protocol;
+    int setup_size, kernel_size, cmdline_size;
+    int dtb_size, setup_data_offset;
+    uint32_t initrd_max;
+    uint8_t header[8192], *setup, *kernel;
+    hwaddr real_addr, prot_addr, cmdline_addr, initrd_addr = 0;
+    FILE *f;
+    char *vmode;
+    MachineState *machine = MACHINE(x86ms);
+    struct setup_data *setup_data;
+    const char *kernel_filename = machine->kernel_filename;
+    const char *initrd_filename = machine->initrd_filename;
+    const char *dtb_filename = machine->dtb;
+    const char *kernel_cmdline = machine->kernel_cmdline;
+    SevKernelLoaderContext sev_load_ctx = {};
+
+    /* Align to 16 bytes as a paranoia measure */
+    cmdline_size = (strlen(kernel_cmdline) + 16) & ~15;
+
+    /* load the kernel header */
+    f = fopen(kernel_filename, "rb");
+    if (!f) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "qemu: could not open kernel file '%s': %s\n",
+                kernel_filename, strerror(errno));
+        exit(1);
+    }
+
+    kernel_size = get_file_size(f);
+    if (!kernel_size ||
+        fread(header, 1, MIN(ARRAY_SIZE(header), kernel_size), f) !=
+        MIN(ARRAY_SIZE(header), kernel_size)) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "qemu: could not load kernel '%s': %s\n",
+                kernel_filename, strerror(errno));
+        exit(1);
+    }
+
+    /* kernel protocol version */
+    if (ldl_p(header + 0x202) == 0x53726448) {
+        protocol = lduw_p(header + 0x206);
+    } else {
+        /*
+         * This could be a multiboot kernel. If it is, let's stop treating it
+         * like a Linux kernel.
+         * Note: some multiboot images could be in the ELF format (the same of
+         * PVH), so we try multiboot first since we check the multiboot magic
+         * header before to load it.
+         */
+        if (load_multiboot(x86ms, fw_cfg, f, kernel_filename, initrd_filename,
+                           kernel_cmdline, kernel_size, header)) {
+            return;
+        }
+        /*
+         * Check if the file is an uncompressed kernel file (ELF) and load it,
+         * saving the PVH entry point used by the x86/HVM direct boot ABI.
+         * If load_elfboot() is successful, populate the fw_cfg info.
+         */
+        if (pvh_enabled &&
+            load_elfboot(kernel_filename, kernel_size,
+                         header, pvh_start_addr, fw_cfg)) {
+            fclose(f);
+
+            fw_cfg_add_i32(fw_cfg, FW_CFG_CMDLINE_SIZE,
+                strlen(kernel_cmdline) + 1);
+            fw_cfg_add_string(fw_cfg, FW_CFG_CMDLINE_DATA, kernel_cmdline);
+
+            fw_cfg_add_i32(fw_cfg, FW_CFG_SETUP_SIZE, sizeof(header));
+            fw_cfg_add_bytes(fw_cfg, FW_CFG_SETUP_DATA,
+                             header, sizeof(header));
+
+            /* load initrd */
+            if (initrd_filename) {
+                GMappedFile *mapped_file;
+                gsize initrd_size;
+                gchar *initrd_data;
+                GError *gerr = NULL;
+
+                mapped_file = g_mapped_file_new(initrd_filename, false, &gerr);
+                if (!mapped_file) {
+                    fprintf(stderr, "qemu: error reading initrd %s: %s\n",
+                            initrd_filename, gerr->message);
+                    exit(1);
+                }
+                x86ms->initrd_mapped_file = mapped_file;
+
+                initrd_data = g_mapped_file_get_contents(mapped_file);
+                initrd_size = g_mapped_file_get_length(mapped_file);
+                initrd_max = x86ms->below_4g_mem_size - acpi_data_size - 1;
+                if (initrd_size >= initrd_max) {
+                    fprintf(stderr, "qemu: initrd is too large, cannot support."
+                            "(max: %"PRIu32", need %"PRId64")\n",
+                            initrd_max, (uint64_t)initrd_size);
+                    exit(1);
+                }
+
+                initrd_addr = (initrd_max - initrd_size) & ~4095;
+
+                fw_cfg_add_i32(fw_cfg, FW_CFG_INITRD_ADDR, initrd_addr);
+                fw_cfg_add_i32(fw_cfg, FW_CFG_INITRD_SIZE, initrd_size);
+                fw_cfg_add_bytes(fw_cfg, FW_CFG_INITRD_DATA, initrd_data,
+                                 initrd_size);
+            }
+
+            option_rom[nb_option_roms].bootindex = 0;
+            option_rom[nb_option_roms].name = "pvh.bin";
+            nb_option_roms++;
+
+            return;
+        }
+        protocol = 0;
+    }
+
+    if (protocol < 0x200 || !(header[0x211] & 0x01)) {
+        /* Low kernel */
+        real_addr    = 0x90000;
+        cmdline_addr = 0x9a000 - cmdline_size;
+        prot_addr    = 0x10000;
+    } else if (protocol < 0x202) {
+        /* High but ancient kernel */
+        real_addr    = 0x90000;
+        cmdline_addr = 0x9a000 - cmdline_size;
+        prot_addr    = 0x100000;
+    } else {
+        /* High and recent kernel */
+        real_addr    = 0x10000;
+        cmdline_addr = 0x20000;
+        prot_addr    = 0x100000;
+    }
+
+    /* highest address for loading the initrd */
+    if (protocol >= 0x20c &&
+        lduw_p(header + 0x236) & XLF_CAN_BE_LOADED_ABOVE_4G) {
+        /*
+         * Linux has supported initrd up to 4 GB for a very long time (2007,
+         * long before XLF_CAN_BE_LOADED_ABOVE_4G which was added in 2013),
+         * though it only sets initrd_max to 2 GB to "work around bootloader
+         * bugs". Luckily, QEMU firmware(which does something like bootloader)
+         * has supported this.
+         *
+         * It's believed that if XLF_CAN_BE_LOADED_ABOVE_4G is set, initrd can
+         * be loaded into any address.
+         *
+         * In addition, initrd_max is uint32_t simply because QEMU doesn't
+         * support the 64-bit boot protocol (specifically the ext_ramdisk_image
+         * field).
+         *
+         * Therefore here just limit initrd_max to UINT32_MAX simply as well.
+         */
+        initrd_max = UINT32_MAX;
+    } else if (protocol >= 0x203) {
+        initrd_max = ldl_p(header + 0x22c);
+    } else {
+        initrd_max = 0x37ffffff;
+    }
+
+    if (initrd_max >= x86ms->below_4g_mem_size - acpi_data_size) {
+        initrd_max = x86ms->below_4g_mem_size - acpi_data_size - 1;
+    }
+
+    fw_cfg_add_i32(fw_cfg, FW_CFG_CMDLINE_ADDR, cmdline_addr);
+    fw_cfg_add_i32(fw_cfg, FW_CFG_CMDLINE_SIZE, strlen(kernel_cmdline) + 1);
+    fw_cfg_add_string(fw_cfg, FW_CFG_CMDLINE_DATA, kernel_cmdline);
+    sev_load_ctx.cmdline_data = (char *)kernel_cmdline;
+    sev_load_ctx.cmdline_size = strlen(kernel_cmdline) + 1;
+
+    if (protocol >= 0x202) {
+        stl_p(header + 0x228, cmdline_addr);
+    } else {
+        stw_p(header + 0x20, 0xA33F);
+        stw_p(header + 0x22, cmdline_addr - real_addr);
+    }
+
+    /* handle vga= parameter */
+    vmode = strstr(kernel_cmdline, "vga=");
+    if (vmode) {
+        unsigned int video_mode;
+        const char *end;
+        int ret;
+        /* skip "vga=" */
+        vmode += 4;
+        if (!strncmp(vmode, "normal", 6)) {
+            video_mode = 0xffff;
+        } else if (!strncmp(vmode, "ext", 3)) {
+            video_mode = 0xfffe;
+        } else if (!strncmp(vmode, "ask", 3)) {
+            video_mode = 0xfffd;
+        } else {
+            ret = qemu_strtoui(vmode, &end, 0, &video_mode);
+            if (ret != 0 || (*end && *end != ' ')) {
+                fprintf(stderr, "qemu: invalid 'vga=' kernel parameter.\n");
+                exit(1);
+            }
+        }
+        stw_p(header + 0x1fa, video_mode);
+    }
+
+    /* loader type */
+    /*
+     * High nybble = B reserved for QEMU; low nybble is revision number.
+     * If this code is substantially changed, you may want to consider
+     * incrementing the revision.
+     */
+    if (protocol >= 0x200) {
+        header[0x210] = 0xB0;
+    }
+    /* heap */
+    if (protocol >= 0x201) {
+        header[0x211] |= 0x80; /* CAN_USE_HEAP */
+        stw_p(header + 0x224, cmdline_addr - real_addr - 0x200);
+    }
+
+    /* load initrd */
+    if (initrd_filename) {
+        GMappedFile *mapped_file;
+        gsize initrd_size;
+        gchar *initrd_data;
+        GError *gerr = NULL;
+
+        if (protocol < 0x200) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "qemu: linux kernel too old to load a ram disk\n");
+            exit(1);
+        }
+
+        mapped_file = g_mapped_file_new(initrd_filename, false, &gerr);
+        if (!mapped_file) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "qemu: error reading initrd %s: %s\n",
+                    initrd_filename, gerr->message);
+            exit(1);
+        }
+        x86ms->initrd_mapped_file = mapped_file;
+
+        initrd_data = g_mapped_file_get_contents(mapped_file);
+        initrd_size = g_mapped_file_get_length(mapped_file);
+        if (initrd_size >= initrd_max) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "qemu: initrd is too large, cannot support."
+                    "(max: %"PRIu32", need %"PRId64")\n",
+                    initrd_max, (uint64_t)initrd_size);
+            exit(1);
+        }
+
+        initrd_addr = (initrd_max - initrd_size) & ~4095;
+
+        fw_cfg_add_i32(fw_cfg, FW_CFG_INITRD_ADDR, initrd_addr);
+        fw_cfg_add_i32(fw_cfg, FW_CFG_INITRD_SIZE, initrd_size);
+        fw_cfg_add_bytes(fw_cfg, FW_CFG_INITRD_DATA, initrd_data, initrd_size);
+        sev_load_ctx.initrd_data = initrd_data;
+        sev_load_ctx.initrd_size = initrd_size;
+
+        stl_p(header + 0x218, initrd_addr);
+        stl_p(header + 0x21c, initrd_size);
+    }
+
+    /* load kernel and setup */
+    setup_size = header[0x1f1];
+    if (setup_size == 0) {
+        setup_size = 4;
+    }
+    setup_size = (setup_size + 1) * 512;
+    if (setup_size > kernel_size) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "qemu: invalid kernel header\n");
+        exit(1);
+    }
+    kernel_size -= setup_size;
+
+    setup  = g_malloc(setup_size);
+    kernel = g_malloc(kernel_size);
+    fseek(f, 0, SEEK_SET);
+    if (fread(setup, 1, setup_size, f) != setup_size) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "fread() failed\n");
+        exit(1);
+    }
+    if (fread(kernel, 1, kernel_size, f) != kernel_size) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "fread() failed\n");
+        exit(1);
+    }
+    fclose(f);
+
+    /* append dtb to kernel */
+    if (dtb_filename) {
+        if (protocol < 0x209) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "qemu: Linux kernel too old to load a dtb\n");
+            exit(1);
+        }
+
+        dtb_size = get_image_size(dtb_filename);
+        if (dtb_size <= 0) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "qemu: error reading dtb %s: %s\n",
+                    dtb_filename, strerror(errno));
+            exit(1);
+        }
+
+        setup_data_offset = QEMU_ALIGN_UP(kernel_size, 16);
+        kernel_size = setup_data_offset + sizeof(struct setup_data) + dtb_size;
+        kernel = g_realloc(kernel, kernel_size);
+
+        stq_p(header + 0x250, prot_addr + setup_data_offset);
+
+        setup_data = (struct setup_data *)(kernel + setup_data_offset);
+        setup_data->next = 0;
+        setup_data->type = cpu_to_le32(SETUP_DTB);
+        setup_data->len = cpu_to_le32(dtb_size);
+
+        load_image_size(dtb_filename, setup_data->data, dtb_size);
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * If we're starting an encrypted VM, it will be OVMF based, which uses the
+     * efi stub for booting and doesn't require any values to be placed in the
+     * kernel header.  We therefore don't update the header so the hash of the
+     * kernel on the other side of the fw_cfg interface matches the hash of the
+     * file the user passed in.
+     */
+    if (!sev_enabled()) {
+        memcpy(setup, header, MIN(sizeof(header), setup_size));
+    }
+
+    fw_cfg_add_i32(fw_cfg, FW_CFG_KERNEL_ADDR, prot_addr);
+    fw_cfg_add_i32(fw_cfg, FW_CFG_KERNEL_SIZE, kernel_size);
+    fw_cfg_add_bytes(fw_cfg, FW_CFG_KERNEL_DATA, kernel, kernel_size);
+    sev_load_ctx.kernel_data = (char *)kernel;
+    sev_load_ctx.kernel_size = kernel_size;
+
+    fw_cfg_add_i32(fw_cfg, FW_CFG_SETUP_ADDR, real_addr);
+    fw_cfg_add_i32(fw_cfg, FW_CFG_SETUP_SIZE, setup_size);
+    fw_cfg_add_bytes(fw_cfg, FW_CFG_SETUP_DATA, setup, setup_size);
+    sev_load_ctx.setup_data = (char *)setup;
+    sev_load_ctx.setup_size = setup_size;
+
+    if (sev_enabled()) {
+        sev_add_kernel_loader_hashes(&sev_load_ctx, &error_fatal);
+    }
+
+    option_rom[nb_option_roms].bootindex = 0;
+    option_rom[nb_option_roms].name = "linuxboot.bin";
+    if (linuxboot_dma_enabled && fw_cfg_dma_enabled(fw_cfg)) {
+        option_rom[nb_option_roms].name = "linuxboot_dma.bin";
+    }
+    nb_option_roms++;
+}
+
+void x86_isa_bios_init(MemoryRegion *isa_bios, MemoryRegion *isa_memory,
+                       MemoryRegion *bios, bool read_only)
+{
+    uint64_t bios_size = memory_region_size(bios);
+    uint64_t isa_bios_size = MIN(bios_size, 128 * KiB);
+
+    memory_region_init_alias(isa_bios, NULL, "isa-bios", bios,
+                             bios_size - isa_bios_size, isa_bios_size);
+    memory_region_add_subregion_overlap(isa_memory, 1 * MiB - isa_bios_size,
+                                        isa_bios, 1);
+    memory_region_set_readonly(isa_bios, read_only);
+}
+
+void x86_bios_rom_init(X86MachineState *x86ms, const char *default_firmware,
+                       MemoryRegion *rom_memory, bool isapc_ram_fw)
+{
+    const char *bios_name;
+    char *filename;
+    int bios_size;
+    ssize_t ret;
+
+    /* BIOS load */
+    bios_name = MACHINE(x86ms)->firmware ?: default_firmware;
+    filename = qemu_find_file(QEMU_FILE_TYPE_BIOS, bios_name);
+    if (filename) {
+        bios_size = get_image_size(filename);
+    } else {
+        bios_size = -1;
+    }
+    if (bios_size <= 0 ||
+        (bios_size % 65536) != 0) {
+        goto bios_error;
+    }
+    memory_region_init_ram(&x86ms->bios, NULL, "pc.bios", bios_size,
+                           &error_fatal);
+    if (sev_enabled()) {
+        /*
+         * The concept of a "reset" simply doesn't exist for
+         * confidential computing guests, we have to destroy and
+         * re-launch them instead.  So there is no need to register
+         * the firmware as rom to properly re-initialize on reset.
+         * Just go for a straight file load instead.
+         */
+        void *ptr = memory_region_get_ram_ptr(&x86ms->bios);
+        load_image_size(filename, ptr, bios_size);
+        x86_firmware_configure(ptr, bios_size);
+    } else {
+        memory_region_set_readonly(&x86ms->bios, !isapc_ram_fw);
+        ret = rom_add_file_fixed(bios_name, (uint32_t)(-bios_size), -1);
+        if (ret != 0) {
+            goto bios_error;
+        }
+    }
+    g_free(filename);
+
+    /* map the last 128KB of the BIOS in ISA space */
+    x86_isa_bios_init(&x86ms->isa_bios, rom_memory, &x86ms->bios,
+                      !isapc_ram_fw);
+
+    /* map all the bios at the top of memory */
+    memory_region_add_subregion(rom_memory,
+                                (uint32_t)(-bios_size),
+                                &x86ms->bios);
+    return;
+
+bios_error:
+    fprintf(stderr, "qemu: could not load PC BIOS '%s'\n", bios_name);
+    exit(1);
+}
diff --git a/hw/i386/x86-cpu.c b/hw/i386/x86-cpu.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ab29205
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hw/i386/x86-cpu.c
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2003-2004 Fabrice Bellard
+ * Copyright (c) 2019, 2024 Red Hat, Inc.
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL
+ * THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+#include "qemu/osdep.h"
+#include "sysemu/whpx.h"
+#include "sysemu/cpu-timers.h"
+#include "trace.h"
+
+#include "hw/i386/x86.h"
+#include "target/i386/cpu.h"
+#include "hw/intc/i8259.h"
+#include "hw/irq.h"
+#include "sysemu/kvm.h"
+
+/* TSC handling */
+uint64_t cpu_get_tsc(CPUX86State *env)
+{
+    return cpus_get_elapsed_ticks();
+}
+
+/* IRQ handling */
+static void pic_irq_request(void *opaque, int irq, int level)
+{
+    CPUState *cs = first_cpu;
+    X86CPU *cpu = X86_CPU(cs);
+
+    trace_x86_pic_interrupt(irq, level);
+    if (cpu_is_apic_enabled(cpu->apic_state) && !kvm_irqchip_in_kernel() &&
+        !whpx_apic_in_platform()) {
+        CPU_FOREACH(cs) {
+            cpu = X86_CPU(cs);
+            if (apic_accept_pic_intr(cpu->apic_state)) {
+                apic_deliver_pic_intr(cpu->apic_state, level);
+            }
+        }
+    } else {
+        if (level) {
+            cpu_interrupt(cs, CPU_INTERRUPT_HARD);
+        } else {
+            cpu_reset_interrupt(cs, CPU_INTERRUPT_HARD);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+qemu_irq x86_allocate_cpu_irq(void)
+{
+    return qemu_allocate_irq(pic_irq_request, NULL, 0);
+}
+
+int cpu_get_pic_interrupt(CPUX86State *env)
+{
+    X86CPU *cpu = env_archcpu(env);
+    int intno;
+
+    if (!kvm_irqchip_in_kernel() && !whpx_apic_in_platform()) {
+        intno = apic_get_interrupt(cpu->apic_state);
+        if (intno >= 0) {
+            return intno;
+        }
+        /* read the irq from the PIC */
+        if (!apic_accept_pic_intr(cpu->apic_state)) {
+            return -1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    intno = pic_read_irq(isa_pic);
+    return intno;
+}
+
+DeviceState *cpu_get_current_apic(void)
+{
+    if (current_cpu) {
+        X86CPU *cpu = X86_CPU(current_cpu);
+        return cpu->apic_state;
+    } else {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/hw/i386/x86.c b/hw/i386/x86.c
index c61f4eb..0b5cc59 100644
--- a/hw/i386/x86.c
+++ b/hw/i386/x86.c
@@ -22,52 +22,25 @@
  */
 #include "qemu/osdep.h"
 #include "qemu/error-report.h"
-#include "qemu/option.h"
-#include "qemu/cutils.h"
 #include "qemu/units.h"
-#include "qemu/datadir.h"
 #include "qapi/error.h"
 #include "qapi/qapi-visit-common.h"
-#include "qapi/clone-visitor.h"
 #include "qapi/qapi-visit-machine.h"
 #include "qapi/visitor.h"
 #include "sysemu/qtest.h"
-#include "sysemu/whpx.h"
 #include "sysemu/numa.h"
-#include "sysemu/replay.h"
-#include "sysemu/sysemu.h"
-#include "sysemu/cpu-timers.h"
-#include "sysemu/xen.h"
 #include "trace.h"
 
+#include "hw/acpi/aml-build.h"
 #include "hw/i386/x86.h"
-#include "target/i386/cpu.h"
 #include "hw/i386/topology.h"
-#include "hw/i386/fw_cfg.h"
-#include "hw/intc/i8259.h"
-#include "hw/rtc/mc146818rtc.h"
-#include "target/i386/sev.h"
 
-#include "hw/acpi/cpu_hotplug.h"
-#include "hw/irq.h"
 #include "hw/nmi.h"
-#include "hw/loader.h"
-#include "multiboot.h"
-#include "elf.h"
-#include "standard-headers/asm-x86/bootparam.h"
-#include CONFIG_DEVICES
 #include "kvm/kvm_i386.h"
 
-#ifdef CONFIG_XEN_EMU
-#include "hw/xen/xen.h"
-#include "hw/i386/kvm/xen_evtchn.h"
-#endif
 
-/* Physical Address of PVH entry point read from kernel ELF NOTE */
-static size_t pvh_start_addr;
-
-static void init_topo_info(X86CPUTopoInfo *topo_info,
-                           const X86MachineState *x86ms)
+void init_topo_info(X86CPUTopoInfo *topo_info,
+                    const X86MachineState *x86ms)
 {
     MachineState *ms = MACHINE(x86ms);
 
@@ -94,356 +67,7 @@
     return x86_apicid_from_cpu_idx(&topo_info, cpu_index);
 }
 
-
-void x86_cpu_new(X86MachineState *x86ms, int64_t apic_id, Error **errp)
-{
-    Object *cpu = object_new(MACHINE(x86ms)->cpu_type);
-
-    if (!object_property_set_uint(cpu, "apic-id", apic_id, errp)) {
-        goto out;
-    }
-    qdev_realize(DEVICE(cpu), NULL, errp);
-
-out:
-    object_unref(cpu);
-}
-
-void x86_cpus_init(X86MachineState *x86ms, int default_cpu_version)
-{
-    int i;
-    const CPUArchIdList *possible_cpus;
-    MachineState *ms = MACHINE(x86ms);
-    MachineClass *mc = MACHINE_GET_CLASS(x86ms);
-
-    x86_cpu_set_default_version(default_cpu_version);
-
-    /*
-     * Calculates the limit to CPU APIC ID values
-     *
-     * Limit for the APIC ID value, so that all
-     * CPU APIC IDs are < x86ms->apic_id_limit.
-     *
-     * This is used for FW_CFG_MAX_CPUS. See comments on fw_cfg_arch_create().
-     */
-    x86ms->apic_id_limit = x86_cpu_apic_id_from_index(x86ms,
-                                                      ms->smp.max_cpus - 1) + 1;
-
-    /*
-     * Can we support APIC ID 255 or higher?  With KVM, that requires
-     * both in-kernel lapic and X2APIC userspace API.
-     *
-     * kvm_enabled() must go first to ensure that kvm_* references are
-     * not emitted for the linker to consume (kvm_enabled() is
-     * a literal `0` in configurations where kvm_* aren't defined)
-     */
-    if (kvm_enabled() && x86ms->apic_id_limit > 255 &&
-        kvm_irqchip_in_kernel() && !kvm_enable_x2apic()) {
-        error_report("current -smp configuration requires kernel "
-                     "irqchip and X2APIC API support.");
-        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
-    }
-
-    if (kvm_enabled()) {
-        kvm_set_max_apic_id(x86ms->apic_id_limit);
-    }
-
-    if (!kvm_irqchip_in_kernel()) {
-        apic_set_max_apic_id(x86ms->apic_id_limit);
-    }
-
-    possible_cpus = mc->possible_cpu_arch_ids(ms);
-    for (i = 0; i < ms->smp.cpus; i++) {
-        x86_cpu_new(x86ms, possible_cpus->cpus[i].arch_id, &error_fatal);
-    }
-}
-
-void x86_rtc_set_cpus_count(ISADevice *s, uint16_t cpus_count)
-{
-    MC146818RtcState *rtc = MC146818_RTC(s);
-
-    if (cpus_count > 0xff) {
-        /*
-         * If the number of CPUs can't be represented in 8 bits, the
-         * BIOS must use "FW_CFG_NB_CPUS". Set RTC field to 0 just
-         * to make old BIOSes fail more predictably.
-         */
-        mc146818rtc_set_cmos_data(rtc, 0x5f, 0);
-    } else {
-        mc146818rtc_set_cmos_data(rtc, 0x5f, cpus_count - 1);
-    }
-}
-
-static int x86_apic_cmp(const void *a, const void *b)
-{
-   CPUArchId *apic_a = (CPUArchId *)a;
-   CPUArchId *apic_b = (CPUArchId *)b;
-
-   return apic_a->arch_id - apic_b->arch_id;
-}
-
-/*
- * returns pointer to CPUArchId descriptor that matches CPU's apic_id
- * in ms->possible_cpus->cpus, if ms->possible_cpus->cpus has no
- * entry corresponding to CPU's apic_id returns NULL.
- */
-CPUArchId *x86_find_cpu_slot(MachineState *ms, uint32_t id, int *idx)
-{
-    CPUArchId apic_id, *found_cpu;
-
-    apic_id.arch_id = id;
-    found_cpu = bsearch(&apic_id, ms->possible_cpus->cpus,
-        ms->possible_cpus->len, sizeof(*ms->possible_cpus->cpus),
-        x86_apic_cmp);
-    if (found_cpu && idx) {
-        *idx = found_cpu - ms->possible_cpus->cpus;
-    }
-    return found_cpu;
-}
-
-void x86_cpu_plug(HotplugHandler *hotplug_dev,
-                  DeviceState *dev, Error **errp)
-{
-    CPUArchId *found_cpu;
-    Error *local_err = NULL;
-    X86CPU *cpu = X86_CPU(dev);
-    X86MachineState *x86ms = X86_MACHINE(hotplug_dev);
-
-    if (x86ms->acpi_dev) {
-        hotplug_handler_plug(x86ms->acpi_dev, dev, &local_err);
-        if (local_err) {
-            goto out;
-        }
-    }
-
-    /* increment the number of CPUs */
-    x86ms->boot_cpus++;
-    if (x86ms->rtc) {
-        x86_rtc_set_cpus_count(x86ms->rtc, x86ms->boot_cpus);
-    }
-    if (x86ms->fw_cfg) {
-        fw_cfg_modify_i16(x86ms->fw_cfg, FW_CFG_NB_CPUS, x86ms->boot_cpus);
-    }
-
-    found_cpu = x86_find_cpu_slot(MACHINE(x86ms), cpu->apic_id, NULL);
-    found_cpu->cpu = CPU(dev);
-out:
-    error_propagate(errp, local_err);
-}
-
-void x86_cpu_unplug_request_cb(HotplugHandler *hotplug_dev,
-                               DeviceState *dev, Error **errp)
-{
-    int idx = -1;
-    X86CPU *cpu = X86_CPU(dev);
-    X86MachineState *x86ms = X86_MACHINE(hotplug_dev);
-
-    if (!x86ms->acpi_dev) {
-        error_setg(errp, "CPU hot unplug not supported without ACPI");
-        return;
-    }
-
-    x86_find_cpu_slot(MACHINE(x86ms), cpu->apic_id, &idx);
-    assert(idx != -1);
-    if (idx == 0) {
-        error_setg(errp, "Boot CPU is unpluggable");
-        return;
-    }
-
-    hotplug_handler_unplug_request(x86ms->acpi_dev, dev,
-                                   errp);
-}
-
-void x86_cpu_unplug_cb(HotplugHandler *hotplug_dev,
-                       DeviceState *dev, Error **errp)
-{
-    CPUArchId *found_cpu;
-    Error *local_err = NULL;
-    X86CPU *cpu = X86_CPU(dev);
-    X86MachineState *x86ms = X86_MACHINE(hotplug_dev);
-
-    hotplug_handler_unplug(x86ms->acpi_dev, dev, &local_err);
-    if (local_err) {
-        goto out;
-    }
-
-    found_cpu = x86_find_cpu_slot(MACHINE(x86ms), cpu->apic_id, NULL);
-    found_cpu->cpu = NULL;
-    qdev_unrealize(dev);
-
-    /* decrement the number of CPUs */
-    x86ms->boot_cpus--;
-    /* Update the number of CPUs in CMOS */
-    x86_rtc_set_cpus_count(x86ms->rtc, x86ms->boot_cpus);
-    fw_cfg_modify_i16(x86ms->fw_cfg, FW_CFG_NB_CPUS, x86ms->boot_cpus);
- out:
-    error_propagate(errp, local_err);
-}
-
-void x86_cpu_pre_plug(HotplugHandler *hotplug_dev,
-                      DeviceState *dev, Error **errp)
-{
-    int idx;
-    CPUState *cs;
-    CPUArchId *cpu_slot;
-    X86CPUTopoIDs topo_ids;
-    X86CPU *cpu = X86_CPU(dev);
-    CPUX86State *env = &cpu->env;
-    MachineState *ms = MACHINE(hotplug_dev);
-    X86MachineState *x86ms = X86_MACHINE(hotplug_dev);
-    unsigned int smp_cores = ms->smp.cores;
-    unsigned int smp_threads = ms->smp.threads;
-    X86CPUTopoInfo topo_info;
-
-    if (!object_dynamic_cast(OBJECT(cpu), ms->cpu_type)) {
-        error_setg(errp, "Invalid CPU type, expected cpu type: '%s'",
-                   ms->cpu_type);
-        return;
-    }
-
-    if (x86ms->acpi_dev) {
-        Error *local_err = NULL;
-
-        hotplug_handler_pre_plug(HOTPLUG_HANDLER(x86ms->acpi_dev), dev,
-                                 &local_err);
-        if (local_err) {
-            error_propagate(errp, local_err);
-            return;
-        }
-    }
-
-    init_topo_info(&topo_info, x86ms);
-
-    env->nr_dies = ms->smp.dies;
-
-    /*
-     * If APIC ID is not set,
-     * set it based on socket/die/core/thread properties.
-     */
-    if (cpu->apic_id == UNASSIGNED_APIC_ID) {
-        int max_socket = (ms->smp.max_cpus - 1) /
-                                smp_threads / smp_cores / ms->smp.dies;
-
-        /*
-         * die-id was optional in QEMU 4.0 and older, so keep it optional
-         * if there's only one die per socket.
-         */
-        if (cpu->die_id < 0 && ms->smp.dies == 1) {
-            cpu->die_id = 0;
-        }
-
-        if (cpu->socket_id < 0) {
-            error_setg(errp, "CPU socket-id is not set");
-            return;
-        } else if (cpu->socket_id > max_socket) {
-            error_setg(errp, "Invalid CPU socket-id: %u must be in range 0:%u",
-                       cpu->socket_id, max_socket);
-            return;
-        }
-        if (cpu->die_id < 0) {
-            error_setg(errp, "CPU die-id is not set");
-            return;
-        } else if (cpu->die_id > ms->smp.dies - 1) {
-            error_setg(errp, "Invalid CPU die-id: %u must be in range 0:%u",
-                       cpu->die_id, ms->smp.dies - 1);
-            return;
-        }
-        if (cpu->core_id < 0) {
-            error_setg(errp, "CPU core-id is not set");
-            return;
-        } else if (cpu->core_id > (smp_cores - 1)) {
-            error_setg(errp, "Invalid CPU core-id: %u must be in range 0:%u",
-                       cpu->core_id, smp_cores - 1);
-            return;
-        }
-        if (cpu->thread_id < 0) {
-            error_setg(errp, "CPU thread-id is not set");
-            return;
-        } else if (cpu->thread_id > (smp_threads - 1)) {
-            error_setg(errp, "Invalid CPU thread-id: %u must be in range 0:%u",
-                       cpu->thread_id, smp_threads - 1);
-            return;
-        }
-
-        topo_ids.pkg_id = cpu->socket_id;
-        topo_ids.die_id = cpu->die_id;
-        topo_ids.core_id = cpu->core_id;
-        topo_ids.smt_id = cpu->thread_id;
-        cpu->apic_id = x86_apicid_from_topo_ids(&topo_info, &topo_ids);
-    }
-
-    cpu_slot = x86_find_cpu_slot(MACHINE(x86ms), cpu->apic_id, &idx);
-    if (!cpu_slot) {
-        x86_topo_ids_from_apicid(cpu->apic_id, &topo_info, &topo_ids);
-        error_setg(errp,
-            "Invalid CPU [socket: %u, die: %u, core: %u, thread: %u] with"
-            " APIC ID %" PRIu32 ", valid index range 0:%d",
-            topo_ids.pkg_id, topo_ids.die_id, topo_ids.core_id, topo_ids.smt_id,
-            cpu->apic_id, ms->possible_cpus->len - 1);
-        return;
-    }
-
-    if (cpu_slot->cpu) {
-        error_setg(errp, "CPU[%d] with APIC ID %" PRIu32 " exists",
-                   idx, cpu->apic_id);
-        return;
-    }
-
-    /* if 'address' properties socket-id/core-id/thread-id are not set, set them
-     * so that machine_query_hotpluggable_cpus would show correct values
-     */
-    /* TODO: move socket_id/core_id/thread_id checks into x86_cpu_realizefn()
-     * once -smp refactoring is complete and there will be CPU private
-     * CPUState::nr_cores and CPUState::nr_threads fields instead of globals */
-    x86_topo_ids_from_apicid(cpu->apic_id, &topo_info, &topo_ids);
-    if (cpu->socket_id != -1 && cpu->socket_id != topo_ids.pkg_id) {
-        error_setg(errp, "property socket-id: %u doesn't match set apic-id:"
-            " 0x%x (socket-id: %u)", cpu->socket_id, cpu->apic_id,
-            topo_ids.pkg_id);
-        return;
-    }
-    cpu->socket_id = topo_ids.pkg_id;
-
-    if (cpu->die_id != -1 && cpu->die_id != topo_ids.die_id) {
-        error_setg(errp, "property die-id: %u doesn't match set apic-id:"
-            " 0x%x (die-id: %u)", cpu->die_id, cpu->apic_id, topo_ids.die_id);
-        return;
-    }
-    cpu->die_id = topo_ids.die_id;
-
-    if (cpu->core_id != -1 && cpu->core_id != topo_ids.core_id) {
-        error_setg(errp, "property core-id: %u doesn't match set apic-id:"
-            " 0x%x (core-id: %u)", cpu->core_id, cpu->apic_id,
-            topo_ids.core_id);
-        return;
-    }
-    cpu->core_id = topo_ids.core_id;
-
-    if (cpu->thread_id != -1 && cpu->thread_id != topo_ids.smt_id) {
-        error_setg(errp, "property thread-id: %u doesn't match set apic-id:"
-            " 0x%x (thread-id: %u)", cpu->thread_id, cpu->apic_id,
-            topo_ids.smt_id);
-        return;
-    }
-    cpu->thread_id = topo_ids.smt_id;
-
-    /*
-    * kvm_enabled() must go first to ensure that kvm_* references are
-    * not emitted for the linker to consume (kvm_enabled() is
-    * a literal `0` in configurations where kvm_* aren't defined)
-    */
-    if (kvm_enabled() && hyperv_feat_enabled(cpu, HYPERV_FEAT_VPINDEX) &&
-        !kvm_hv_vpindex_settable()) {
-        error_setg(errp, "kernel doesn't allow setting HyperV VP_INDEX");
-        return;
-    }
-
-    cs = CPU(cpu);
-    cs->cpu_index = idx;
-
-    numa_cpu_pre_plug(cpu_slot, dev, errp);
-}
-
-CpuInstanceProperties
+static CpuInstanceProperties
 x86_cpu_index_to_props(MachineState *ms, unsigned cpu_index)
 {
     MachineClass *mc = MACHINE_GET_CLASS(ms);
@@ -453,7 +77,7 @@
     return possible_cpus->cpus[cpu_index].props;
 }
 
-int64_t x86_get_default_cpu_node_id(const MachineState *ms, int idx)
+static int64_t x86_get_default_cpu_node_id(const MachineState *ms, int idx)
 {
    X86CPUTopoIDs topo_ids;
    X86MachineState *x86ms = X86_MACHINE(ms);
@@ -467,7 +91,7 @@
    return topo_ids.pkg_id % ms->numa_state->num_nodes;
 }
 
-const CPUArchIdList *x86_possible_cpu_arch_ids(MachineState *ms)
+static const CPUArchIdList *x86_possible_cpu_arch_ids(MachineState *ms)
 {
     X86MachineState *x86ms = X86_MACHINE(ms);
     unsigned int max_cpus = ms->smp.max_cpus;
@@ -528,676 +152,6 @@
     }
 }
 
-static long get_file_size(FILE *f)
-{
-    long where, size;
-
-    /* XXX: on Unix systems, using fstat() probably makes more sense */
-
-    where = ftell(f);
-    fseek(f, 0, SEEK_END);
-    size = ftell(f);
-    fseek(f, where, SEEK_SET);
-
-    return size;
-}
-
-/* TSC handling */
-uint64_t cpu_get_tsc(CPUX86State *env)
-{
-    return cpus_get_elapsed_ticks();
-}
-
-/* IRQ handling */
-static void pic_irq_request(void *opaque, int irq, int level)
-{
-    CPUState *cs = first_cpu;
-    X86CPU *cpu = X86_CPU(cs);
-
-    trace_x86_pic_interrupt(irq, level);
-    if (cpu_is_apic_enabled(cpu->apic_state) && !kvm_irqchip_in_kernel() &&
-        !whpx_apic_in_platform()) {
-        CPU_FOREACH(cs) {
-            cpu = X86_CPU(cs);
-            if (apic_accept_pic_intr(cpu->apic_state)) {
-                apic_deliver_pic_intr(cpu->apic_state, level);
-            }
-        }
-    } else {
-        if (level) {
-            cpu_interrupt(cs, CPU_INTERRUPT_HARD);
-        } else {
-            cpu_reset_interrupt(cs, CPU_INTERRUPT_HARD);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-qemu_irq x86_allocate_cpu_irq(void)
-{
-    return qemu_allocate_irq(pic_irq_request, NULL, 0);
-}
-
-int cpu_get_pic_interrupt(CPUX86State *env)
-{
-    X86CPU *cpu = env_archcpu(env);
-    int intno;
-
-    if (!kvm_irqchip_in_kernel() && !whpx_apic_in_platform()) {
-        intno = apic_get_interrupt(cpu->apic_state);
-        if (intno >= 0) {
-            return intno;
-        }
-        /* read the irq from the PIC */
-        if (!apic_accept_pic_intr(cpu->apic_state)) {
-            return -1;
-        }
-    }
-
-    intno = pic_read_irq(isa_pic);
-    return intno;
-}
-
-DeviceState *cpu_get_current_apic(void)
-{
-    if (current_cpu) {
-        X86CPU *cpu = X86_CPU(current_cpu);
-        return cpu->apic_state;
-    } else {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-}
-
-void gsi_handler(void *opaque, int n, int level)
-{
-    GSIState *s = opaque;
-
-    trace_x86_gsi_interrupt(n, level);
-    switch (n) {
-    case 0 ... ISA_NUM_IRQS - 1:
-        if (s->i8259_irq[n]) {
-            /* Under KVM, Kernel will forward to both PIC and IOAPIC */
-            qemu_set_irq(s->i8259_irq[n], level);
-        }
-        /* fall through */
-    case ISA_NUM_IRQS ... IOAPIC_NUM_PINS - 1:
-#ifdef CONFIG_XEN_EMU
-        /*
-         * Xen delivers the GSI to the Legacy PIC (not that Legacy PIC
-         * routing actually works properly under Xen). And then to
-         * *either* the PIRQ handling or the I/OAPIC depending on
-         * whether the former wants it.
-         */
-        if (xen_mode == XEN_EMULATE && xen_evtchn_set_gsi(n, level)) {
-            break;
-        }
-#endif
-        qemu_set_irq(s->ioapic_irq[n], level);
-        break;
-    case IO_APIC_SECONDARY_IRQBASE
-        ... IO_APIC_SECONDARY_IRQBASE + IOAPIC_NUM_PINS - 1:
-        qemu_set_irq(s->ioapic2_irq[n - IO_APIC_SECONDARY_IRQBASE], level);
-        break;
-    }
-}
-
-void ioapic_init_gsi(GSIState *gsi_state, Object *parent)
-{
-    DeviceState *dev;
-    SysBusDevice *d;
-    unsigned int i;
-
-    assert(parent);
-    if (kvm_ioapic_in_kernel()) {
-        dev = qdev_new(TYPE_KVM_IOAPIC);
-    } else {
-        dev = qdev_new(TYPE_IOAPIC);
-    }
-    object_property_add_child(parent, "ioapic", OBJECT(dev));
-    d = SYS_BUS_DEVICE(dev);
-    sysbus_realize_and_unref(d, &error_fatal);
-    sysbus_mmio_map(d, 0, IO_APIC_DEFAULT_ADDRESS);
-
-    for (i = 0; i < IOAPIC_NUM_PINS; i++) {
-        gsi_state->ioapic_irq[i] = qdev_get_gpio_in(dev, i);
-    }
-}
-
-DeviceState *ioapic_init_secondary(GSIState *gsi_state)
-{
-    DeviceState *dev;
-    SysBusDevice *d;
-    unsigned int i;
-
-    dev = qdev_new(TYPE_IOAPIC);
-    d = SYS_BUS_DEVICE(dev);
-    sysbus_realize_and_unref(d, &error_fatal);
-    sysbus_mmio_map(d, 0, IO_APIC_SECONDARY_ADDRESS);
-
-    for (i = 0; i < IOAPIC_NUM_PINS; i++) {
-        gsi_state->ioapic2_irq[i] = qdev_get_gpio_in(dev, i);
-    }
-    return dev;
-}
-
-/*
- * The entry point into the kernel for PVH boot is different from
- * the native entry point.  The PVH entry is defined by the x86/HVM
- * direct boot ABI and is available in an ELFNOTE in the kernel binary.
- *
- * This function is passed to load_elf() when it is called from
- * load_elfboot() which then additionally checks for an ELF Note of
- * type XEN_ELFNOTE_PHYS32_ENTRY and passes it to this function to
- * parse the PVH entry address from the ELF Note.
- *
- * Due to trickery in elf_opts.h, load_elf() is actually available as
- * load_elf32() or load_elf64() and this routine needs to be able
- * to deal with being called as 32 or 64 bit.
- *
- * The address of the PVH entry point is saved to the 'pvh_start_addr'
- * global variable.  (although the entry point is 32-bit, the kernel
- * binary can be either 32-bit or 64-bit).
- */
-static uint64_t read_pvh_start_addr(void *arg1, void *arg2, bool is64)
-{
-    size_t *elf_note_data_addr;
-
-    /* Check if ELF Note header passed in is valid */
-    if (arg1 == NULL) {
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-    if (is64) {
-        struct elf64_note *nhdr64 = (struct elf64_note *)arg1;
-        uint64_t nhdr_size64 = sizeof(struct elf64_note);
-        uint64_t phdr_align = *(uint64_t *)arg2;
-        uint64_t nhdr_namesz = nhdr64->n_namesz;
-
-        elf_note_data_addr =
-            ((void *)nhdr64) + nhdr_size64 +
-            QEMU_ALIGN_UP(nhdr_namesz, phdr_align);
-
-        pvh_start_addr = *elf_note_data_addr;
-    } else {
-        struct elf32_note *nhdr32 = (struct elf32_note *)arg1;
-        uint32_t nhdr_size32 = sizeof(struct elf32_note);
-        uint32_t phdr_align = *(uint32_t *)arg2;
-        uint32_t nhdr_namesz = nhdr32->n_namesz;
-
-        elf_note_data_addr =
-            ((void *)nhdr32) + nhdr_size32 +
-            QEMU_ALIGN_UP(nhdr_namesz, phdr_align);
-
-        pvh_start_addr = *(uint32_t *)elf_note_data_addr;
-    }
-
-    return pvh_start_addr;
-}
-
-static bool load_elfboot(const char *kernel_filename,
-                         int kernel_file_size,
-                         uint8_t *header,
-                         size_t pvh_xen_start_addr,
-                         FWCfgState *fw_cfg)
-{
-    uint32_t flags = 0;
-    uint32_t mh_load_addr = 0;
-    uint32_t elf_kernel_size = 0;
-    uint64_t elf_entry;
-    uint64_t elf_low, elf_high;
-    int kernel_size;
-
-    if (ldl_p(header) != 0x464c457f) {
-        return false; /* no elfboot */
-    }
-
-    bool elf_is64 = header[EI_CLASS] == ELFCLASS64;
-    flags = elf_is64 ?
-        ((Elf64_Ehdr *)header)->e_flags : ((Elf32_Ehdr *)header)->e_flags;
-
-    if (flags & 0x00010004) { /* LOAD_ELF_HEADER_HAS_ADDR */
-        error_report("elfboot unsupported flags = %x", flags);
-        exit(1);
-    }
-
-    uint64_t elf_note_type = XEN_ELFNOTE_PHYS32_ENTRY;
-    kernel_size = load_elf(kernel_filename, read_pvh_start_addr,
-                           NULL, &elf_note_type, &elf_entry,
-                           &elf_low, &elf_high, NULL, 0, I386_ELF_MACHINE,
-                           0, 0);
-
-    if (kernel_size < 0) {
-        error_report("Error while loading elf kernel");
-        exit(1);
-    }
-    mh_load_addr = elf_low;
-    elf_kernel_size = elf_high - elf_low;
-
-    if (pvh_start_addr == 0) {
-        error_report("Error loading uncompressed kernel without PVH ELF Note");
-        exit(1);
-    }
-    fw_cfg_add_i32(fw_cfg, FW_CFG_KERNEL_ENTRY, pvh_start_addr);
-    fw_cfg_add_i32(fw_cfg, FW_CFG_KERNEL_ADDR, mh_load_addr);
-    fw_cfg_add_i32(fw_cfg, FW_CFG_KERNEL_SIZE, elf_kernel_size);
-
-    return true;
-}
-
-void x86_load_linux(X86MachineState *x86ms,
-                    FWCfgState *fw_cfg,
-                    int acpi_data_size,
-                    bool pvh_enabled)
-{
-    bool linuxboot_dma_enabled = X86_MACHINE_GET_CLASS(x86ms)->fwcfg_dma_enabled;
-    uint16_t protocol;
-    int setup_size, kernel_size, cmdline_size;
-    int dtb_size, setup_data_offset;
-    uint32_t initrd_max;
-    uint8_t header[8192], *setup, *kernel;
-    hwaddr real_addr, prot_addr, cmdline_addr, initrd_addr = 0;
-    FILE *f;
-    char *vmode;
-    MachineState *machine = MACHINE(x86ms);
-    struct setup_data *setup_data;
-    const char *kernel_filename = machine->kernel_filename;
-    const char *initrd_filename = machine->initrd_filename;
-    const char *dtb_filename = machine->dtb;
-    const char *kernel_cmdline = machine->kernel_cmdline;
-    SevKernelLoaderContext sev_load_ctx = {};
-
-    /* Align to 16 bytes as a paranoia measure */
-    cmdline_size = (strlen(kernel_cmdline) + 16) & ~15;
-
-    /* load the kernel header */
-    f = fopen(kernel_filename, "rb");
-    if (!f) {
-        fprintf(stderr, "qemu: could not open kernel file '%s': %s\n",
-                kernel_filename, strerror(errno));
-        exit(1);
-    }
-
-    kernel_size = get_file_size(f);
-    if (!kernel_size ||
-        fread(header, 1, MIN(ARRAY_SIZE(header), kernel_size), f) !=
-        MIN(ARRAY_SIZE(header), kernel_size)) {
-        fprintf(stderr, "qemu: could not load kernel '%s': %s\n",
-                kernel_filename, strerror(errno));
-        exit(1);
-    }
-
-    /* kernel protocol version */
-    if (ldl_p(header + 0x202) == 0x53726448) {
-        protocol = lduw_p(header + 0x206);
-    } else {
-        /*
-         * This could be a multiboot kernel. If it is, let's stop treating it
-         * like a Linux kernel.
-         * Note: some multiboot images could be in the ELF format (the same of
-         * PVH), so we try multiboot first since we check the multiboot magic
-         * header before to load it.
-         */
-        if (load_multiboot(x86ms, fw_cfg, f, kernel_filename, initrd_filename,
-                           kernel_cmdline, kernel_size, header)) {
-            return;
-        }
-        /*
-         * Check if the file is an uncompressed kernel file (ELF) and load it,
-         * saving the PVH entry point used by the x86/HVM direct boot ABI.
-         * If load_elfboot() is successful, populate the fw_cfg info.
-         */
-        if (pvh_enabled &&
-            load_elfboot(kernel_filename, kernel_size,
-                         header, pvh_start_addr, fw_cfg)) {
-            fclose(f);
-
-            fw_cfg_add_i32(fw_cfg, FW_CFG_CMDLINE_SIZE,
-                strlen(kernel_cmdline) + 1);
-            fw_cfg_add_string(fw_cfg, FW_CFG_CMDLINE_DATA, kernel_cmdline);
-
-            fw_cfg_add_i32(fw_cfg, FW_CFG_SETUP_SIZE, sizeof(header));
-            fw_cfg_add_bytes(fw_cfg, FW_CFG_SETUP_DATA,
-                             header, sizeof(header));
-
-            /* load initrd */
-            if (initrd_filename) {
-                GMappedFile *mapped_file;
-                gsize initrd_size;
-                gchar *initrd_data;
-                GError *gerr = NULL;
-
-                mapped_file = g_mapped_file_new(initrd_filename, false, &gerr);
-                if (!mapped_file) {
-                    fprintf(stderr, "qemu: error reading initrd %s: %s\n",
-                            initrd_filename, gerr->message);
-                    exit(1);
-                }
-                x86ms->initrd_mapped_file = mapped_file;
-
-                initrd_data = g_mapped_file_get_contents(mapped_file);
-                initrd_size = g_mapped_file_get_length(mapped_file);
-                initrd_max = x86ms->below_4g_mem_size - acpi_data_size - 1;
-                if (initrd_size >= initrd_max) {
-                    fprintf(stderr, "qemu: initrd is too large, cannot support."
-                            "(max: %"PRIu32", need %"PRId64")\n",
-                            initrd_max, (uint64_t)initrd_size);
-                    exit(1);
-                }
-
-                initrd_addr = (initrd_max - initrd_size) & ~4095;
-
-                fw_cfg_add_i32(fw_cfg, FW_CFG_INITRD_ADDR, initrd_addr);
-                fw_cfg_add_i32(fw_cfg, FW_CFG_INITRD_SIZE, initrd_size);
-                fw_cfg_add_bytes(fw_cfg, FW_CFG_INITRD_DATA, initrd_data,
-                                 initrd_size);
-            }
-
-            option_rom[nb_option_roms].bootindex = 0;
-            option_rom[nb_option_roms].name = "pvh.bin";
-            nb_option_roms++;
-
-            return;
-        }
-        protocol = 0;
-    }
-
-    if (protocol < 0x200 || !(header[0x211] & 0x01)) {
-        /* Low kernel */
-        real_addr    = 0x90000;
-        cmdline_addr = 0x9a000 - cmdline_size;
-        prot_addr    = 0x10000;
-    } else if (protocol < 0x202) {
-        /* High but ancient kernel */
-        real_addr    = 0x90000;
-        cmdline_addr = 0x9a000 - cmdline_size;
-        prot_addr    = 0x100000;
-    } else {
-        /* High and recent kernel */
-        real_addr    = 0x10000;
-        cmdline_addr = 0x20000;
-        prot_addr    = 0x100000;
-    }
-
-    /* highest address for loading the initrd */
-    if (protocol >= 0x20c &&
-        lduw_p(header + 0x236) & XLF_CAN_BE_LOADED_ABOVE_4G) {
-        /*
-         * Linux has supported initrd up to 4 GB for a very long time (2007,
-         * long before XLF_CAN_BE_LOADED_ABOVE_4G which was added in 2013),
-         * though it only sets initrd_max to 2 GB to "work around bootloader
-         * bugs". Luckily, QEMU firmware(which does something like bootloader)
-         * has supported this.
-         *
-         * It's believed that if XLF_CAN_BE_LOADED_ABOVE_4G is set, initrd can
-         * be loaded into any address.
-         *
-         * In addition, initrd_max is uint32_t simply because QEMU doesn't
-         * support the 64-bit boot protocol (specifically the ext_ramdisk_image
-         * field).
-         *
-         * Therefore here just limit initrd_max to UINT32_MAX simply as well.
-         */
-        initrd_max = UINT32_MAX;
-    } else if (protocol >= 0x203) {
-        initrd_max = ldl_p(header + 0x22c);
-    } else {
-        initrd_max = 0x37ffffff;
-    }
-
-    if (initrd_max >= x86ms->below_4g_mem_size - acpi_data_size) {
-        initrd_max = x86ms->below_4g_mem_size - acpi_data_size - 1;
-    }
-
-    fw_cfg_add_i32(fw_cfg, FW_CFG_CMDLINE_ADDR, cmdline_addr);
-    fw_cfg_add_i32(fw_cfg, FW_CFG_CMDLINE_SIZE, strlen(kernel_cmdline) + 1);
-    fw_cfg_add_string(fw_cfg, FW_CFG_CMDLINE_DATA, kernel_cmdline);
-    sev_load_ctx.cmdline_data = (char *)kernel_cmdline;
-    sev_load_ctx.cmdline_size = strlen(kernel_cmdline) + 1;
-
-    if (protocol >= 0x202) {
-        stl_p(header + 0x228, cmdline_addr);
-    } else {
-        stw_p(header + 0x20, 0xA33F);
-        stw_p(header + 0x22, cmdline_addr - real_addr);
-    }
-
-    /* handle vga= parameter */
-    vmode = strstr(kernel_cmdline, "vga=");
-    if (vmode) {
-        unsigned int video_mode;
-        const char *end;
-        int ret;
-        /* skip "vga=" */
-        vmode += 4;
-        if (!strncmp(vmode, "normal", 6)) {
-            video_mode = 0xffff;
-        } else if (!strncmp(vmode, "ext", 3)) {
-            video_mode = 0xfffe;
-        } else if (!strncmp(vmode, "ask", 3)) {
-            video_mode = 0xfffd;
-        } else {
-            ret = qemu_strtoui(vmode, &end, 0, &video_mode);
-            if (ret != 0 || (*end && *end != ' ')) {
-                fprintf(stderr, "qemu: invalid 'vga=' kernel parameter.\n");
-                exit(1);
-            }
-        }
-        stw_p(header + 0x1fa, video_mode);
-    }
-
-    /* loader type */
-    /*
-     * High nybble = B reserved for QEMU; low nybble is revision number.
-     * If this code is substantially changed, you may want to consider
-     * incrementing the revision.
-     */
-    if (protocol >= 0x200) {
-        header[0x210] = 0xB0;
-    }
-    /* heap */
-    if (protocol >= 0x201) {
-        header[0x211] |= 0x80; /* CAN_USE_HEAP */
-        stw_p(header + 0x224, cmdline_addr - real_addr - 0x200);
-    }
-
-    /* load initrd */
-    if (initrd_filename) {
-        GMappedFile *mapped_file;
-        gsize initrd_size;
-        gchar *initrd_data;
-        GError *gerr = NULL;
-
-        if (protocol < 0x200) {
-            fprintf(stderr, "qemu: linux kernel too old to load a ram disk\n");
-            exit(1);
-        }
-
-        mapped_file = g_mapped_file_new(initrd_filename, false, &gerr);
-        if (!mapped_file) {
-            fprintf(stderr, "qemu: error reading initrd %s: %s\n",
-                    initrd_filename, gerr->message);
-            exit(1);
-        }
-        x86ms->initrd_mapped_file = mapped_file;
-
-        initrd_data = g_mapped_file_get_contents(mapped_file);
-        initrd_size = g_mapped_file_get_length(mapped_file);
-        if (initrd_size >= initrd_max) {
-            fprintf(stderr, "qemu: initrd is too large, cannot support."
-                    "(max: %"PRIu32", need %"PRId64")\n",
-                    initrd_max, (uint64_t)initrd_size);
-            exit(1);
-        }
-
-        initrd_addr = (initrd_max - initrd_size) & ~4095;
-
-        fw_cfg_add_i32(fw_cfg, FW_CFG_INITRD_ADDR, initrd_addr);
-        fw_cfg_add_i32(fw_cfg, FW_CFG_INITRD_SIZE, initrd_size);
-        fw_cfg_add_bytes(fw_cfg, FW_CFG_INITRD_DATA, initrd_data, initrd_size);
-        sev_load_ctx.initrd_data = initrd_data;
-        sev_load_ctx.initrd_size = initrd_size;
-
-        stl_p(header + 0x218, initrd_addr);
-        stl_p(header + 0x21c, initrd_size);
-    }
-
-    /* load kernel and setup */
-    setup_size = header[0x1f1];
-    if (setup_size == 0) {
-        setup_size = 4;
-    }
-    setup_size = (setup_size + 1) * 512;
-    if (setup_size > kernel_size) {
-        fprintf(stderr, "qemu: invalid kernel header\n");
-        exit(1);
-    }
-    kernel_size -= setup_size;
-
-    setup  = g_malloc(setup_size);
-    kernel = g_malloc(kernel_size);
-    fseek(f, 0, SEEK_SET);
-    if (fread(setup, 1, setup_size, f) != setup_size) {
-        fprintf(stderr, "fread() failed\n");
-        exit(1);
-    }
-    if (fread(kernel, 1, kernel_size, f) != kernel_size) {
-        fprintf(stderr, "fread() failed\n");
-        exit(1);
-    }
-    fclose(f);
-
-    /* append dtb to kernel */
-    if (dtb_filename) {
-        if (protocol < 0x209) {
-            fprintf(stderr, "qemu: Linux kernel too old to load a dtb\n");
-            exit(1);
-        }
-
-        dtb_size = get_image_size(dtb_filename);
-        if (dtb_size <= 0) {
-            fprintf(stderr, "qemu: error reading dtb %s: %s\n",
-                    dtb_filename, strerror(errno));
-            exit(1);
-        }
-
-        setup_data_offset = QEMU_ALIGN_UP(kernel_size, 16);
-        kernel_size = setup_data_offset + sizeof(struct setup_data) + dtb_size;
-        kernel = g_realloc(kernel, kernel_size);
-
-        stq_p(header + 0x250, prot_addr + setup_data_offset);
-
-        setup_data = (struct setup_data *)(kernel + setup_data_offset);
-        setup_data->next = 0;
-        setup_data->type = cpu_to_le32(SETUP_DTB);
-        setup_data->len = cpu_to_le32(dtb_size);
-
-        load_image_size(dtb_filename, setup_data->data, dtb_size);
-    }
-
-    /*
-     * If we're starting an encrypted VM, it will be OVMF based, which uses the
-     * efi stub for booting and doesn't require any values to be placed in the
-     * kernel header.  We therefore don't update the header so the hash of the
-     * kernel on the other side of the fw_cfg interface matches the hash of the
-     * file the user passed in.
-     */
-    if (!sev_enabled()) {
-        memcpy(setup, header, MIN(sizeof(header), setup_size));
-    }
-
-    fw_cfg_add_i32(fw_cfg, FW_CFG_KERNEL_ADDR, prot_addr);
-    fw_cfg_add_i32(fw_cfg, FW_CFG_KERNEL_SIZE, kernel_size);
-    fw_cfg_add_bytes(fw_cfg, FW_CFG_KERNEL_DATA, kernel, kernel_size);
-    sev_load_ctx.kernel_data = (char *)kernel;
-    sev_load_ctx.kernel_size = kernel_size;
-
-    fw_cfg_add_i32(fw_cfg, FW_CFG_SETUP_ADDR, real_addr);
-    fw_cfg_add_i32(fw_cfg, FW_CFG_SETUP_SIZE, setup_size);
-    fw_cfg_add_bytes(fw_cfg, FW_CFG_SETUP_DATA, setup, setup_size);
-    sev_load_ctx.setup_data = (char *)setup;
-    sev_load_ctx.setup_size = setup_size;
-
-    if (sev_enabled()) {
-        sev_add_kernel_loader_hashes(&sev_load_ctx, &error_fatal);
-    }
-
-    option_rom[nb_option_roms].bootindex = 0;
-    option_rom[nb_option_roms].name = "linuxboot.bin";
-    if (linuxboot_dma_enabled && fw_cfg_dma_enabled(fw_cfg)) {
-        option_rom[nb_option_roms].name = "linuxboot_dma.bin";
-    }
-    nb_option_roms++;
-}
-
-void x86_isa_bios_init(MemoryRegion *isa_bios, MemoryRegion *isa_memory,
-                       MemoryRegion *bios, bool read_only)
-{
-    uint64_t bios_size = memory_region_size(bios);
-    uint64_t isa_bios_size = MIN(bios_size, 128 * KiB);
-
-    memory_region_init_alias(isa_bios, NULL, "isa-bios", bios,
-                             bios_size - isa_bios_size, isa_bios_size);
-    memory_region_add_subregion_overlap(isa_memory, 1 * MiB - isa_bios_size,
-                                        isa_bios, 1);
-    memory_region_set_readonly(isa_bios, read_only);
-}
-
-void x86_bios_rom_init(X86MachineState *x86ms, const char *default_firmware,
-                       MemoryRegion *rom_memory, bool isapc_ram_fw)
-{
-    const char *bios_name;
-    char *filename;
-    int bios_size;
-    ssize_t ret;
-
-    /* BIOS load */
-    bios_name = MACHINE(x86ms)->firmware ?: default_firmware;
-    filename = qemu_find_file(QEMU_FILE_TYPE_BIOS, bios_name);
-    if (filename) {
-        bios_size = get_image_size(filename);
-    } else {
-        bios_size = -1;
-    }
-    if (bios_size <= 0 ||
-        (bios_size % 65536) != 0) {
-        goto bios_error;
-    }
-    memory_region_init_ram(&x86ms->bios, NULL, "pc.bios", bios_size,
-                           &error_fatal);
-    if (sev_enabled()) {
-        /*
-         * The concept of a "reset" simply doesn't exist for
-         * confidential computing guests, we have to destroy and
-         * re-launch them instead.  So there is no need to register
-         * the firmware as rom to properly re-initialize on reset.
-         * Just go for a straight file load instead.
-         */
-        void *ptr = memory_region_get_ram_ptr(&x86ms->bios);
-        load_image_size(filename, ptr, bios_size);
-        x86_firmware_configure(ptr, bios_size);
-    } else {
-        memory_region_set_readonly(&x86ms->bios, !isapc_ram_fw);
-        ret = rom_add_file_fixed(bios_name, (uint32_t)(-bios_size), -1);
-        if (ret != 0) {
-            goto bios_error;
-        }
-    }
-    g_free(filename);
-
-    /* map the last 128KB of the BIOS in ISA space */
-    x86_isa_bios_init(&x86ms->isa_bios, rom_memory, &x86ms->bios,
-                      !isapc_ram_fw);
-
-    /* map all the bios at the top of memory */
-    memory_region_add_subregion(rom_memory,
-                                (uint32_t)(-bios_size),
-                                &x86ms->bios);
-    return;
-
-bios_error:
-    fprintf(stderr, "qemu: could not load PC BIOS '%s'\n", bios_name);
-    exit(1);
-}
-
 bool x86_machine_is_smm_enabled(const X86MachineState *x86ms)
 {
     bool smm_available = false;
diff --git a/hw/intc/ioapic-stub.c b/hw/intc/ioapic-stub.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4dcd862
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hw/intc/ioapic-stub.c
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+/*
+ *  ioapic.c IOAPIC emulation logic
+ *
+ *  Copyright (c) 2004-2005 Fabrice Bellard
+ *
+ *  Split the ioapic logic from apic.c
+ *  Xiantao Zhang <xiantao.zhang@intel.com>
+ *
+ * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+ * modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+ * version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+ * Lesser General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License along with this library; if not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+
+#include "qemu/osdep.h"
+#include "qapi/error.h"
+#include "hw/intc/ioapic.h"
+
+void ioapic_eoi_broadcast(int vector)
+{
+}
diff --git a/hw/intc/meson.build b/hw/intc/meson.build
index f4b540e..0d1b7d0 100644
--- a/hw/intc/meson.build
+++ b/hw/intc/meson.build
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 system_ss.add(when: 'CONFIG_HEATHROW_PIC', if_true: files('heathrow_pic.c'))
 system_ss.add(when: 'CONFIG_I8259', if_true: files('i8259_common.c', 'i8259.c'))
 system_ss.add(when: 'CONFIG_IMX', if_true: files('imx_avic.c', 'imx_gpcv2.c'))
-system_ss.add(when: 'CONFIG_IOAPIC', if_true: files('ioapic_common.c'))
+system_ss.add(when: 'CONFIG_IOAPIC', if_true: files('ioapic_common.c'), if_false: files('ioapic-stub.c'))
 system_ss.add(when: 'CONFIG_OMAP', if_true: files('omap_intc.c'))
 system_ss.add(when: 'CONFIG_OPENPIC', if_true: files('openpic.c'))
 system_ss.add(when: 'CONFIG_PL190', if_true: files('pl190.c'))
diff --git a/hw/intc/s390_flic.c b/hw/intc/s390_flic.c
index f4a8484..7f93080 100644
--- a/hw/intc/s390_flic.c
+++ b/hw/intc/s390_flic.c
@@ -405,6 +405,8 @@
 static Property s390_flic_common_properties[] = {
     DEFINE_PROP_UINT32("adapter_routes_max_batch", S390FLICState,
                        adapter_routes_max_batch, ADAPTER_ROUTES_MAX_GSI),
+    DEFINE_PROP_BOOL("migration-enabled", S390FLICState,
+                     migration_enabled, true),
     DEFINE_PROP_END_OF_LIST(),
 };
 
@@ -457,7 +459,9 @@
 
 static bool adapter_info_so_needed(void *opaque)
 {
-    return css_migration_enabled();
+    S390FLICState *fs = S390_FLIC_COMMON(opaque);
+
+    return fs->migration_enabled;
 }
 
 const VMStateDescription vmstate_adapter_info_so = {
diff --git a/hw/loongarch/Kconfig b/hw/loongarch/Kconfig
index ad77502..90a0dba 100644
--- a/hw/loongarch/Kconfig
+++ b/hw/loongarch/Kconfig
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 config LOONGARCH_VIRT
     bool
     default y
-    depends on LOONGARCH64
+    depends on LOONGARCH64 && FDT
+    select DEVICE_TREE
     select PCI
     select PCI_EXPRESS_GENERIC_BRIDGE
     imply VIRTIO_VGA
diff --git a/hw/loongarch/meson.build b/hw/loongarch/meson.build
index d306d82..bce7eba 100644
--- a/hw/loongarch/meson.build
+++ b/hw/loongarch/meson.build
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
     'fw_cfg.c',
     'boot.c',
 ))
-loongarch_ss.add(when: 'CONFIG_LOONGARCH_VIRT', if_true: [files('virt.c'), fdt])
+loongarch_ss.add(when: 'CONFIG_LOONGARCH_VIRT', if_true: files('virt.c'))
 loongarch_ss.add(when: 'CONFIG_ACPI', if_true: files('acpi-build.c'))
 
 hw_arch += {'loongarch': loongarch_ss}
diff --git a/hw/mips/Kconfig b/hw/mips/Kconfig
index 9bccb36..a7f26ed 100644
--- a/hw/mips/Kconfig
+++ b/hw/mips/Kconfig
@@ -80,9 +80,10 @@
 config MIPS_BOSTON
     bool
     default y
-    depends on MIPS64 && !TARGET_BIG_ENDIAN
+    depends on MIPS64 && !TARGET_BIG_ENDIAN && FDT
     imply PCI_DEVICES
     imply TEST_DEVICES
+    select DEVICE_TREE
     select FITLOADER
     select MIPS_CPS
     select PCI_EXPRESS_XILINX
diff --git a/hw/mips/meson.build b/hw/mips/meson.build
index f06d88f..ca37c42 100644
--- a/hw/mips/meson.build
+++ b/hw/mips/meson.build
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 mips_ss.add(when: 'CONFIG_JAZZ', if_true: files('jazz.c'))
 mips_ss.add(when: 'CONFIG_MIPSSIM', if_true: files('mipssim.c'))
 mips_ss.add(when: 'CONFIG_FULOONG', if_true: files('fuloong2e.c'))
-mips_ss.add(when: 'CONFIG_MIPS_BOSTON', if_true: [files('boston.c'), fdt])
+mips_ss.add(when: 'CONFIG_MIPS_BOSTON', if_true: files('boston.c'))
 endif
 
 hw_arch += {'mips': mips_ss}
diff --git a/hw/openrisc/Kconfig b/hw/openrisc/Kconfig
index 9c9015e..76b953c 100644
--- a/hw/openrisc/Kconfig
+++ b/hw/openrisc/Kconfig
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
     bool
     default y
     depends on OPENRISC
+    select DEVICE_TREE
     select SERIAL
     select OPENCORES_ETH
     select OMPIC
@@ -14,6 +15,7 @@
     imply PCI_DEVICES
     imply VIRTIO_VGA
     imply TEST_DEVICES
+    select DEVICE_TREE
     select PCI
     select PCI_EXPRESS_GENERIC_BRIDGE
     select GOLDFISH_RTC
diff --git a/hw/openrisc/meson.build b/hw/openrisc/meson.build
index 2dbc636..82f1f0e 100644
--- a/hw/openrisc/meson.build
+++ b/hw/openrisc/meson.build
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 openrisc_ss = ss.source_set()
 openrisc_ss.add(files('cputimer.c'))
 openrisc_ss.add(files('boot.c'))
-openrisc_ss.add(when: 'CONFIG_OR1K_SIM', if_true: [files('openrisc_sim.c'), fdt])
-openrisc_ss.add(when: 'CONFIG_OR1K_VIRT', if_true: [files('virt.c'), fdt])
+openrisc_ss.add(when: 'CONFIG_OR1K_SIM', if_true: files('openrisc_sim.c'))
+openrisc_ss.add(when: 'CONFIG_OR1K_VIRT', if_true: files('virt.c'))
 
 hw_arch += {'openrisc': openrisc_ss}
diff --git a/hw/ppc/Kconfig b/hw/ppc/Kconfig
index 78f83e7..347212f 100644
--- a/hw/ppc/Kconfig
+++ b/hw/ppc/Kconfig
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 config PSERIES
     bool
     default y
-    depends on PPC64
+    depends on PPC64 && FDT
     imply USB_OHCI_PCI
     imply PCI_DEVICES
     imply TEST_DEVICES
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
 config POWERNV
     bool
     default y
-    depends on PPC64
+    depends on PPC64 && FDT
     imply PCI_DEVICES
     imply TEST_DEVICES
     select ISA_IPMI_BT
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@
 config PPC440
     bool
     default y
-    depends on PPC
+    depends on PPC && FDT
     imply PCI_DEVICES
     imply TEST_DEVICES
     imply E1000_PCI
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@
 config SAM460EX
     bool
     default y
-    depends on PPC
+    depends on PPC && FDT
     select PFLASH_CFI01
     select IDE_SII3112
     select M41T80
@@ -168,19 +168,19 @@
 config E500PLAT
     bool
     default y
-    depends on PPC
+    depends on PPC && FDT
     select E500
 
 config MPC8544DS
     bool
     default y
-    depends on PPC
+    depends on PPC && FDT
     select E500
 
 config VIRTEX
     bool
     default y
-    depends on PPC
+    depends on PPC && FDT
     select PPC4XX
     select PFLASH_CFI01
     select SERIAL
@@ -193,6 +193,7 @@
     bool
 
 config FDT_PPC
+    select DEVICE_TREE
     bool
 
 config VOF
diff --git a/hw/ppc/meson.build b/hw/ppc/meson.build
index d096636..3ebbf32 100644
--- a/hw/ppc/meson.build
+++ b/hw/ppc/meson.build
@@ -3,9 +3,7 @@
   'ppc.c',
   'ppc_booke.c',
 ))
-ppc_ss.add(when: 'CONFIG_FDT_PPC', if_true: [files(
-  'fdt.c',
-), fdt])
+ppc_ss.add(when: 'CONFIG_FDT_PPC', if_true: files('fdt.c'))
 ppc_ss.add(when: 'CONFIG_FW_CFG_PPC', if_true: files('fw_cfg.c'))
 
 # IBM pSeries (sPAPR)
diff --git a/hw/riscv/Kconfig b/hw/riscv/Kconfig
index 5f5f9e3..a2030e3 100644
--- a/hw/riscv/Kconfig
+++ b/hw/riscv/Kconfig
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
     depends on RISCV64
     select CADENCE_SDHCI
     select CPU_CLUSTER
+    select DEVICE_TREE
     select MCHP_PFSOC_DMC
     select MCHP_PFSOC_IOSCB
     select MCHP_PFSOC_MMUART
@@ -37,6 +38,7 @@
     imply VIRTIO_VGA
     imply TEST_DEVICES
     imply TPM_TIS_SYSBUS
+    select DEVICE_TREE
     select RISCV_NUMA
     select GOLDFISH_RTC
     select PCI
@@ -82,6 +84,7 @@
     depends on RISCV32 || RISCV64
     select CADENCE
     select CPU_CLUSTER
+    select DEVICE_TREE
     select RISCV_ACLINT
     select SIFIVE_GPIO
     select SIFIVE_PDMA
@@ -99,6 +102,7 @@
     bool
     default y
     depends on RISCV32 || RISCV64
+    select DEVICE_TREE
     select RISCV_NUMA
     select HTIF
     select RISCV_ACLINT
diff --git a/hw/riscv/meson.build b/hw/riscv/meson.build
index 2f7ee81..f872674 100644
--- a/hw/riscv/meson.build
+++ b/hw/riscv/meson.build
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 riscv_ss = ss.source_set()
-riscv_ss.add(files('boot.c'), fdt)
+riscv_ss.add(files('boot.c'))
 riscv_ss.add(when: 'CONFIG_RISCV_NUMA', if_true: files('numa.c'))
 riscv_ss.add(files('riscv_hart.c'))
 riscv_ss.add(when: 'CONFIG_OPENTITAN', if_true: files('opentitan.c'))
diff --git a/hw/rtc/mc146818rtc.c b/hw/rtc/mc146818rtc.c
index 3379f92..8ccee9a 100644
--- a/hw/rtc/mc146818rtc.c
+++ b/hw/rtc/mc146818rtc.c
@@ -104,16 +104,9 @@
     }
 }
 
-static QLIST_HEAD(, MC146818RtcState) rtc_devices =
-    QLIST_HEAD_INITIALIZER(rtc_devices);
-
-void qmp_rtc_reset_reinjection(Error **errp)
+void rtc_reset_reinjection(MC146818RtcState *rtc)
 {
-    MC146818RtcState *s;
-
-    QLIST_FOREACH(s, &rtc_devices, link) {
-        s->irq_coalesced = 0;
-    }
+    rtc->irq_coalesced = 0;
 }
 
 static bool rtc_policy_slew_deliver_irq(MC146818RtcState *s)
@@ -941,7 +934,6 @@
     object_property_add_tm(OBJECT(s), "date", rtc_get_date);
 
     qdev_init_gpio_out(dev, &s->irq, 1);
-    QLIST_INSERT_HEAD(&rtc_devices, s, link);
 }
 
 MC146818RtcState *mc146818_rtc_init(ISABus *bus, int base_year,
diff --git a/hw/rx/Kconfig b/hw/rx/Kconfig
index b2fa2b7..aa9242d 100644
--- a/hw/rx/Kconfig
+++ b/hw/rx/Kconfig
@@ -8,5 +8,6 @@
 config RX_GDBSIM
     bool
     default y
-    depends on RX
+    depends on RX && FDT
+    select DEVICE_TREE
     select RX62N_MCU
diff --git a/hw/s390x/css.c b/hw/s390x/css.c
index 2955309..b2d5327 100644
--- a/hw/s390x/css.c
+++ b/hw/s390x/css.c
@@ -23,6 +23,8 @@
 #include "hw/s390x/s390-virtio-ccw.h"
 #include "hw/s390x/s390-ccw.h"
 
+bool css_migration_enabled = true;
+
 typedef struct CrwContainer {
     CRW crw;
     QTAILQ_ENTRY(CrwContainer) sibling;
@@ -180,7 +182,7 @@
 
 static bool vmstate_schdev_orb_needed(void *opaque)
 {
-    return css_migration_enabled();
+    return css_migration_enabled;
 }
 
 static const VMStateDescription vmstate_schdev_orb = {
@@ -388,7 +390,7 @@
         css_subch_assign(s->cssid, s->ssid, s->schid, s->devno, s);
     }
 
-    if (css_migration_enabled()) {
+    if (css_migration_enabled) {
         /* No compat voodoo to do ;) */
         return 0;
     }
@@ -412,7 +414,9 @@
 
 void css_register_vmstate(void)
 {
-    vmstate_register(NULL, 0, &vmstate_css, &channel_subsys);
+    if (css_migration_enabled) {
+        vmstate_register(NULL, 0, &vmstate_css, &channel_subsys);
+    }
 }
 
 IndAddr *get_indicator(hwaddr ind_addr, int len)
diff --git a/hw/s390x/s390-virtio-ccw.c b/hw/s390x/s390-virtio-ccw.c
index 2afaf45..3d0bc3e 100644
--- a/hw/s390x/s390-virtio-ccw.c
+++ b/hw/s390x/s390-virtio-ccw.c
@@ -50,22 +50,6 @@
 
 static Error *pv_mig_blocker;
 
-S390CPU *s390_cpu_addr2state(uint16_t cpu_addr)
-{
-    static MachineState *ms;
-
-    if (!ms) {
-        ms = MACHINE(qdev_get_machine());
-        g_assert(ms->possible_cpus);
-    }
-
-    /* CPU address corresponds to the core_id and the index */
-    if (cpu_addr >= ms->possible_cpus->len) {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-    return S390_CPU(ms->possible_cpus->cpus[cpu_addr].cpu);
-}
-
 static S390CPU *s390x_new_cpu(const char *typename, uint32_t core_id,
                               Error **errp)
 {
@@ -299,11 +283,9 @@
     s390_enable_css_support(s390_cpu_addr2state(0));
 
     ret = css_create_css_image(VIRTUAL_CSSID, true);
-
     assert(ret == 0);
-    if (css_migration_enabled()) {
-        css_register_vmstate();
-    }
+
+    css_register_vmstate();
 
     /* Create VirtIO network adapters */
     s390_create_virtio_net(BUS(css_bus), mc->default_nic);
@@ -765,7 +747,6 @@
 
     s390mc->ri_allowed = true;
     s390mc->cpu_model_allowed = true;
-    s390mc->css_migration_enabled = true;
     s390mc->hpage_1m_allowed = true;
     s390mc->max_threads = 1;
     mc->init = ccw_init;
@@ -835,11 +816,6 @@
     },
 };
 
-bool css_migration_enabled(void)
-{
-    return get_machine_class()->css_migration_enabled;
-}
-
 #define DEFINE_CCW_MACHINE(suffix, verstr, latest)                            \
     static void ccw_machine_##suffix##_class_init(ObjectClass *oc,            \
                                                   void *data)                 \
@@ -1195,15 +1171,15 @@
 
 static void ccw_machine_2_9_class_options(MachineClass *mc)
 {
-    S390CcwMachineClass *s390mc = S390_CCW_MACHINE_CLASS(mc);
     static GlobalProperty compat[] = {
         { TYPE_S390_STATTRIB, "migration-enabled", "off", },
+        { TYPE_S390_FLIC_COMMON, "migration-enabled", "off", },
     };
 
     ccw_machine_2_10_class_options(mc);
     compat_props_add(mc->compat_props, hw_compat_2_9, hw_compat_2_9_len);
     compat_props_add(mc->compat_props, compat, G_N_ELEMENTS(compat));
-    s390mc->css_migration_enabled = false;
+    css_migration_enabled = false;
 }
 DEFINE_CCW_MACHINE(2_9, "2.9", false);
 
diff --git a/hw/sh4/meson.build b/hw/sh4/meson.build
index 424d567..70e814c 100644
--- a/hw/sh4/meson.build
+++ b/hw/sh4/meson.build
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 sh4_ss = ss.source_set()
-sh4_ss.add(files(
+sh4_ss.add(when: 'CONFIG_SH7750', if_true: files(
   'sh7750.c',
   'sh7750_regnames.c',
 ))
diff --git a/hw/usb/xen-usb.c b/hw/usb/xen-usb.c
index 09ec326..416623f 100644
--- a/hw/usb/xen-usb.c
+++ b/hw/usb/xen-usb.c
@@ -1083,7 +1083,7 @@
     qemu_bh_schedule(usbif->bh);
 }
 
-struct XenDevOps xen_usb_ops = {
+static struct XenDevOps xen_usb_ops = {
     .size            = sizeof(struct usbback_info),
     .flags           = DEVOPS_FLAG_NEED_GNTDEV,
     .init            = usbback_init,
@@ -1095,15 +1095,9 @@
     .event           = usbback_event,
 };
 
-#else /* USBIF_SHORT_NOT_OK */
-
-static int usbback_not_supported(void)
+static void xen_usb_register_backend(void)
 {
-    return -EINVAL;
+    xen_be_register("qusb", &xen_usb_ops);
 }
-
-struct XenDevOps xen_usb_ops = {
-    .backend_register = usbback_not_supported,
-};
-
+xen_backend_init(xen_usb_register_backend);
 #endif
diff --git a/hw/xen/xen-bus.c b/hw/xen/xen-bus.c
index fb82cc3..95b207a 100644
--- a/hw/xen/xen-bus.c
+++ b/hw/xen/xen-bus.c
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 #include "hw/sysbus.h"
 #include "hw/xen/xen.h"
 #include "hw/xen/xen-backend.h"
+#include "hw/xen/xen-legacy-backend.h" /* xen_be_init() */
 #include "hw/xen/xen-bus.h"
 #include "hw/xen/xen-bus-helper.h"
 #include "monitor/monitor.h"
@@ -329,6 +330,9 @@
         goto fail;
     }
 
+    /* Initialize legacy backend core & drivers */
+    xen_be_init();
+
     if (xs_node_scanf(xenbus->xsh, XBT_NULL, "", /* domain root node */
                       "domid", NULL, "%u", &domid) == 1) {
         xenbus->backend_id = domid;
diff --git a/hw/xen/xen-hvm-common.c b/hw/xen/xen-hvm-common.c
index 1627da7..2d1b032 100644
--- a/hw/xen/xen-hvm-common.c
+++ b/hw/xen/xen-hvm-common.c
@@ -872,8 +872,6 @@
 
     xen_bus_init();
 
-    xen_be_init();
-
     return;
 
 err:
diff --git a/hw/xen/xen-legacy-backend.c b/hw/xen/xen-legacy-backend.c
index 124dd5f..6f0b300 100644
--- a/hw/xen/xen-legacy-backend.c
+++ b/hw/xen/xen-legacy-backend.c
@@ -622,27 +622,11 @@
     qbus_set_bus_hotplug_handler(xen_sysbus);
 
     xen_set_dynamic_sysbus();
-
-    xen_be_register("vkbd", &xen_kbdmouse_ops);
-#ifdef CONFIG_VIRTFS
-    xen_be_register("9pfs", &xen_9pfs_ops);
-#endif
-#ifdef CONFIG_USB_LIBUSB
-    xen_be_register("qusb", &xen_usb_ops);
-#endif
 }
 
 int xen_be_register(const char *type, struct XenDevOps *ops)
 {
     char path[50];
-    int rc;
-
-    if (ops->backend_register) {
-        rc = ops->backend_register();
-        if (rc) {
-            return rc;
-        }
-    }
 
     snprintf(path, sizeof(path), "device-model/%u/backends/%s", xen_domid,
              type);
diff --git a/hw/xenpv/xen_machine_pv.c b/hw/xenpv/xen_machine_pv.c
index 1130d1a..b500ce0 100644
--- a/hw/xenpv/xen_machine_pv.c
+++ b/hw/xenpv/xen_machine_pv.c
@@ -34,8 +34,7 @@
 {
     setup_xen_backend_ops();
 
-    /* Initialize backend core & drivers */
-    xen_be_init();
+    xen_bus_init();
 
     switch (xen_mode) {
     case XEN_ATTACH:
@@ -60,8 +59,6 @@
         vga_interface_created = true;
     }
 
-    xen_bus_init();
-
     /* config cleanup hook */
     atexit(xen_config_cleanup);
 }
diff --git a/hw/xtensa/Kconfig b/hw/xtensa/Kconfig
index 443b415..fc5c785 100644
--- a/hw/xtensa/Kconfig
+++ b/hw/xtensa/Kconfig
@@ -14,7 +14,8 @@
 config XTENSA_XTFPGA
     bool
     default y
-    depends on XTENSA
+    depends on XTENSA && FDT
+    select DEVICE_TREE
     select OPENCORES_ETH
     select PFLASH_CFI01
     select SERIAL
diff --git a/hw/xtensa/xtfpga.c b/hw/xtensa/xtfpga.c
index f49e659..955e886 100644
--- a/hw/xtensa/xtfpga.c
+++ b/hw/xtensa/xtfpga.c
@@ -356,7 +356,6 @@
             cur_tagptr = put_tag(cur_tagptr, BP_TAG_COMMAND_LINE,
                                  strlen(kernel_cmdline) + 1, kernel_cmdline);
         }
-#ifdef CONFIG_FDT
         if (dtb_filename) {
             int fdt_size;
             void *fdt = load_device_tree(dtb_filename, &fdt_size);
@@ -373,14 +372,6 @@
             cur_lowmem = QEMU_ALIGN_UP(cur_lowmem + fdt_size, 4 * KiB);
             g_free(fdt);
         }
-#else
-        if (dtb_filename) {
-            error_report("could not load DTB '%s': "
-                         "FDT support is not configured in QEMU",
-                         dtb_filename);
-            exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
-        }
-#endif
         if (initrd_filename) {
             BpMemInfo initrd_location = { 0 };
             int initrd_size = load_ramdisk(initrd_filename, cur_lowmem,
diff --git a/include/hw/i386/x86.h b/include/hw/i386/x86.h
index d7b7d3f..b006f16 100644
--- a/include/hw/i386/x86.h
+++ b/include/hw/i386/x86.h
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 #include "exec/memory.h"
 
 #include "hw/boards.h"
+#include "hw/i386/topology.h"
 #include "hw/intc/ioapic.h"
 #include "hw/isa/isa.h"
 #include "qom/object.h"
@@ -109,16 +110,11 @@
 #define TYPE_X86_MACHINE   MACHINE_TYPE_NAME("x86")
 OBJECT_DECLARE_TYPE(X86MachineState, X86MachineClass, X86_MACHINE)
 
-uint32_t x86_cpu_apic_id_from_index(X86MachineState *pcms,
+void init_topo_info(X86CPUTopoInfo *topo_info, const X86MachineState *x86ms);
+uint32_t x86_cpu_apic_id_from_index(X86MachineState *x86ms,
                                     unsigned int cpu_index);
 
-void x86_cpu_new(X86MachineState *pcms, int64_t apic_id, Error **errp);
 void x86_cpus_init(X86MachineState *pcms, int default_cpu_version);
-CpuInstanceProperties x86_cpu_index_to_props(MachineState *ms,
-                                             unsigned cpu_index);
-int64_t x86_get_default_cpu_node_id(const MachineState *ms, int idx);
-const CPUArchIdList *x86_possible_cpu_arch_ids(MachineState *ms);
-CPUArchId *x86_find_cpu_slot(MachineState *ms, uint32_t id, int *idx);
 void x86_rtc_set_cpus_count(ISADevice *rtc, uint16_t cpus_count);
 void x86_cpu_pre_plug(HotplugHandler *hotplug_dev,
                       DeviceState *dev, Error **errp);
diff --git a/include/hw/rtc/mc146818rtc.h b/include/hw/rtc/mc146818rtc.h
index 97cec0b..64893be 100644
--- a/include/hw/rtc/mc146818rtc.h
+++ b/include/hw/rtc/mc146818rtc.h
@@ -55,6 +55,6 @@
                                     qemu_irq intercept_irq);
 void mc146818rtc_set_cmos_data(MC146818RtcState *s, int addr, int val);
 int mc146818rtc_get_cmos_data(MC146818RtcState *s, int addr);
-void qmp_rtc_reset_reinjection(Error **errp);
+void rtc_reset_reinjection(MC146818RtcState *rtc);
 
 #endif /* HW_RTC_MC146818RTC_H */
diff --git a/include/hw/s390x/css.h b/include/hw/s390x/css.h
index ba72ee3..8289e45 100644
--- a/include/hw/s390x/css.h
+++ b/include/hw/s390x/css.h
@@ -333,4 +333,10 @@
 #define ccw_dstream_read(cds, v) ccw_dstream_read_buf((cds), &(v), sizeof(v))
 #define ccw_dstream_write(cds, v) ccw_dstream_write_buf((cds), &(v), sizeof(v))
 
+/**
+ * true if (vmstate based) migration of the channel subsystem
+ * is enabled, false if it is disabled.
+ */
+extern bool css_migration_enabled;
+
 #endif
diff --git a/include/hw/s390x/s390-virtio-ccw.h b/include/hw/s390x/s390-virtio-ccw.h
index 7605d06..996864a 100644
--- a/include/hw/s390x/s390-virtio-ccw.h
+++ b/include/hw/s390x/s390-virtio-ccw.h
@@ -46,7 +46,6 @@
     /*< public >*/
     bool ri_allowed;
     bool cpu_model_allowed;
-    bool css_migration_enabled;
     bool hpage_1m_allowed;
     int max_threads;
 };
@@ -58,10 +57,4 @@
 /* 1M huge page mappings allowed by the machine */
 bool hpage_1m_allowed(void);
 
-/**
- * Returns true if (vmstate based) migration of the channel subsystem
- * is enabled, false if it is disabled.
- */
-bool css_migration_enabled(void);
-
 #endif
diff --git a/include/hw/s390x/s390_flic.h b/include/hw/s390x/s390_flic.h
index 3907a13..bcb081d 100644
--- a/include/hw/s390x/s390_flic.h
+++ b/include/hw/s390x/s390_flic.h
@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@
     /* to limit AdapterRoutes.num_routes for compat */
     uint32_t adapter_routes_max_batch;
     bool ais_supported;
+    bool migration_enabled;
 };
 
 
diff --git a/include/hw/xen/xen-legacy-backend.h b/include/hw/xen/xen-legacy-backend.h
index 2cca174..979c4ea 100644
--- a/include/hw/xen/xen-legacy-backend.h
+++ b/include/hw/xen/xen-legacy-backend.h
@@ -66,18 +66,8 @@
     return xen_be_unmap_grant_refs(xendev, ptr, &ref, 1);
 }
 
-/* actual backend drivers */
-extern struct XenDevOps xen_console_ops;      /* xen_console.c     */
-extern struct XenDevOps xen_kbdmouse_ops;     /* xen_framebuffer.c */
-extern struct XenDevOps xen_framebuffer_ops;  /* xen_framebuffer.c */
-extern struct XenDevOps xen_blkdev_ops;       /* xen_disk.c        */
-#ifdef CONFIG_VIRTFS
-extern struct XenDevOps xen_9pfs_ops;       /* xen-9p-backend.c        */
-#endif
-extern struct XenDevOps xen_netdev_ops;       /* xen_nic.c         */
-#ifdef CONFIG_USB_LIBUSB
-extern struct XenDevOps xen_usb_ops;          /* xen-usb.c         */
-#endif
+/* backend drivers not included in all machines */
+extern struct XenDevOps xen_framebuffer_ops;  /* xenfb.c */
 
 /* configuration (aka xenbus setup) */
 void xen_config_cleanup(void);
diff --git a/include/hw/xen/xen_pvdev.h b/include/hw/xen/xen_pvdev.h
index ddad4b9..fdf84f4 100644
--- a/include/hw/xen/xen_pvdev.h
+++ b/include/hw/xen/xen_pvdev.h
@@ -29,7 +29,6 @@
                                  const char *node);
     void      (*frontend_changed)(struct XenLegacyDevice *xendev,
                                   const char *node);
-    int       (*backend_register)(void);
 };
 
 struct XenLegacyDevice {
diff --git a/include/monitor/hmp.h b/include/monitor/hmp.h
index f4cf8f6..954f3c8 100644
--- a/include/monitor/hmp.h
+++ b/include/monitor/hmp.h
@@ -180,5 +180,6 @@
 void hmp_boot_set(Monitor *mon, const QDict *qdict);
 void hmp_info_mtree(Monitor *mon, const QDict *qdict);
 void hmp_info_cryptodev(Monitor *mon, const QDict *qdict);
+void hmp_dumpdtb(Monitor *mon, const QDict *qdict);
 
 #endif
diff --git a/include/sysemu/device_tree.h b/include/sysemu/device_tree.h
index 8eab395..eb60152 100644
--- a/include/sysemu/device_tree.h
+++ b/include/sysemu/device_tree.h
@@ -134,7 +134,6 @@
     } while (0)
 
 void qemu_fdt_dumpdtb(void *fdt, int size);
-void hmp_dumpdtb(Monitor *mon, const QDict *qdict);
 
 /**
  * qemu_fdt_setprop_sized_cells_from_array:
diff --git a/meson.build b/meson.build
index 83ae434..9c14192 100644
--- a/meson.build
+++ b/meson.build
@@ -1858,6 +1858,34 @@
   endif
 endif
 
+fdt = not_found
+fdt_opt = get_option('fdt')
+if fdt_opt == 'enabled' and get_option('wrap_mode') == 'nodownload'
+  fdt_opt = 'system'
+endif
+if fdt_opt in ['enabled', 'system'] or (fdt_opt == 'auto' and have_system)
+  fdt = cc.find_library('fdt', required: fdt_opt == 'system')
+  if fdt.found() and cc.links('''
+     #include <libfdt.h>
+     #include <libfdt_env.h>
+     int main(void) { fdt_find_max_phandle(NULL, NULL); return 0; }''',
+       dependencies: fdt)
+    fdt_opt = 'system'
+  elif fdt_opt != 'system'
+    fdt_opt = get_option('wrap_mode') == 'nodownload' ? 'disabled' : 'internal'
+    fdt = not_found
+  else
+    error('system libfdt is too old (1.5.1 or newer required)')
+  endif
+endif
+if fdt_opt == 'internal'
+  assert(not fdt.found())
+  libfdt_proj = subproject('dtc', required: true,
+                           default_options: ['tools=false',  'yaml=disabled',
+                                             'python=disabled', 'default_library=static'])
+  fdt = libfdt_proj.get_variable('libfdt_dep')
+endif
+
 rdma = not_found
 if not get_option('rdma').auto() or have_system
   libumad = cc.find_library('ibumad', required: get_option('rdma'))
@@ -2199,6 +2227,7 @@
 config_host_data.set('CONFIG_CAPSTONE', capstone.found())
 config_host_data.set('CONFIG_COCOA', cocoa.found())
 config_host_data.set('CONFIG_DARWIN', host_os == 'darwin')
+config_host_data.set('CONFIG_FDT', fdt.found())
 config_host_data.set('CONFIG_FUZZ', get_option('fuzzing'))
 config_host_data.set('CONFIG_GCOV', get_option('b_coverage'))
 config_host_data.set('CONFIG_LIBUDEV', libudev.found())
@@ -2960,6 +2989,7 @@
   (have_ivshmem ? ['CONFIG_IVSHMEM=y'] : []) + \
   (opengl.found() ? ['CONFIG_OPENGL=y'] : []) + \
   (x11.found() ? ['CONFIG_X11=y'] : []) + \
+  (fdt.found() ? ['CONFIG_FDT=y'] : []) + \
   (have_vhost_user ? ['CONFIG_VHOST_USER=y'] : []) + \
   (have_vhost_vdpa ? ['CONFIG_VHOST_VDPA=y'] : []) + \
   (have_vhost_kernel ? ['CONFIG_VHOST_KERNEL=y'] : []) + \
@@ -3024,14 +3054,20 @@
     error('No accelerator available for target @0@'.format(target))
   endif
 
-  actual_target_dirs += target
   config_target += keyval.load('configs/targets' / target + '.mak')
   config_target += { 'TARGET_' + config_target['TARGET_ARCH'].to_upper(): 'y' }
 
-  if 'TARGET_NEED_FDT' in config_target
-    fdt_required += target
+  if 'TARGET_NEED_FDT' in config_target and not fdt.found()
+    if default_targets
+      warning('Disabling ' + target + ' due to missing libfdt')
+    else
+      fdt_required += target
+    endif
+    continue
   endif
 
+  actual_target_dirs += target
+
   # Add default keys
   if 'TARGET_BASE_ARCH' not in config_target
     config_target += {'TARGET_BASE_ARCH': config_target['TARGET_ARCH']}
@@ -3119,6 +3155,10 @@
                       command: [find_program('scripts/make-config-poison.sh'),
                                 target_configs_h])
 
+if fdt_required.length() > 0
+  error('fdt disabled but required by targets ' + ', '.join(fdt_required))
+endif
+
 ###############
 # Subprojects #
 ###############
@@ -3129,44 +3169,6 @@
   libvfio_user_dep = libvfio_user_proj.get_variable('libvfio_user_dep')
 endif
 
-fdt = not_found
-fdt_opt = get_option('fdt')
-if fdt_required.length() > 0 or fdt_opt == 'enabled'
-  if fdt_opt == 'disabled'
-    error('fdt disabled but required by targets ' + ', '.join(fdt_required))
-  endif
-
-  if fdt_opt in ['enabled', 'auto', 'system']
-    if get_option('wrap_mode') == 'nodownload'
-      fdt_opt = 'system'
-    endif
-    fdt = cc.find_library('fdt', required: fdt_opt == 'system')
-    if fdt.found() and cc.links('''
-       #include <libfdt.h>
-       #include <libfdt_env.h>
-       int main(void) { fdt_find_max_phandle(NULL, NULL); return 0; }''',
-         dependencies: fdt)
-      fdt_opt = 'system'
-    elif fdt_opt == 'system'
-       error('system libfdt requested, but it is too old (1.5.1 or newer required)')
-    else
-      fdt_opt = 'internal'
-      fdt = not_found
-    endif
-  endif
-  if not fdt.found()
-    assert(fdt_opt == 'internal')
-    libfdt_proj = subproject('dtc', required: true,
-                             default_options: ['tools=false',  'yaml=disabled',
-                                               'python=disabled', 'default_library=static'])
-    fdt = libfdt_proj.get_variable('libfdt_dep')
-  endif
-else
-  fdt_opt = 'disabled'
-endif
-
-config_host_data.set('CONFIG_FDT', fdt.found())
-
 vhost_user = not_found
 if host_os == 'linux' and have_vhost_user
   libvhost_user = subproject('libvhost-user')
@@ -3867,15 +3869,23 @@
 
   target_common = common_ss.apply(config_target, strict: false)
   objects = common_all.extract_objects(target_common.sources())
-  deps = target_common.dependencies()
+  arch_deps += target_common.dependencies()
 
   target_specific = specific_ss.apply(config_target, strict: false)
   arch_srcs += target_specific.sources()
   arch_deps += target_specific.dependencies()
 
+  # allow using headers from the dependencies but do not include the sources,
+  # because this emulator only needs those in "objects".  For external
+  # dependencies, the full dependency is included below in the executable.
+  lib_deps = []
+  foreach dep : arch_deps
+    lib_deps += dep.partial_dependency(compile_args: true, includes: true)
+  endforeach
+
   lib = static_library('qemu-' + target,
                  sources: arch_srcs + genh,
-                 dependencies: arch_deps,
+                 dependencies: lib_deps,
                  objects: objects,
                  include_directories: target_inc,
                  c_args: c_args,
@@ -3923,7 +3933,7 @@
     emulator = executable(exe_name, exe['sources'],
                install: true,
                c_args: c_args,
-               dependencies: arch_deps + deps + exe['dependencies'],
+               dependencies: arch_deps + exe['dependencies'],
                objects: lib.extract_all_objects(recursive: true),
                link_depends: [block_syms, qemu_syms],
                link_args: link_args,
@@ -4409,7 +4419,7 @@
 summary_info += {'Linux io_uring support': linux_io_uring}
 summary_info += {'ATTR/XATTR support': libattr}
 summary_info += {'RDMA support':      rdma}
-summary_info += {'fdt support':       fdt_opt == 'disabled' ? false : fdt_opt}
+summary_info += {'fdt support':       fdt_opt == 'internal' ? 'internal' : fdt}
 summary_info += {'libcap-ng support': libcap_ng}
 summary_info += {'bpf support':       libbpf}
 summary_info += {'rbd support':       rbd}
diff --git a/monitor/hmp-cmds.c b/monitor/hmp-cmds.c
index 871898a..ea79148 100644
--- a/monitor/hmp-cmds.c
+++ b/monitor/hmp-cmds.c
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 #include "monitor/monitor-internal.h"
 #include "qapi/error.h"
 #include "qapi/qapi-commands-control.h"
+#include "qapi/qapi-commands-machine.h"
 #include "qapi/qapi-commands-misc.h"
 #include "qapi/qmp/qdict.h"
 #include "qemu/cutils.h"
@@ -443,3 +444,19 @@
 
     mtree_info(flatview, dispatch_tree, owner, disabled);
 }
+
+#if defined(CONFIG_FDT)
+void hmp_dumpdtb(Monitor *mon, const QDict *qdict)
+{
+    const char *filename = qdict_get_str(qdict, "filename");
+    Error *local_err = NULL;
+
+    qmp_dumpdtb(filename, &local_err);
+
+    if (hmp_handle_error(mon, local_err)) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    monitor_printf(mon, "dtb dumped to %s", filename);
+}
+#endif
diff --git a/system/device_tree-stub.c b/system/device_tree-stub.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bddda6f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/device_tree-stub.c
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+#include "qemu/osdep.h"
+#include "qapi/error.h"
+#include "qapi/qapi-commands-machine.h"
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_FDT
+void qmp_dumpdtb(const char *filename, Error **errp)
+{
+    error_setg(errp, "This machine doesn't have a FDT");
+}
+#endif
diff --git a/system/device_tree.c b/system/device_tree.c
index eb5166c..2e38259 100644
--- a/system/device_tree.c
+++ b/system/device_tree.c
@@ -668,20 +668,6 @@
     }
 }
 
-void hmp_dumpdtb(Monitor *mon, const QDict *qdict)
-{
-    const char *filename = qdict_get_str(qdict, "filename");
-    Error *local_err = NULL;
-
-    qmp_dumpdtb(filename, &local_err);
-
-    if (hmp_handle_error(mon, local_err)) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    info_report("dtb dumped to %s", filename);
-}
-
 void qemu_fdt_randomize_seeds(void *fdt)
 {
     int noffset, poffset, len;
diff --git a/system/meson.build b/system/meson.build
index 25e2117..a296270 100644
--- a/system/meson.build
+++ b/system/meson.build
@@ -32,7 +32,9 @@
 endif
 
 system_ss.add(when: seccomp, if_true: files('qemu-seccomp.c'))
-system_ss.add(when: fdt, if_true: files('device_tree.c'))
+system_ss.add(when: 'CONFIG_DEVICE_TREE',
+              if_true: [fdt, files('device_tree.c')],
+              if_false: files('device_tree-stub.c'))
 if host_os == 'linux'
   system_ss.add(files('async-teardown.c'))
 endif
diff --git a/target/arm/Kconfig b/target/arm/Kconfig
index 5847c5a..7f8a221 100644
--- a/target/arm/Kconfig
+++ b/target/arm/Kconfig
@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@
     # translate.c v7m helpers under ARM_V7M.
     select ARM_V7M if TCG
 
+    select DEVICE_TREE # needed by boot.c
+
 config AARCH64
     bool
     select ARM
diff --git a/target/i386/Kconfig b/target/i386/Kconfig
index ad9291d..6b0feef 100644
--- a/target/i386/Kconfig
+++ b/target/i386/Kconfig
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 config I386
     bool
+    select APIC
     # kvm_arch_fixup_msi_route() needs to access PCIDevice
     select PCI if KVM
 
diff --git a/target/i386/cpu.c b/target/i386/cpu.c
index 1058b68..cfe7c92 100644
--- a/target/i386/cpu.c
+++ b/target/i386/cpu.c
@@ -713,7 +713,7 @@
 #endif
 #define TCG_7_0_EBX_FEATURES (CPUID_7_0_EBX_SMEP | CPUID_7_0_EBX_SMAP | \
           CPUID_7_0_EBX_BMI1 | CPUID_7_0_EBX_BMI2 | CPUID_7_0_EBX_ADX | \
-          CPUID_7_0_EBX_PCOMMIT | CPUID_7_0_EBX_CLFLUSHOPT |            \
+          CPUID_7_0_EBX_CLFLUSHOPT |            \
           CPUID_7_0_EBX_CLWB | CPUID_7_0_EBX_MPX | CPUID_7_0_EBX_FSGSBASE | \
           CPUID_7_0_EBX_ERMS | CPUID_7_0_EBX_AVX2 | CPUID_7_0_EBX_RDSEED | \
           CPUID_7_0_EBX_SHA_NI | CPUID_7_0_EBX_KERNEL_FEATURES)
@@ -1551,8 +1551,8 @@
         .to = { FEAT_SVM,                   ~0ull },
     },
     {
-        .from = { FEAT_VMX_SECONDARY_CTLS,  VMX_SECONDARY_EXEC_ENABLE_USER_WAIT_PAUSE },
-        .to = { FEAT_7_0_ECX,               CPUID_7_0_ECX_WAITPKG },
+        .from = { FEAT_7_0_ECX,             CPUID_7_0_ECX_WAITPKG },
+        .to = { FEAT_VMX_SECONDARY_CTLS,    VMX_SECONDARY_EXEC_ENABLE_USER_WAIT_PAUSE },
     },
 };
 
diff --git a/target/i386/cpu.h b/target/i386/cpu.h
index 1e0d2c9..ccccb62 100644
--- a/target/i386/cpu.h
+++ b/target/i386/cpu.h
@@ -816,8 +816,6 @@
 #define CPUID_7_0_EBX_SMAP              (1U << 20)
 /* AVX-512 Integer Fused Multiply Add */
 #define CPUID_7_0_EBX_AVX512IFMA        (1U << 21)
-/* Persistent Commit */
-#define CPUID_7_0_EBX_PCOMMIT           (1U << 22)
 /* Flush a Cache Line Optimized */
 #define CPUID_7_0_EBX_CLFLUSHOPT        (1U << 23)
 /* Cache Line Write Back */
diff --git a/target/i386/tcg/decode-new.c.inc b/target/i386/tcg/decode-new.c.inc
index 0e18113..141ab2b 100644
--- a/target/i386/tcg/decode-new.c.inc
+++ b/target/i386/tcg/decode-new.c.inc
@@ -55,6 +55,10 @@
  * mask could be applied (and the original sign-extended value would be
  * optimized away by TCG) in the emitter function.
  *
+ * Finally, a "nop" operand type is used for multi-byte NOPs.  It accepts
+ * any value of mod including 11b (unlike M) but it does not try to
+ * interpret the operand (like M).
+ *
  * Vector operands
  * ---------------
  *
@@ -1056,6 +1060,16 @@
     [0xa0] = X86_OP_ENTRYr(PUSH, FS, w),
     [0xa1] = X86_OP_ENTRYw(POP, FS, w),
 
+    [0x0b] = X86_OP_ENTRY0(UD),           /* UD2 */
+    [0x0d] = X86_OP_ENTRY1(NOP,  M,v),    /* 3DNow! prefetch */
+
+    [0x18] = X86_OP_ENTRY1(NOP,  nop,v),  /* prefetch/reserved NOP */
+    [0x19] = X86_OP_ENTRY1(NOP,  nop,v),  /* reserved NOP */
+    [0x1c] = X86_OP_ENTRY1(NOP,  nop,v),  /* reserved NOP */
+    [0x1d] = X86_OP_ENTRY1(NOP,  nop,v),  /* reserved NOP */
+    [0x1e] = X86_OP_ENTRY1(NOP,  nop,v),  /* reserved NOP */
+    [0x1f] = X86_OP_ENTRY1(NOP,  nop,v),  /* NOP/reserved NOP */
+
     [0x28] = X86_OP_ENTRY3(MOVDQ,      V,x,  None,None, W,x, vex1 p_00_66), /* MOVAPS */
     [0x29] = X86_OP_ENTRY3(MOVDQ,      W,x,  None,None, V,x, vex1 p_00_66), /* MOVAPS */
     [0x2A] = X86_OP_GROUP0(0F2A),
@@ -1135,6 +1149,8 @@
     [0xb6] = X86_OP_ENTRY3(MOV,    G,v, E,b, None, None, zextT0), /* MOVZX */
     [0xb7] = X86_OP_ENTRY3(MOV,    G,v, E,w, None, None, zextT0), /* MOVZX */
 
+    /* decoded as modrm, which is visible as a difference between page fault and #UD */
+    [0xb9] = X86_OP_ENTRYr(UD,     nop,v),                        /* UD1 */
     [0xbe] = X86_OP_ENTRY3(MOV,    G,v, E,b, None, None, sextT0), /* MOVSX */
     [0xbf] = X86_OP_ENTRY3(MOV,    G,v, E,w, None, None, sextT0), /* MOVSX */
 
@@ -1206,7 +1222,7 @@
     [0xfc] = X86_OP_ENTRY3(PADDB,  V,x, H,x, W,x,  vex4 mmx avx2_256 p_00_66),
     [0xfd] = X86_OP_ENTRY3(PADDW,  V,x, H,x, W,x,  vex4 mmx avx2_256 p_00_66),
     [0xfe] = X86_OP_ENTRY3(PADDD,  V,x, H,x, W,x,  vex4 mmx avx2_256 p_00_66),
-    /* 0xff = UD0 */
+    [0xff] = X86_OP_ENTRYr(UD,     nop,v),                        /* UD0 */
 };
 
 static void do_decode_0F(DisasContext *s, CPUX86State *env, X86OpEntry *entry, uint8_t *b)
@@ -1852,6 +1868,8 @@
         if ((modrm >> 6) == 3) {
             return false;
         }
+        /* fall through */
+    case X86_TYPE_nop:  /* modrm operand decoded but not fetched */
     get_modrm:
         decode_modrm(s, env, decode, op, type);
         break;
@@ -2397,8 +2415,8 @@
             switch (b) {
             case 0x00 ... 0x03: /* mostly privileged instructions */
             case 0x05 ... 0x09:
-            case 0x0d:          /* 3DNow! prefetch */
-            case 0x18 ... 0x23: /* prefetch, MPX, mov from/to CR and DR */
+            case 0x1a ... 0x1b: /* MPX */
+            case 0x20 ... 0x23: /* mov from/to CR and DR */
             case 0x30 ... 0x35: /* more privileged instructions */
             case 0xa2 ... 0xa5: /* CPUID, BT, SHLD */
             case 0xaa ... 0xae: /* RSM, SHRD, grp15 */
diff --git a/target/i386/tcg/decode-new.h b/target/i386/tcg/decode-new.h
index 2ea06b4..51ef0e6 100644
--- a/target/i386/tcg/decode-new.h
+++ b/target/i386/tcg/decode-new.h
@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@
     X86_TYPE_EM, /* modrm byte selects an ALU memory operand */
     X86_TYPE_WM, /* modrm byte selects an XMM/YMM memory operand */
     X86_TYPE_I_unsigned, /* Immediate, zero-extended */
+    X86_TYPE_nop, /* modrm operand decoded but not loaded into s->T{0,1} */
     X86_TYPE_2op, /* 2-operand RMW instruction */
     X86_TYPE_LoBits, /* encoded in bits 0-2 of the operand + REX.B */
     X86_TYPE_0, /* Hard-coded GPRs (RAX..RDI) */
diff --git a/target/i386/tcg/emit.c.inc b/target/i386/tcg/emit.c.inc
index 58f2558..2dee33d 100644
--- a/target/i386/tcg/emit.c.inc
+++ b/target/i386/tcg/emit.c.inc
@@ -3517,6 +3517,11 @@
     prepare_update2_cc(decode, s, CC_OP_SUBB + ot);
 }
 
+static void gen_UD(DisasContext *s, CPUX86State *env, X86DecodedInsn *decode)
+{
+    gen_illegal_opcode(s);
+}
+
 static void gen_VAESIMC(DisasContext *s, CPUX86State *env, X86DecodedInsn *decode)
 {
     assert(!s->vex_l);
diff --git a/target/i386/tcg/translate.c b/target/i386/tcg/translate.c
index 3842b29..de87775 100644
--- a/target/i386/tcg/translate.c
+++ b/target/i386/tcg/translate.c
@@ -411,16 +411,6 @@
     return CODE64(s) ? MO_64 : SS32(s) ? MO_32 : MO_16;
 }
 
-/* Select only size 64 else 32.  Used for SSE operand sizes.  */
-static inline MemOp mo_64_32(MemOp ot)
-{
-#ifdef TARGET_X86_64
-    return ot == MO_64 ? MO_64 : MO_32;
-#else
-    return MO_32;
-#endif
-}
-
 /* Select size 8 if lsb of B is clear, else OT.  Used for decoding
    byte vs word opcodes.  */
 static inline MemOp mo_b_d(int b, MemOp ot)
@@ -3917,7 +3907,8 @@
             gen_ldst_modrm(env, s, modrm, ot, OR_TMP0, 1);
             break;
         case 0xee: /* rdpkru */
-            if (prefixes & PREFIX_LOCK) {
+            if (s->prefix & (PREFIX_LOCK | PREFIX_DATA
+                             | PREFIX_REPZ | PREFIX_REPNZ)) {
                 goto illegal_op;
             }
             tcg_gen_trunc_tl_i32(s->tmp2_i32, cpu_regs[R_ECX]);
@@ -3925,7 +3916,8 @@
             tcg_gen_extr_i64_tl(cpu_regs[R_EAX], cpu_regs[R_EDX], s->tmp1_i64);
             break;
         case 0xef: /* wrpkru */
-            if (prefixes & PREFIX_LOCK) {
+            if (s->prefix & (PREFIX_LOCK | PREFIX_DATA
+                             | PREFIX_REPZ | PREFIX_REPNZ)) {
                 goto illegal_op;
             }
             tcg_gen_concat_tl_i64(s->tmp1_i64, cpu_regs[R_EAX],
@@ -4027,25 +4019,6 @@
             set_cc_op(s, CC_OP_EFLAGS);
         }
         break;
-    case 0x118:
-        modrm = x86_ldub_code(env, s);
-        mod = (modrm >> 6) & 3;
-        op = (modrm >> 3) & 7;
-        switch(op) {
-        case 0: /* prefetchnta */
-        case 1: /* prefetchnt0 */
-        case 2: /* prefetchnt0 */
-        case 3: /* prefetchnt0 */
-            if (mod == 3)
-                goto illegal_op;
-            gen_nop_modrm(env, s, modrm);
-            /* nothing more to do */
-            break;
-        default: /* nop (multi byte) */
-            gen_nop_modrm(env, s, modrm);
-            break;
-        }
-        break;
     case 0x11a:
         modrm = x86_ldub_code(env, s);
         if (s->flags & HF_MPX_EN_MASK) {
@@ -4237,10 +4210,6 @@
         }
         gen_nop_modrm(env, s, modrm);
         break;
-    case 0x119: case 0x11c ... 0x11f: /* nop (multi byte) */
-        modrm = x86_ldub_code(env, s);
-        gen_nop_modrm(env, s, modrm);
-        break;
 
     case 0x120: /* mov reg, crN */
     case 0x122: /* mov crN, reg */
@@ -4487,17 +4456,7 @@
             }
             goto unknown_op;
 
-        case 0xf8: /* sfence / pcommit */
-            if (prefixes & PREFIX_DATA) {
-                /* pcommit */
-                if (!(s->cpuid_7_0_ebx_features & CPUID_7_0_EBX_PCOMMIT)
-                    || (prefixes & PREFIX_LOCK)) {
-                    goto illegal_op;
-                }
-                break;
-            }
-            /* fallthru */
-        case 0xf9 ... 0xff: /* sfence */
+        case 0xf8 ... 0xff: /* sfence */
             if (!(s->cpuid_features & CPUID_SSE)
                 || (prefixes & PREFIX_LOCK)) {
                 goto illegal_op;
@@ -4524,13 +4483,6 @@
         }
         break;
 
-    case 0x10d: /* 3DNow! prefetch(w) */
-        modrm = x86_ldub_code(env, s);
-        mod = (modrm >> 6) & 3;
-        if (mod == 3)
-            goto illegal_op;
-        gen_nop_modrm(env, s, modrm);
-        break;
     case 0x1aa: /* rsm */
         gen_svm_check_intercept(s, SVM_EXIT_RSM);
         if (!(s->flags & HF_SMM_MASK))
@@ -4555,12 +4507,7 @@
         modrm = x86_ldub_code(env, s);
         reg = ((modrm >> 3) & 7) | REX_R(s);
 
-        if (s->prefix & PREFIX_DATA) {
-            ot = MO_16;
-        } else {
-            ot = mo_64_32(dflag);
-        }
-
+        ot = dflag;
         gen_ldst_modrm(env, s, modrm, ot, OR_TMP0, 0);
         gen_extu(ot, s->T0);
         tcg_gen_mov_tl(cpu_cc_src, s->T0);
diff --git a/target/microblaze/Kconfig b/target/microblaze/Kconfig
index a5410d9..e91d58d 100644
--- a/target/microblaze/Kconfig
+++ b/target/microblaze/Kconfig
@@ -1,2 +1,3 @@
 config MICROBLAZE
     bool
+    select DEVICE_TREE # needed by boot.c
diff --git a/target/openrisc/Kconfig b/target/openrisc/Kconfig
index e0da4ac..cd66c2e 100644
--- a/target/openrisc/Kconfig
+++ b/target/openrisc/Kconfig
@@ -1,2 +1,3 @@
 config OPENRISC
     bool
+    select DEVICE_TREE # needed by boot.c
diff --git a/target/riscv/Kconfig b/target/riscv/Kconfig
index adb7de3..5f30df2 100644
--- a/target/riscv/Kconfig
+++ b/target/riscv/Kconfig
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 config RISCV32
     bool
     select ARM_COMPATIBLE_SEMIHOSTING # for do_common_semihosting()
+    select DEVICE_TREE # needed by boot.c
 
 config RISCV64
     bool
     select ARM_COMPATIBLE_SEMIHOSTING # for do_common_semihosting()
+    select DEVICE_TREE # needed by boot.c
diff --git a/target/s390x/Kconfig b/target/s390x/Kconfig
index 72da481..d886be4 100644
--- a/target/s390x/Kconfig
+++ b/target/s390x/Kconfig
@@ -1,2 +1,4 @@
 config S390X
     bool
+    select PCI
+    select S390_FLIC
diff --git a/target/s390x/sigp.c b/target/s390x/sigp.c
index 9dd9773..ad0ad61 100644
--- a/target/s390x/sigp.c
+++ b/target/s390x/sigp.c
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 #include "qemu/osdep.h"
 #include "cpu.h"
 #include "s390x-internal.h"
+#include "hw/boards.h"
 #include "sysemu/hw_accel.h"
 #include "sysemu/runstate.h"
 #include "exec/address-spaces.h"
@@ -435,6 +436,22 @@
     return SIGP_CC_STATUS_STORED;
 }
 
+S390CPU *s390_cpu_addr2state(uint16_t cpu_addr)
+{
+    static MachineState *ms;
+
+    if (!ms) {
+        ms = MACHINE(qdev_get_machine());
+        g_assert(ms->possible_cpus);
+    }
+
+    /* CPU address corresponds to the core_id and the index */
+    if (cpu_addr >= ms->possible_cpus->len) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    return S390_CPU(ms->possible_cpus->cpus[cpu_addr].cpu);
+}
+
 int handle_sigp(CPUS390XState *env, uint8_t order, uint64_t r1, uint64_t r3)
 {
     uint64_t *status_reg = &env->regs[r1];
diff --git a/target/sh4/Kconfig b/target/sh4/Kconfig
index 2397c86..93b92f1 100644
--- a/target/sh4/Kconfig
+++ b/target/sh4/Kconfig
@@ -1,2 +1,4 @@
 config SH4
     bool
+    # needed for sh_intc_get_pending_vector
+    select SH_INTC
diff --git a/tests/qtest/arm-cpu-features.c b/tests/qtest/arm-cpu-features.c
index 9d6e619..966c65d 100644
--- a/tests/qtest/arm-cpu-features.c
+++ b/tests/qtest/arm-cpu-features.c
@@ -632,6 +632,10 @@
 {
     g_test_init(&argc, &argv, NULL);
 
+    if (!qtest_has_machine("virt")) {
+        goto out;
+    }
+
     if (qtest_has_accel("tcg")) {
         qtest_add_data_func("/arm/query-cpu-model-expansion",
                             NULL, test_query_cpu_model_expansion);
diff --git a/tests/qtest/drive_del-test.c b/tests/qtest/drive_del-test.c
index 8a6f3ac..7b67a4b 100644
--- a/tests/qtest/drive_del-test.c
+++ b/tests/qtest/drive_del-test.c
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@
     QTestState *qts;
 
     /* Start with an empty drive */
-    qts = qtest_init("-drive if=none,id=drive0");
+    qts = qtest_init("-drive if=none,id=drive0 -M none");
 
     /* Delete the drive */
     drive_del(qts);
@@ -192,6 +192,11 @@
     QDict *response;
     QTestState *qts;
 
+    if (!has_device_builtin("virtio-blk")) {
+        g_test_skip("Device virtio-blk is not available");
+        return;
+    }
+
     snprintf(driver, sizeof(driver), "virtio-blk-%s",
              qvirtio_get_dev_type());
 
diff --git a/tests/qtest/migration-test.c b/tests/qtest/migration-test.c
index 7a1345f..e8d3555 100644
--- a/tests/qtest/migration-test.c
+++ b/tests/qtest/migration-test.c
@@ -781,6 +781,12 @@
         kvm_opts = ",dirty-ring-size=4096";
     }
 
+    if (!qtest_has_machine(machine_alias)) {
+        g_autofree char *msg = g_strdup_printf("machine %s not supported", machine_alias);
+        g_test_skip(msg);
+        return -1;
+    }
+
     machine = resolve_machine_version(machine_alias, QEMU_ENV_SRC,
                                       QEMU_ENV_DST);
 
diff --git a/tests/qtest/numa-test.c b/tests/qtest/numa-test.c
index 4f4404a..7aa262d 100644
--- a/tests/qtest/numa-test.c
+++ b/tests/qtest/numa-test.c
@@ -558,6 +558,9 @@
     }
 
     if (g_str_equal(arch, "aarch64")) {
+        if (!qtest_has_machine("virt")) {
+            goto out;
+        }
         g_string_append(args, " -machine virt");
     }
 
@@ -590,5 +593,6 @@
                             aarch64_numa_cpu);
     }
 
+out:
     return g_test_run();
 }
diff --git a/tests/tcg/i386/test-i386.c b/tests/tcg/i386/test-i386.c
index 864c4e6..ce3bf74 100644
--- a/tests/tcg/i386/test-i386.c
+++ b/tests/tcg/i386/test-i386.c
@@ -715,6 +715,30 @@
     printf("%-10s A=" FMTLX " R=" FMTLX " %ld\n", #op, val, res, resz);\
 }
 
+void test_xcnt(void)
+{
+    TEST_BSX(tzcntw, "w", 0);
+    TEST_BSX(tzcntw, "w", 0x12340128);
+    TEST_BSX(lzcntw, "w", 0);
+    TEST_BSX(lzcntw, "w", 0x12340128);
+    TEST_BSX(popcntw, "w", 0);
+    TEST_BSX(popcntw, "w", 0x12340128);
+    TEST_BSX(tzcntl, "k", 0);
+    TEST_BSX(tzcntl, "k", 0x00340128);
+    TEST_BSX(lzcntl, "k", 0);
+    TEST_BSX(lzcntl, "k", 0x00340128);
+    TEST_BSX(popcntl, "k", 0);
+    TEST_BSX(popcntl, "k", 0x00340128);
+#if defined(__x86_64__)
+    TEST_BSX(tzcntq, "", 0);
+    TEST_BSX(tzcntq, "", 0x003401281234);
+    TEST_BSX(lzcntq, "", 0);
+    TEST_BSX(lzcntq, "", 0x003401281234);
+    TEST_BSX(popcntq, "", 0);
+    TEST_BSX(popcntq, "", 0x003401281234);
+#endif
+}
+
 void test_bsx(void)
 {
     TEST_BSX(bsrw, "w", 0);
@@ -2162,6 +2186,7 @@
         func();
     }
     test_bsx();
+    test_xcnt();
     test_mul();
     test_jcc();
     test_loop();