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@settitle QEMU Internals
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@ifinfo
@direntry
* QEMU Internals: (qemu-tech).   The QEMU Emulator Internals.
@end direntry
@end ifinfo

@iftex
@titlepage
@sp 7
@center @titlefont{QEMU Internals}
@sp 3
@end titlepage
@end iftex

@ifnottex
@node Top
@top

@menu
* Introduction::
* QEMU Internals::
* Regression Tests::
* Index::
@end menu
@end ifnottex

@contents

@node Introduction
@chapter Introduction

@menu
* intro_features::         Features
* intro_x86_emulation::    x86 and x86-64 emulation
* intro_arm_emulation::    ARM emulation
* intro_mips_emulation::   MIPS emulation
* intro_ppc_emulation::    PowerPC emulation
* intro_sparc_emulation::  Sparc32 and Sparc64 emulation
* intro_xtensa_emulation:: Xtensa emulation
* intro_other_emulation::  Other CPU emulation
@end menu

@node intro_features
@section Features

QEMU is a FAST! processor emulator using a portable dynamic
translator.

QEMU has two operating modes:

@itemize @minus

@item
Full system emulation. In this mode (full platform virtualization),
QEMU emulates a full system (usually a PC), including a processor and
various peripherals. It can be used to launch several different
Operating Systems at once without rebooting the host machine or to
debug system code.

@item
User mode emulation. In this mode (application level virtualization),
QEMU can launch processes compiled for one CPU on another CPU, however
the Operating Systems must match. This can be used for example to ease
cross-compilation and cross-debugging.
@end itemize

As QEMU requires no host kernel driver to run, it is very safe and
easy to use.

QEMU generic features:

@itemize

@item User space only or full system emulation.

@item Using dynamic translation to native code for reasonable speed.

@item
Working on x86, x86_64 and PowerPC32/64 hosts. Being tested on ARM,
HPPA, Sparc32 and Sparc64. Previous versions had some support for
Alpha and S390 hosts, but TCG (see below) doesn't support those yet.

@item Self-modifying code support.

@item Precise exceptions support.

@item
Floating point library supporting both full software emulation and
native host FPU instructions.

@end itemize

QEMU user mode emulation features:
@itemize
@item Generic Linux system call converter, including most ioctls.

@item clone() emulation using native CPU clone() to use Linux scheduler for threads.

@item Accurate signal handling by remapping host signals to target signals.
@end itemize

Linux user emulator (Linux host only) can be used to launch the Wine
Windows API emulator (@url{http://www.winehq.org}). A Darwin user
emulator (Darwin hosts only) exists and a BSD user emulator for BSD
hosts is under development. It would also be possible to develop a
similar user emulator for Solaris.

QEMU full system emulation features:
@itemize
@item
QEMU uses a full software MMU for maximum portability.

@item
QEMU can optionally use an in-kernel accelerator, like kvm. The accelerators 
execute some of the guest code natively, while
continuing to emulate the rest of the machine.

@item
Various hardware devices can be emulated and in some cases, host
devices (e.g. serial and parallel ports, USB, drives) can be used
transparently by the guest Operating System. Host device passthrough
can be used for talking to external physical peripherals (e.g. a
webcam, modem or tape drive).

@item
Symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) even on a host with a single CPU. On a
SMP host system, QEMU can use only one CPU fully due to difficulty in
implementing atomic memory accesses efficiently.

@end itemize

@node intro_x86_emulation
@section x86 and x86-64 emulation

QEMU x86 target features:

@itemize

@item The virtual x86 CPU supports 16 bit and 32 bit addressing with segmentation.
LDT/GDT and IDT are emulated. VM86 mode is also supported to run
DOSEMU. There is some support for MMX/3DNow!, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3,
and SSE4 as well as x86-64 SVM.

@item Support of host page sizes bigger than 4KB in user mode emulation.

@item QEMU can emulate itself on x86.

@item An extensive Linux x86 CPU test program is included @file{tests/test-i386}.
It can be used to test other x86 virtual CPUs.

@end itemize

Current QEMU limitations:

@itemize

@item Limited x86-64 support.

@item IPC syscalls are missing.

@item The x86 segment limits and access rights are not tested at every
memory access (yet). Hopefully, very few OSes seem to rely on that for
normal use.

@end itemize

@node intro_arm_emulation
@section ARM emulation

@itemize

@item Full ARM 7 user emulation.

@item NWFPE FPU support included in user Linux emulation.

@item Can run most ARM Linux binaries.

@end itemize

@node intro_mips_emulation
@section MIPS emulation

@itemize

@item The system emulation allows full MIPS32/MIPS64 Release 2 emulation,
including privileged instructions, FPU and MMU, in both little and big
endian modes.

@item The Linux userland emulation can run many 32 bit MIPS Linux binaries.

@end itemize

Current QEMU limitations:

@itemize

@item Self-modifying code is not always handled correctly.

@item 64 bit userland emulation is not implemented.

@item The system emulation is not complete enough to run real firmware.

@item The watchpoint debug facility is not implemented.

@end itemize

@node intro_ppc_emulation
@section PowerPC emulation

@itemize

@item Full PowerPC 32 bit emulation, including privileged instructions,
FPU and MMU.

@item Can run most PowerPC Linux binaries.

@end itemize

@node intro_sparc_emulation
@section Sparc32 and Sparc64 emulation

@itemize

@item Full SPARC V8 emulation, including privileged
instructions, FPU and MMU. SPARC V9 emulation includes most privileged
and VIS instructions, FPU and I/D MMU. Alignment is fully enforced.

@item Can run most 32-bit SPARC Linux binaries, SPARC32PLUS Linux binaries and
some 64-bit SPARC Linux binaries.

@end itemize

Current QEMU limitations:

@itemize

@item IPC syscalls are missing.

@item Floating point exception support is buggy.

@item Atomic instructions are not correctly implemented.

@item There are still some problems with Sparc64 emulators.

@end itemize

@node intro_xtensa_emulation
@section Xtensa emulation

@itemize

@item Core Xtensa ISA emulation, including most options: code density,
loop, extended L32R, 16- and 32-bit multiplication, 32-bit division,
MAC16, miscellaneous operations, boolean, multiprocessor synchronization,
conditional store, exceptions, relocatable vectors, unaligned exception,
interrupts (including high priority and timer), hardware alignment,
region protection, region translation, MMU, windowed registers, thread
pointer, processor ID.

@item Not implemented options: FP coprocessor, coprocessor context,
data/instruction cache (including cache prefetch and locking), XLMI,
processor interface, debug. Also options not covered by the core ISA
(e.g. FLIX, wide branches) are not implemented.

@item Can run most Xtensa Linux binaries.

@item New core configuration that requires no additional instructions
may be created from overlay with minimal amount of hand-written code.

@end itemize

@node intro_other_emulation
@section Other CPU emulation

In addition to the above, QEMU supports emulation of other CPUs with
varying levels of success. These are:

@itemize

@item
Alpha
@item
CRIS
@item
M68k
@item
SH4
@end itemize

@node QEMU Internals
@chapter QEMU Internals

@menu
* QEMU compared to other emulators::
* Portable dynamic translation::
* Condition code optimisations::
* CPU state optimisations::
* Translation cache::
* Direct block chaining::
* Self-modifying code and translated code invalidation::
* Exception support::
* MMU emulation::
* Device emulation::
* Hardware interrupts::
* User emulation specific details::
* Bibliography::
@end menu

@node QEMU compared to other emulators
@section QEMU compared to other emulators

Like bochs [3], QEMU emulates an x86 CPU. But QEMU is much faster than
bochs as it uses dynamic compilation. Bochs is closely tied to x86 PC
emulation while QEMU can emulate several processors.

Like Valgrind [2], QEMU does user space emulation and dynamic
translation. Valgrind is mainly a memory debugger while QEMU has no
support for it (QEMU could be used to detect out of bound memory
accesses as Valgrind, but it has no support to track uninitialised data
as Valgrind does). The Valgrind dynamic translator generates better code
than QEMU (in particular it does register allocation) but it is closely
tied to an x86 host and target and has no support for precise exceptions
and system emulation.

EM86 [4] is the closest project to user space QEMU (and QEMU still uses
some of its code, in particular the ELF file loader). EM86 was limited
to an alpha host and used a proprietary and slow interpreter (the
interpreter part of the FX!32 Digital Win32 code translator [5]).

TWIN [6] is a Windows API emulator like Wine. It is less accurate than
Wine but includes a protected mode x86 interpreter to launch x86 Windows
executables. Such an approach has greater potential because most of the
Windows API is executed natively but it is far more difficult to develop
because all the data structures and function parameters exchanged
between the API and the x86 code must be converted.

User mode Linux [7] was the only solution before QEMU to launch a
Linux kernel as a process while not needing any host kernel
patches. However, user mode Linux requires heavy kernel patches while
QEMU accepts unpatched Linux kernels. The price to pay is that QEMU is
slower.

The Plex86 [8] PC virtualizer is done in the same spirit as the now
obsolete qemu-fast system emulator. It requires a patched Linux kernel
to work (you cannot launch the same kernel on your PC), but the
patches are really small. As it is a PC virtualizer (no emulation is
done except for some privileged instructions), it has the potential of
being faster than QEMU. The downside is that a complicated (and
potentially unsafe) host kernel patch is needed.

The commercial PC Virtualizers (VMWare [9], VirtualPC [10], TwoOStwo
[11]) are faster than QEMU, but they all need specific, proprietary
and potentially unsafe host drivers. Moreover, they are unable to
provide cycle exact simulation as an emulator can.

VirtualBox [12], Xen [13] and KVM [14] are based on QEMU. QEMU-SystemC
[15] uses QEMU to simulate a system where some hardware devices are
developed in SystemC.

@node Portable dynamic translation
@section Portable dynamic translation

QEMU is a dynamic translator. When it first encounters a piece of code,
it converts it to the host instruction set. Usually dynamic translators
are very complicated and highly CPU dependent. QEMU uses some tricks
which make it relatively easily portable and simple while achieving good
performances.

After the release of version 0.9.1, QEMU switched to a new method of
generating code, Tiny Code Generator or TCG. TCG relaxes the
dependency on the exact version of the compiler used. The basic idea
is to split every target instruction into a couple of RISC-like TCG
ops (see @code{target-i386/translate.c}). Some optimizations can be
performed at this stage, including liveness analysis and trivial
constant expression evaluation. TCG ops are then implemented in the
host CPU back end, also known as TCG target (see
@code{tcg/i386/tcg-target.c}). For more information, please take a
look at @code{tcg/README}.

@node Condition code optimisations
@section Condition code optimisations

Lazy evaluation of CPU condition codes (@code{EFLAGS} register on x86)
is important for CPUs where every instruction sets the condition
codes. It tends to be less important on conventional RISC systems
where condition codes are only updated when explicitly requested. On
Sparc64, costly update of both 32 and 64 bit condition codes can be
avoided with lazy evaluation.

Instead of computing the condition codes after each x86 instruction,
QEMU just stores one operand (called @code{CC_SRC}), the result
(called @code{CC_DST}) and the type of operation (called
@code{CC_OP}). When the condition codes are needed, the condition
codes can be calculated using this information. In addition, an
optimized calculation can be performed for some instruction types like
conditional branches.

@code{CC_OP} is almost never explicitly set in the generated code
because it is known at translation time.

The lazy condition code evaluation is used on x86, m68k, cris and
Sparc. ARM uses a simplified variant for the N and Z flags.

@node CPU state optimisations
@section CPU state optimisations

The target CPUs have many internal states which change the way it
evaluates instructions. In order to achieve a good speed, the
translation phase considers that some state information of the virtual
CPU cannot change in it. The state is recorded in the Translation
Block (TB). If the state changes (e.g. privilege level), a new TB will
be generated and the previous TB won't be used anymore until the state
matches the state recorded in the previous TB. For example, if the SS,
DS and ES segments have a zero base, then the translator does not even
generate an addition for the segment base.

[The FPU stack pointer register is not handled that way yet].

@node Translation cache
@section Translation cache

A 32 MByte cache holds the most recently used translations. For
simplicity, it is completely flushed when it is full. A translation unit
contains just a single basic block (a block of x86 instructions
terminated by a jump or by a virtual CPU state change which the
translator cannot deduce statically).

@node Direct block chaining
@section Direct block chaining

After each translated basic block is executed, QEMU uses the simulated
Program Counter (PC) and other cpu state informations (such as the CS
segment base value) to find the next basic block.

In order to accelerate the most common cases where the new simulated PC
is known, QEMU can patch a basic block so that it jumps directly to the
next one.

The most portable code uses an indirect jump. An indirect jump makes
it easier to make the jump target modification atomic. On some host
architectures (such as x86 or PowerPC), the @code{JUMP} opcode is
directly patched so that the block chaining has no overhead.

@node Self-modifying code and translated code invalidation
@section Self-modifying code and translated code invalidation

Self-modifying code is a special challenge in x86 emulation because no
instruction cache invalidation is signaled by the application when code
is modified.

When translated code is generated for a basic block, the corresponding
host page is write protected if it is not already read-only. Then, if
a write access is done to the page, Linux raises a SEGV signal. QEMU
then invalidates all the translated code in the page and enables write
accesses to the page.

Correct translated code invalidation is done efficiently by maintaining
a linked list of every translated block contained in a given page. Other
linked lists are also maintained to undo direct block chaining.

On RISC targets, correctly written software uses memory barriers and
cache flushes, so some of the protection above would not be
necessary. However, QEMU still requires that the generated code always
matches the target instructions in memory in order to handle
exceptions correctly.

@node Exception support
@section Exception support

longjmp() is used when an exception such as division by zero is
encountered.

The host SIGSEGV and SIGBUS signal handlers are used to get invalid
memory accesses. The simulated program counter is found by
retranslating the corresponding basic block and by looking where the
host program counter was at the exception point.

The virtual CPU cannot retrieve the exact @code{EFLAGS} register because
in some cases it is not computed because of condition code
optimisations. It is not a big concern because the emulated code can
still be restarted in any cases.

@node MMU emulation
@section MMU emulation

For system emulation QEMU supports a soft MMU. In that mode, the MMU
virtual to physical address translation is done at every memory
access. QEMU uses an address translation cache to speed up the
translation.

In order to avoid flushing the translated code each time the MMU
mappings change, QEMU uses a physically indexed translation cache. It
means that each basic block is indexed with its physical address.

When MMU mappings change, only the chaining of the basic blocks is
reset (i.e. a basic block can no longer jump directly to another one).

@node Device emulation
@section Device emulation

Systems emulated by QEMU are organized by boards. At initialization
phase, each board instantiates a number of CPUs, devices, RAM and
ROM. Each device in turn can assign I/O ports or memory areas (for
MMIO) to its handlers. When the emulation starts, an access to the
ports or MMIO memory areas assigned to the device causes the
corresponding handler to be called.

RAM and ROM are handled more optimally, only the offset to the host
memory needs to be added to the guest address.

The video RAM of VGA and other display cards is special: it can be
read or written directly like RAM, but write accesses cause the memory
to be marked with VGA_DIRTY flag as well.

QEMU supports some device classes like serial and parallel ports, USB,
drives and network devices, by providing APIs for easier connection to
the generic, higher level implementations. The API hides the
implementation details from the devices, like native device use or
advanced block device formats like QCOW.

Usually the devices implement a reset method and register support for
saving and loading of the device state. The devices can also use
timers, especially together with the use of bottom halves (BHs).

@node Hardware interrupts
@section Hardware interrupts

In order to be faster, QEMU does not check at every basic block if an
hardware interrupt is pending. Instead, the user must asynchronously
call a specific function to tell that an interrupt is pending. This
function resets the chaining of the currently executing basic
block. It ensures that the execution will return soon in the main loop
of the CPU emulator. Then the main loop can test if the interrupt is
pending and handle it.

@node User emulation specific details
@section User emulation specific details

@subsection Linux system call translation

QEMU includes a generic system call translator for Linux. It means that
the parameters of the system calls can be converted to fix the
endianness and 32/64 bit issues. The IOCTLs are converted with a generic
type description system (see @file{ioctls.h} and @file{thunk.c}).

QEMU supports host CPUs which have pages bigger than 4KB. It records all
the mappings the process does and try to emulated the @code{mmap()}
system calls in cases where the host @code{mmap()} call would fail
because of bad page alignment.

@subsection Linux signals

Normal and real-time signals are queued along with their information
(@code{siginfo_t}) as it is done in the Linux kernel. Then an interrupt
request is done to the virtual CPU. When it is interrupted, one queued
signal is handled by generating a stack frame in the virtual CPU as the
Linux kernel does. The @code{sigreturn()} system call is emulated to return
from the virtual signal handler.

Some signals (such as SIGALRM) directly come from the host. Other
signals are synthesized from the virtual CPU exceptions such as SIGFPE
when a division by zero is done (see @code{main.c:cpu_loop()}).

The blocked signal mask is still handled by the host Linux kernel so
that most signal system calls can be redirected directly to the host
Linux kernel. Only the @code{sigaction()} and @code{sigreturn()} system
calls need to be fully emulated (see @file{signal.c}).

@subsection clone() system call and threads

The Linux clone() system call is usually used to create a thread. QEMU
uses the host clone() system call so that real host threads are created
for each emulated thread. One virtual CPU instance is created for each
thread.

The virtual x86 CPU atomic operations are emulated with a global lock so
that their semantic is preserved.

Note that currently there are still some locking issues in QEMU. In
particular, the translated cache flush is not protected yet against
reentrancy.

@subsection Self-virtualization

QEMU was conceived so that ultimately it can emulate itself. Although
it is not very useful, it is an important test to show the power of the
emulator.

Achieving self-virtualization is not easy because there may be address
space conflicts. QEMU user emulators solve this problem by being an
executable ELF shared object as the ld-linux.so ELF interpreter. That
way, it can be relocated at load time.

@node Bibliography
@section Bibliography

@table @asis

@item [1]
@url{http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/piumarta98optimizing.html}, Optimizing
direct threaded code by selective inlining (1998) by Ian Piumarta, Fabio
Riccardi.

@item [2]
@url{http://developer.kde.org/~sewardj/}, Valgrind, an open-source
memory debugger for x86-GNU/Linux, by Julian Seward.

@item [3]
@url{http://bochs.sourceforge.net/}, the Bochs IA-32 Emulator Project,
by Kevin Lawton et al.

@item [4]
@url{http://www.cs.rose-hulman.edu/~donaldlf/em86/index.html}, the EM86
x86 emulator on Alpha-Linux.

@item [5]
@url{http://www.usenix.org/publications/library/proceedings/usenix-nt97/@/full_papers/chernoff/chernoff.pdf},
DIGITAL FX!32: Running 32-Bit x86 Applications on Alpha NT, by Anton
Chernoff and Ray Hookway.

@item [6]
@url{http://www.willows.com/}, Windows API library emulation from
Willows Software.

@item [7]
@url{http://user-mode-linux.sourceforge.net/},
The User-mode Linux Kernel.

@item [8]
@url{http://www.plex86.org/},
The new Plex86 project.

@item [9]
@url{http://www.vmware.com/},
The VMWare PC virtualizer.

@item [10]
@url{http://www.microsoft.com/windowsxp/virtualpc/},
The VirtualPC PC virtualizer.

@item [11]
@url{http://www.twoostwo.org/},
The TwoOStwo PC virtualizer.

@item [12]
@url{http://virtualbox.org/},
The VirtualBox PC virtualizer.

@item [13]
@url{http://www.xen.org/},
The Xen hypervisor.

@item [14]
@url{http://kvm.qumranet.com/kvmwiki/Front_Page},
Kernel Based Virtual Machine (KVM).

@item [15]
@url{http://www.greensocs.com/projects/QEMUSystemC},
QEMU-SystemC, a hardware co-simulator.

@end table

@node Regression Tests
@chapter Regression Tests

In the directory @file{tests/}, various interesting testing programs
are available. They are used for regression testing.

@menu
* test-i386::
* linux-test::
@end menu

@node test-i386
@section @file{test-i386}

This program executes most of the 16 bit and 32 bit x86 instructions and
generates a text output. It can be compared with the output obtained with
a real CPU or another emulator. The target @code{make test} runs this
program and a @code{diff} on the generated output.

The Linux system call @code{modify_ldt()} is used to create x86 selectors
to test some 16 bit addressing and 32 bit with segmentation cases.

The Linux system call @code{vm86()} is used to test vm86 emulation.

Various exceptions are raised to test most of the x86 user space
exception reporting.

@node linux-test
@section @file{linux-test}

This program tests various Linux system calls. It is used to verify
that the system call parameters are correctly converted between target
and host CPUs.

@node Index
@chapter Index
@printindex cp

@bye