system/vl.c

/*
 * QEMU System Emulator
 *
 * Copyright (c) 2003-2008 Fabrice Bellard
 *
 * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
 * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
 * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
 * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
 * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
 * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
 *
 * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
 * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
 *
 * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
 * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL
 * THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
 * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
 * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
 * THE SOFTWARE.
 */

#include "qemu/osdep.h"
#include "qemu/help-texts.h"
#include "qemu/datadir.h"
#include "qemu/units.h"
#include "exec/cpu-common.h"
#include "exec/page-vary.h"
#include "hw/qdev-properties.h"
#include "qapi/compat-policy.h"
#include "qapi/error.h"
#include "qapi/qmp/qdict.h"
#include "qapi/qmp/qstring.h"
#include "qapi/qmp/qjson.h"
#include "qemu-version.h"
#include "qemu/cutils.h"
#include "qemu/help_option.h"
#include "qemu/hw-version.h"
#include "qemu/uuid.h"
#include "sysemu/reset.h"
#include "sysemu/runstate.h"
#include "sysemu/runstate-action.h"
#include "sysemu/seccomp.h"
#include "sysemu/tcg.h"
#include "sysemu/xen.h"

#include "qemu/error-report.h"
#include "qemu/sockets.h"
#include "qemu/accel.h"
#include "qemu/async-teardown.h"
#include "hw/usb.h"
#include "hw/isa/isa.h"
#include "hw/scsi/scsi.h"
#include "hw/display/vga.h"
#include "hw/firmware/smbios.h"
#include "hw/acpi/acpi.h"
#include "hw/xen/xen.h"
#include "hw/loader.h"
#include "monitor/qdev.h"
#include "net/net.h"
#include "net/slirp.h"
#include "monitor/monitor.h"
#include "ui/console.h"
#include "ui/input.h"
#include "sysemu/sysemu.h"
#include "sysemu/numa.h"
#include "sysemu/hostmem.h"
#include "exec/gdbstub.h"
#include "qemu/timer.h"
#include "chardev/char.h"
#include "qemu/bitmap.h"
#include "qemu/log.h"
#include "sysemu/blockdev.h"
#include "hw/block/block.h"
#include "hw/i386/x86.h"
#include "hw/i386/pc.h"
#include "migration/misc.h"
#include "migration/snapshot.h"
#include "sysemu/tpm.h"
#include "sysemu/dma.h"
#include "hw/audio/soundhw.h"
#include "audio/audio.h"
#include "sysemu/cpus.h"
#include "sysemu/cpu-timers.h"
#include "migration/colo.h"
#include "migration/postcopy-ram.h"
#include "sysemu/kvm.h"
#include "qapi/qobject-input-visitor.h"
#include "qemu/option.h"
#include "qemu/config-file.h"
#include "qemu/main-loop.h"
#ifdef CONFIG_VIRTFS
#include "fsdev/qemu-fsdev.h"
#endif
#include "sysemu/qtest.h"
#ifdef CONFIG_TCG
#include "accel/tcg/perf.h"
#endif

#include "disas/disas.h"

#include "trace.h"
#include "trace/control.h"
#include "qemu/plugin.h"
#include "qemu/queue.h"
#include "sysemu/arch_init.h"
#include "exec/confidential-guest-support.h"

#include "ui/qemu-spice.h"
#include "qapi/string-input-visitor.h"
#include "qapi/opts-visitor.h"
#include "qapi/clone-visitor.h"
#include "qom/object_interfaces.h"
#include "semihosting/semihost.h"
#include "crypto/init.h"
#include "sysemu/replay.h"
#include "qapi/qapi-events-run-state.h"
#include "qapi/qapi-types-audio.h"
#include "qapi/qapi-visit-audio.h"
#include "qapi/qapi-visit-block-core.h"
#include "qapi/qapi-visit-compat.h"
#include "qapi/qapi-visit-machine.h"
#include "qapi/qapi-visit-ui.h"
#include "qapi/qapi-commands-block-core.h"
#include "qapi/qapi-commands-migration.h"
#include "qapi/qapi-commands-misc.h"
#include "qapi/qapi-visit-qom.h"
#include "qapi/qapi-commands-ui.h"
#include "block/qdict.h"
#include "qapi/qmp/qerror.h"
#include "sysemu/iothread.h"
#include "qemu/guest-random.h"
#include "qemu/keyval.h"

#define MAX_VIRTIO_CONSOLES 1

typedef struct BlockdevOptionsQueueEntry {
    BlockdevOptions *bdo;
    Location loc;
    QSIMPLEQ_ENTRY(BlockdevOptionsQueueEntry) entry;
} BlockdevOptionsQueueEntry;

typedef QSIMPLEQ_HEAD(, BlockdevOptionsQueueEntry) BlockdevOptionsQueue;

typedef struct ObjectOption {
    ObjectOptions *opts;
    QTAILQ_ENTRY(ObjectOption) next;
} ObjectOption;

typedef struct DeviceOption {
    QDict *opts;
    Location loc;
    QTAILQ_ENTRY(DeviceOption) next;
} DeviceOption;

static const char *cpu_option;
static const char *mem_path;
static const char *incoming;
static const char *loadvm;
static const char *accelerators;
static bool have_custom_ram_size;
static const char *ram_memdev_id;
static QDict *machine_opts_dict;
static QTAILQ_HEAD(, ObjectOption) object_opts = QTAILQ_HEAD_INITIALIZER(object_opts);
static QTAILQ_HEAD(, DeviceOption) device_opts = QTAILQ_HEAD_INITIALIZER(device_opts);
static int display_remote;
static int snapshot;
static bool preconfig_requested;
static QemuPluginList plugin_list = QTAILQ_HEAD_INITIALIZER(plugin_list);
static BlockdevOptionsQueue bdo_queue = QSIMPLEQ_HEAD_INITIALIZER(bdo_queue);
static bool nographic = false;
static int mem_prealloc; /* force preallocation of physical target memory */
static const char *vga_model = NULL;
static DisplayOptions dpy;
static int num_serial_hds;
static Chardev **serial_hds;
static const char *log_mask;
static const char *log_file;
static bool list_data_dirs;
static const char *qtest_chrdev;
static const char *qtest_log;
static bool opt_one_insn_per_tb;

static int has_defaults = 1;
static int default_audio = 1;
static int default_serial = 1;
static int default_parallel = 1;
static int default_monitor = 1;
static int default_floppy = 1;
static int default_cdrom = 1;
static int default_sdcard = 1;
static int default_vga = 1;
static int default_net = 1;

static struct {
    const char *driver;
    int *flag;
} default_list[] = {
    { .driver = "isa-serial",           .flag = &default_serial    },
    { .driver = "isa-parallel",         .flag = &default_parallel  },
    { .driver = "isa-fdc",              .flag = &default_floppy    },
    { .driver = "floppy",               .flag = &default_floppy    },
    { .driver = "ide-cd",               .flag = &default_cdrom     },
    { .driver = "ide-hd",               .flag = &default_cdrom     },
    { .driver = "scsi-cd",              .flag = &default_cdrom     },
    { .driver = "scsi-hd",              .flag = &default_cdrom     },
    { .driver = "VGA",                  .flag = &default_vga       },
    { .driver = "isa-vga",              .flag = &default_vga       },
    { .driver = "cirrus-vga",           .flag = &default_vga       },
    { .driver = "isa-cirrus-vga",       .flag = &default_vga       },
    { .driver = "vmware-svga",          .flag = &default_vga       },
    { .driver = "qxl-vga",              .flag = &default_vga       },
    { .driver = "virtio-vga",           .flag = &default_vga       },
    { .driver = "ati-vga",              .flag = &default_vga       },
    { .driver = "vhost-user-vga",       .flag = &default_vga       },
    { .driver = "virtio-vga-gl",        .flag = &default_vga       },
    { .driver = "virtio-vga-rutabaga",  .flag = &default_vga       },
};

static QemuOptsList qemu_rtc_opts = {
    .name = "rtc",
    .head = QTAILQ_HEAD_INITIALIZER(qemu_rtc_opts.head),
    .merge_lists = true,
    .desc = {
        {
            .name = "base",
            .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
        },{
            .name = "clock",
            .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
        },{
            .name = "driftfix",
            .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
        },
        { /* end of list */ }
    },
};

static QemuOptsList qemu_option_rom_opts = {
    .name = "option-rom",
    .implied_opt_name = "romfile",
    .head = QTAILQ_HEAD_INITIALIZER(qemu_option_rom_opts.head),
    .desc = {
        {
            .name = "bootindex",
            .type = QEMU_OPT_NUMBER,
        }, {
            .name = "romfile",
            .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
        },
        { /* end of list */ }
    },
};

static QemuOptsList qemu_accel_opts = {
    .name = "accel",
    .implied_opt_name = "accel",
    .head = QTAILQ_HEAD_INITIALIZER(qemu_accel_opts.head),
    .desc = {
        /*
         * no elements => accept any
         * sanity checking will happen later
         * when setting accelerator properties
         */
        { }
    },
};

static QemuOptsList qemu_boot_opts = {
    .name = "boot-opts",
    .implied_opt_name = "order",
    .merge_lists = true,
    .head = QTAILQ_HEAD_INITIALIZER(qemu_boot_opts.head),
    .desc = {
        {
            .name = "order",
            .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
        }, {
            .name = "once",
            .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
        }, {
            .name = "menu",
            .type = QEMU_OPT_BOOL,
        }, {
            .name = "splash",
            .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
        }, {
            .name = "splash-time",
            .type = QEMU_OPT_NUMBER,
        }, {
            .name = "reboot-timeout",
            .type = QEMU_OPT_NUMBER,
        }, {
            .name = "strict",
            .type = QEMU_OPT_BOOL,
        },
        { /*End of list */ }
    },
};

static QemuOptsList qemu_add_fd_opts = {
    .name = "add-fd",
    .head = QTAILQ_HEAD_INITIALIZER(qemu_add_fd_opts.head),
    .desc = {
        {
            .name = "fd",
            .type = QEMU_OPT_NUMBER,
            .help = "file descriptor of which a duplicate is added to fd set",
        },{
            .name = "set",
            .type = QEMU_OPT_NUMBER,
            .help = "ID of the fd set to add fd to",
        },{
            .name = "opaque",
            .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
            .help = "free-form string used to describe fd",
        },
        { /* end of list */ }
    },
};

static QemuOptsList qemu_object_opts = {
    .name = "object",
    .implied_opt_name = "qom-type",
    .head = QTAILQ_HEAD_INITIALIZER(qemu_object_opts.head),
    .desc = {
        { }
    },
};

static QemuOptsList qemu_tpmdev_opts = {
    .name = "tpmdev",
    .implied_opt_name = "type",
    .head = QTAILQ_HEAD_INITIALIZER(qemu_tpmdev_opts.head),
    .desc = {
        /* options are defined in the TPM backends */
        { /* end of list */ }
    },
};

static QemuOptsList qemu_overcommit_opts = {
    .name = "overcommit",
    .head = QTAILQ_HEAD_INITIALIZER(qemu_overcommit_opts.head),
    .desc = {
        {
            .name = "mem-lock",
            .type = QEMU_OPT_BOOL,
        },
        {
            .name = "cpu-pm",
            .type = QEMU_OPT_BOOL,
        },
        { /* end of list */ }
    },
};

static QemuOptsList qemu_msg_opts = {
    .name = "msg",
    .head = QTAILQ_HEAD_INITIALIZER(qemu_msg_opts.head),
    .desc = {
        {
            .name = "timestamp",
            .type = QEMU_OPT_BOOL,
        },
        {
            .name = "guest-name",
            .type = QEMU_OPT_BOOL,
            .help = "Prepends guest name for error messages but only if "
                    "-name guest is set otherwise option is ignored\n",
        },
        { /* end of list */ }
    },
};

static QemuOptsList qemu_name_opts = {
    .name = "name",
    .implied_opt_name = "guest",
    .merge_lists = true,
    .head = QTAILQ_HEAD_INITIALIZER(qemu_name_opts.head),
    .desc = {
        {
            .name = "guest",
            .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
            .help = "Sets the name of the guest.\n"
                    "This name will be displayed in the SDL window caption.\n"
                    "The name will also be used for the VNC server",
        }, {
            .name = "process",
            .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
            .help = "Sets the name of the QEMU process, as shown in top etc",
        }, {
            .name = "debug-threads",
            .type = QEMU_OPT_BOOL,
            .help = "When enabled, name the individual threads; defaults off.\n"
                    "NOTE: The thread names are for debugging and not a\n"
                    "stable API.",
        },
        { /* End of list */ }
    },
};

static QemuOptsList qemu_mem_opts = {
    .name = "memory",
    .implied_opt_name = "size",
    .head = QTAILQ_HEAD_INITIALIZER(qemu_mem_opts.head),
    .merge_lists = true,
    .desc = {
        {
            .name = "size",
            .type = QEMU_OPT_SIZE,
        },
        {
            .name = "slots",
            .type = QEMU_OPT_NUMBER,
        },
        {
            .name = "maxmem",
            .type = QEMU_OPT_SIZE,
        },
        { /* end of list */ }
    },
};

static QemuOptsList qemu_icount_opts = {
    .name = "icount",
    .implied_opt_name = "shift",
    .merge_lists = true,
    .head = QTAILQ_HEAD_INITIALIZER(qemu_icount_opts.head),
    .desc = {
        {
            .name = "shift",
            .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
        }, {
            .name = "align",
            .type = QEMU_OPT_BOOL,
        }, {
            .name = "sleep",
            .type = QEMU_OPT_BOOL,
        }, {
            .name = "rr",
            .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
        }, {
            .name = "rrfile",
            .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
        }, {
            .name = "rrsnapshot",
            .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
        },
        { /* end of list */ }
    },
};

static QemuOptsList qemu_fw_cfg_opts = {
    .name = "fw_cfg",
    .implied_opt_name = "name",
    .head = QTAILQ_HEAD_INITIALIZER(qemu_fw_cfg_opts.head),
    .desc = {
        {
            .name = "name",
            .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
            .help = "Sets the fw_cfg name of the blob to be inserted",
        }, {
            .name = "file",
            .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
            .help = "Sets the name of the file from which "
                    "the fw_cfg blob will be loaded",
        }, {
            .name = "string",
            .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
            .help = "Sets content of the blob to be inserted from a string",
        }, {
            .name = "gen_id",
            .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
            .help = "Sets id of the object generating the fw_cfg blob "
                    "to be inserted",
        },
        { /* end of list */ }
    },
};

static QemuOptsList qemu_action_opts = {
    .name = "action",
    .merge_lists = true,
    .head = QTAILQ_HEAD_INITIALIZER(qemu_action_opts.head),
    .desc = {
        {
            .name = "shutdown",
            .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
        },{
            .name = "reboot",
            .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
        },{
            .name = "panic",
            .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
        },{
            .name = "watchdog",
            .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
        },
        { /* end of list */ }
    },
};

const char *qemu_get_vm_name(void)
{
    return qemu_name;
}

static void default_driver_disable(const char *driver)
{
    int i;

    if (!driver) {
        return;
    }

    for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(default_list); i++) {
        if (strcmp(default_list[i].driver, driver) != 0)
            continue;
        *(default_list[i].flag) = 0;
    }
}

static int default_driver_check(void *opaque, QemuOpts *opts, Error **errp)
{
    const char *driver = qemu_opt_get(opts, "driver");

    default_driver_disable(driver);
    return 0;
}

static void default_driver_check_json(void)
{
    DeviceOption *opt;

    QTAILQ_FOREACH(opt, &device_opts, next) {
        const char *driver = qdict_get_try_str(opt->opts, "driver");
        default_driver_disable(driver);
    }
}

static int parse_name(void *opaque, QemuOpts *opts, Error **errp)
{
    const char *proc_name;

    if (qemu_opt_get(opts, "debug-threads")) {
        qemu_thread_naming(qemu_opt_get_bool(opts, "debug-threads", false));
    }
    qemu_name = qemu_opt_get(opts, "guest");

    proc_name = qemu_opt_get(opts, "process");
    if (proc_name) {
        os_set_proc_name(proc_name);
    }

    return 0;
}

bool defaults_enabled(void)
{
    return has_defaults;
}

#ifndef _WIN32
static int parse_add_fd(void *opaque, QemuOpts *opts, Error **errp)
{
    int fd, dupfd, flags;
    int64_t fdset_id;
    const char *fd_opaque = NULL;
    AddfdInfo *fdinfo;

    fd = qemu_opt_get_number(opts, "fd", -1);
    fdset_id = qemu_opt_get_number(opts, "set", -1);
    fd_opaque = qemu_opt_get(opts, "opaque");

    if (fd < 0) {
        error_setg(errp, "fd option is required and must be non-negative");
        return -1;
    }

    if (fd <= STDERR_FILENO) {
        error_setg(errp, "fd cannot be a standard I/O stream");
        return -1;
    }

    /*
     * All fds inherited across exec() necessarily have FD_CLOEXEC
     * clear, while qemu sets FD_CLOEXEC on all other fds used internally.
     */
    flags = fcntl(fd, F_GETFD);
    if (flags == -1 || (flags & FD_CLOEXEC)) {
        error_setg(errp, "fd is not valid or already in use");
        return -1;
    }

    if (fdset_id < 0) {
        error_setg(errp, "set option is required and must be non-negative");
        return -1;
    }

#ifdef F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC
    dupfd = fcntl(fd, F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC, 0);
#else
    dupfd = dup(fd);
    if (dupfd != -1) {
        qemu_set_cloexec(dupfd);
    }
#endif
    if (dupfd == -1) {
        error_setg(errp, "error duplicating fd: %s", strerror(errno));
        return -1;
    }

    /* add the duplicate fd, and optionally the opaque string, to the fd set */
    fdinfo = monitor_fdset_add_fd(dupfd, true, fdset_id, fd_opaque,
                                  &error_abort);
    g_free(fdinfo);

    return 0;
}

static int cleanup_add_fd(void *opaque, QemuOpts *opts, Error **errp)
{
    int fd;

    fd = qemu_opt_get_number(opts, "fd", -1);
    close(fd);

    return 0;
}
#endif

/***********************************************************/
/* QEMU Block devices */

#define HD_OPTS "media=disk"
#define CDROM_OPTS "media=cdrom"
#define FD_OPTS ""
#define PFLASH_OPTS ""
#define MTD_OPTS ""
#define SD_OPTS ""

static int drive_init_func(void *opaque, QemuOpts *opts, Error **errp)
{
    BlockInterfaceType *block_default_type = opaque;

    return drive_new(opts, *block_default_type, errp) == NULL;
}

static int drive_enable_snapshot(void *opaque, QemuOpts *opts, Error **errp)
{
    if (qemu_opt_get(opts, "snapshot") == NULL) {
        qemu_opt_set(opts, "snapshot", "on", &error_abort);
    }
    return 0;
}

static void default_drive(int enable, int snapshot, BlockInterfaceType type,
                          int index, const char *optstr)
{
    QemuOpts *opts;
    DriveInfo *dinfo;

    if (!enable || drive_get_by_index(type, index)) {
        return;
    }

    opts = drive_add(type, index, NULL, optstr);
    if (snapshot) {
        drive_enable_snapshot(NULL, opts, NULL);
    }

    dinfo = drive_new(opts, type, &error_abort);
    dinfo->is_default = true;

}

static void configure_blockdev(BlockdevOptionsQueue *bdo_queue,
                               MachineClass *machine_class, int snapshot)
{
    /*
     * If the currently selected machine wishes to override the
     * units-per-bus property of its default HBA interface type, do so
     * now.
     */
    if (machine_class->units_per_default_bus) {
        override_max_devs(machine_class->block_default_type,
                          machine_class->units_per_default_bus);
    }

    /* open the virtual block devices */
    while (!QSIMPLEQ_EMPTY(bdo_queue)) {
        BlockdevOptionsQueueEntry *bdo = QSIMPLEQ_FIRST(bdo_queue);

        QSIMPLEQ_REMOVE_HEAD(bdo_queue, entry);
        loc_push_restore(&bdo->loc);
        qmp_blockdev_add(bdo->bdo, &error_fatal);
        loc_pop(&bdo->loc);
        qapi_free_BlockdevOptions(bdo->bdo);
        g_free(bdo);
    }
    if (snapshot) {
        qemu_opts_foreach(qemu_find_opts("drive"), drive_enable_snapshot,
                          NULL, NULL);
    }
    if (qemu_opts_foreach(qemu_find_opts("drive"), drive_init_func,
                          &machine_class->block_default_type, &error_fatal)) {
        /* We printed help */
        exit(0);
    }

    default_drive(default_cdrom, snapshot, machine_class->block_default_type, 2,
                  CDROM_OPTS);
    default_drive(default_floppy, snapshot, IF_FLOPPY, 0, FD_OPTS);
    default_drive(default_sdcard, snapshot, IF_SD, 0, SD_OPTS);

}

static QemuOptsList qemu_smp_opts = {
    .name = "smp-opts",
    .implied_opt_name = "cpus",
    .merge_lists = true,
    .head = QTAILQ_HEAD_INITIALIZER(qemu_smp_opts.head),
    .desc = {
        {
            .name = "cpus",
            .type = QEMU_OPT_NUMBER,
        }, {
            .name = "drawers",
            .type = QEMU_OPT_NUMBER,
        }, {
            .name = "books",
            .type = QEMU_OPT_NUMBER,
        }, {
            .name = "sockets",
            .type = QEMU_OPT_NUMBER,
        }, {
            .name = "dies",
            .type = QEMU_OPT_NUMBER,
        }, {
            .name = "clusters",
            .type = QEMU_OPT_NUMBER,
        }, {
            .name = "cores",
            .type = QEMU_OPT_NUMBER,
        }, {
            .name = "threads",
            .type = QEMU_OPT_NUMBER,
        }, {
            .name = "maxcpus",
            .type = QEMU_OPT_NUMBER,
        },
        { /*End of list */ }
    },
};

#if defined(CONFIG_POSIX)
static QemuOptsList qemu_run_with_opts = {
    .name = "run-with",
    .head = QTAILQ_HEAD_INITIALIZER(qemu_run_with_opts.head),
    .desc = {
#if defined(CONFIG_LINUX)
        {
            .name = "async-teardown",
            .type = QEMU_OPT_BOOL,
        },
#endif
        {
            .name = "chroot",
            .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
        },
        { /* end of list */ }
    },
};

#define qemu_add_run_with_opts() qemu_add_opts(&qemu_run_with_opts)

#else

#define qemu_add_run_with_opts()

#endif /* CONFIG_POSIX */

static void realtime_init(void)
{
    if (enable_mlock) {
        if (os_mlock() < 0) {
            error_report("locking memory failed");
            exit(1);
        }
    }
}


static void configure_msg(QemuOpts *opts)
{
    message_with_timestamp = qemu_opt_get_bool(opts, "timestamp", false);
    error_with_guestname = qemu_opt_get_bool(opts, "guest-name", false);
}


/***********************************************************/
/* USB devices */

static int usb_device_add(const char *devname)
{
    USBDevice *dev = NULL;

    if (!machine_usb(current_machine)) {
        return -1;
    }

    dev = usbdevice_create(devname);
    if (!dev)
        return -1;

    return 0;
}

static int usb_parse(const char *cmdline)
{
    int r;
    r = usb_device_add(cmdline);
    if (r < 0) {
        error_report("could not add USB device '%s'", cmdline);
    }
    return r;
}

/***********************************************************/
/* machine registration */

static MachineClass *find_machine(const char *name, GSList *machines)
{
    GSList *el;

    for (el = machines; el; el = el->next) {
        MachineClass *mc = el->data;

        if (!strcmp(mc->name, name) || !g_strcmp0(mc->alias, name)) {
            return mc;
        }
    }

    return NULL;
}

static MachineClass *find_default_machine(GSList *machines)
{
    GSList *el;
    MachineClass *default_machineclass = NULL;

    for (el = machines; el; el = el->next) {
        MachineClass *mc = el->data;

        if (mc->is_default) {
            assert(default_machineclass == NULL && "Multiple default machines");
            default_machineclass = mc;
        }
    }

    return default_machineclass;
}

static void version(void)
{
    printf("QEMU emulator version " QEMU_FULL_VERSION "\n"
           QEMU_COPYRIGHT "\n");
}

static void help(int exitcode)
{
    version();
    printf("usage: %s [options] [disk_image]\n\n"
           "'disk_image' is a raw hard disk image for IDE hard disk 0\n\n",
            g_get_prgname());

#define DEF(option, opt_arg, opt_enum, opt_help, arch_mask)    \
    if ((arch_mask) & arch_type)                               \
        fputs(opt_help, stdout);

#define ARCHHEADING(text, arch_mask) \
    if ((arch_mask) & arch_type)    \
        puts(stringify(text));

#define DEFHEADING(text) ARCHHEADING(text, QEMU_ARCH_ALL)

#include "qemu-options.def"

    printf("\nDuring emulation, the following keys are useful:\n"
           "ctrl-alt-f      toggle full screen\n"
           "ctrl-alt-n      switch to virtual console 'n'\n"
           "ctrl-alt        toggle mouse and keyboard grab\n"
           "\n"
           "When using -nographic, press 'ctrl-a h' to get some help.\n"
           "\n"
           QEMU_HELP_BOTTOM "\n");

    exit(exitcode);
}

enum {

#define DEF(option, opt_arg, opt_enum, opt_help, arch_mask)     \
    opt_enum,
#define DEFHEADING(text)
#define ARCHHEADING(text, arch_mask)

#include "qemu-options.def"
};

#define HAS_ARG 0x0001

typedef struct QEMUOption {
    const char *name;
    int flags;
    int index;
    uint32_t arch_mask;
} QEMUOption;

static const QEMUOption qemu_options[] = {
    { "h", 0, QEMU_OPTION_h, QEMU_ARCH_ALL },

#define DEF(option, opt_arg, opt_enum, opt_help, arch_mask)     \
    { option, opt_arg, opt_enum, arch_mask },
#define DEFHEADING(text)
#define ARCHHEADING(text, arch_mask)

#include "qemu-options.def"
    { /* end of list */ }
};

typedef struct VGAInterfaceInfo {
    const char *opt_name;    /* option name */
    const char *name;        /* human-readable name */
    /* Class names indicating that support is available.
     * If no class is specified, the interface is always available */
    const char *class_names[2];
} VGAInterfaceInfo;

static const VGAInterfaceInfo vga_interfaces[VGA_TYPE_MAX] = {
    [VGA_NONE] = {
        .opt_name = "none",
        .name = "no graphic card",
    },
    [VGA_STD] = {
        .opt_name = "std",
        .name = "standard VGA",
        .class_names = { "VGA", "isa-vga" },
    },
    [VGA_CIRRUS] = {
        .opt_name = "cirrus",
        .name = "Cirrus VGA",
        .class_names = { "cirrus-vga", "isa-cirrus-vga" },
    },
    [VGA_VMWARE] = {
        .opt_name = "vmware",
        .name = "VMWare SVGA",
        .class_names = { "vmware-svga" },
    },
    [VGA_VIRTIO] = {
        .opt_name = "virtio",
        .name = "Virtio VGA",
        .class_names = { "virtio-vga" },
    },
    [VGA_QXL] = {
        .opt_name = "qxl",
        .name = "QXL VGA",
        .class_names = { "qxl-vga" },
    },
    [VGA_TCX] = {
        .opt_name = "tcx",
        .name = "TCX framebuffer",
        .class_names = { "sun-tcx" },
    },
    [VGA_CG3] = {
        .opt_name = "cg3",
        .name = "CG3 framebuffer",
        .class_names = { "cgthree" },
    },
#ifdef CONFIG_XEN_BACKEND
    [VGA_XENFB] = {
        .opt_name = "xenfb",
        .name = "Xen paravirtualized framebuffer",
    },
#endif
};

static bool vga_interface_available(VGAInterfaceType t)
{
    const VGAInterfaceInfo *ti = &vga_interfaces[t];

    assert(t < VGA_TYPE_MAX);
    return !ti->class_names[0] ||
           module_object_class_by_name(ti->class_names[0]) ||
           module_object_class_by_name(ti->class_names[1]);
}

static const char *
get_default_vga_model(const MachineClass *machine_class)
{
    if (machine_class->default_display) {
        for (int t = 0; t < VGA_TYPE_MAX; t++) {
            const VGAInterfaceInfo *ti = &vga_interfaces[t];

            if (ti->opt_name && vga_interface_available(t) &&
                g_str_equal(ti->opt_name, machine_class->default_display)) {
                return machine_class->default_display;
            }
        }

        warn_report_once("Default display '%s' is not available in this binary",
                         machine_class->default_display);
        return NULL;
    } else if (vga_interface_available(VGA_CIRRUS)) {
        return "cirrus";
    } else if (vga_interface_available(VGA_STD)) {
        return "std";
    }

    return NULL;
}

static void select_vgahw(const MachineClass *machine_class, const char *p)
{
    const char *opts;
    int t;

    if (g_str_equal(p, "help")) {
        const char *def = get_default_vga_model(machine_class);

        for (t = 0; t < VGA_TYPE_MAX; t++) {
            const VGAInterfaceInfo *ti = &vga_interfaces[t];

            if (vga_interface_available(t) && ti->opt_name) {
                printf("%-20s %s%s\n", ti->opt_name, ti->name ?: "",
                        (def && g_str_equal(ti->opt_name, def)) ?
                        " (default)" : "");
            }
        }
        exit(0);
    }

    assert(vga_interface_type == VGA_NONE);
    for (t = 0; t < VGA_TYPE_MAX; t++) {
        const VGAInterfaceInfo *ti = &vga_interfaces[t];
        if (ti->opt_name && strstart(p, ti->opt_name, &opts)) {
            if (!vga_interface_available(t)) {
                error_report("%s not available", ti->name);
                exit(1);
            }
            vga_interface_type = t;
            break;
        }
    }
    if (t == VGA_TYPE_MAX) {
    invalid_vga:
        error_report("unknown vga type: %s", p);
        exit(1);
    }
    while (*opts) {
        const char *nextopt;

        if (strstart(opts, ",retrace=", &nextopt)) {
            opts = nextopt;
            if (strstart(opts, "dumb", &nextopt))
                vga_retrace_method = VGA_RETRACE_DUMB;
            else if (strstart(opts, "precise", &nextopt))
                vga_retrace_method = VGA_RETRACE_PRECISE;
            else goto invalid_vga;
        } else goto invalid_vga;
        opts = nextopt;
    }
}

static void parse_display_qapi(const char *str)
{
    DisplayOptions *opts;
    Visitor *v;

    v = qobject_input_visitor_new_str(str, "type", &error_fatal);

    visit_type_DisplayOptions(v, NULL, &opts, &error_fatal);
    QAPI_CLONE_MEMBERS(DisplayOptions, &dpy, opts);

    qapi_free_DisplayOptions(opts);
    visit_free(v);
}

DisplayOptions *qmp_query_display_options(Error **errp)
{
    return QAPI_CLONE(DisplayOptions, &dpy);
}

static void parse_display(const char *p)
{
    if (is_help_option(p)) {
        qemu_display_help();
        exit(0);
    }

#ifdef CONFIG_VNC
    const char *opts;

    if (strstart(p, "vnc", &opts)) {
        /*
         * vnc isn't a (local) DisplayType but a protocol for remote
         * display access.
         */
        if (*opts == '=') {
            vnc_parse(opts + 1);
        } else {
            error_report("VNC requires a display argument vnc=<display>");
            exit(1);
        }
        return;
    }
#endif

    parse_display_qapi(p);
}

static inline bool nonempty_str(const char *str)
{
    return str && *str;
}

static int parse_fw_cfg(void *opaque, QemuOpts *opts, Error **errp)
{
    gchar *buf;
    size_t size;
    const char *name, *file, *str, *gen_id;
    FWCfgState *fw_cfg = (FWCfgState *) opaque;

    if (fw_cfg == NULL) {
        error_setg(errp, "fw_cfg device not available");
        return -1;
    }
    name = qemu_opt_get(opts, "name");
    file = qemu_opt_get(opts, "file");
    str = qemu_opt_get(opts, "string");
    gen_id = qemu_opt_get(opts, "gen_id");

    /* we need the name, and exactly one of: file, content string, gen_id */
    if (!nonempty_str(name) ||
        nonempty_str(file) + nonempty_str(str) + nonempty_str(gen_id) != 1) {
        error_setg(errp, "name, plus exactly one of file,"
                         " string and gen_id, are needed");
        return -1;
    }
    if (strlen(name) > FW_CFG_MAX_FILE_PATH - 1) {
        error_setg(errp, "name too long (max. %d char)",
                   FW_CFG_MAX_FILE_PATH - 1);
        return -1;
    }
    if (nonempty_str(gen_id)) {
        /*
         * In this particular case where the content is populated
         * internally, the "etc/" namespace protection is relaxed,
         * so do not emit a warning.
         */
    } else if (strncmp(name, "opt/", 4) != 0) {
        warn_report("externally provided fw_cfg item names "
                    "should be prefixed with \"opt/\"");
    }
    if (nonempty_str(str)) {
        size = strlen(str); /* NUL terminator NOT included in fw_cfg blob */
        buf = g_memdup(str, size);
    } else if (nonempty_str(gen_id)) {
        if (!fw_cfg_add_from_generator(fw_cfg, name, gen_id, errp)) {
            return -1;
        }
        return 0;
    } else {
        GError *err = NULL;
        if (!g_file_get_contents(file, &buf, &size, &err)) {
            error_setg(errp, "can't load %s: %s", file, err->message);
            g_error_free(err);
            return -1;
        }
    }
    /* For legacy, keep user files in a specific global order. */
    fw_cfg_set_order_override(fw_cfg, FW_CFG_ORDER_OVERRIDE_USER);
    fw_cfg_add_file(fw_cfg, name, buf, size);
    fw_cfg_reset_order_override(fw_cfg);
    return 0;
}

static int device_help_func(void *opaque, QemuOpts *opts, Error **errp)
{
    return qdev_device_help(opts);
}

static int device_init_func(void *opaque, QemuOpts *opts, Error **errp)
{
    DeviceState *dev;

    dev = qdev_device_add(opts, errp);
    if (!dev && *errp) {
        error_report_err(*errp);
        return -1;
    } else if (dev) {
        object_unref(OBJECT(dev));
    }
    return 0;
}

static int chardev_init_func(void *opaque, QemuOpts *opts, Error **errp)
{
    Error *local_err = NULL;

    if (!qemu_chr_new_from_opts(opts, NULL, &local_err)) {
        if (local_err) {
            error_propagate(errp, local_err);
            return -1;
        }
        exit(0);
    }
    return 0;
}

#ifdef CONFIG_VIRTFS
static int fsdev_init_func(void *opaque, QemuOpts *opts, Error **errp)
{
    return qemu_fsdev_add(opts, errp);
}
#endif

static int mon_init_func(void *opaque, QemuOpts *opts, Error **errp)
{
    return monitor_init_opts(opts, errp);
}

static void monitor_parse(const char *str, const char *mode, bool pretty)
{
    static int monitor_device_index = 0;
    QemuOpts *opts;
    const char *p;
    char label[32];

    if (strstart(str, "chardev:", &p)) {
        snprintf(label, sizeof(label), "%s", p);
    } else {
        snprintf(label, sizeof(label), "compat_monitor%d",
                 monitor_device_index);
        opts = qemu_chr_parse_compat(label, str, true);
        if (!opts) {
            error_report("parse error: %s", str);
            exit(1);
        }
    }

    opts = qemu_opts_create(qemu_find_opts("mon"), label, 1, &error_fatal);
    qemu_opt_set(opts, "mode", mode, &error_abort);
    qemu_opt_set(opts, "chardev", label, &error_abort);
    if (!strcmp(mode, "control")) {
        qemu_opt_set_bool(opts, "pretty", pretty, &error_abort);
    } else {
        assert(pretty == false);
    }
    monitor_device_index++;
}

struct device_config {
    enum {
        DEV_USB,       /* -usbdevice     */
        DEV_SERIAL,    /* -serial        */
        DEV_PARALLEL,  /* -parallel      */
        DEV_DEBUGCON,  /* -debugcon */
        DEV_GDB,       /* -gdb, -s */
        DEV_SCLP,      /* s390 sclp */
    } type;
    const char *cmdline;
    Location loc;
    QTAILQ_ENTRY(device_config) next;
};

static QTAILQ_HEAD(, device_config) device_configs =
    QTAILQ_HEAD_INITIALIZER(device_configs);

static void add_device_config(int type, const char *cmdline)
{
    struct device_config *conf;

    conf = g_malloc0(sizeof(*conf));
    conf->type = type;
    conf->cmdline = cmdline;
    loc_save(&conf->loc);
    QTAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&device_configs, conf, next);
}

static int foreach_device_config(int type, int (*func)(const char *cmdline))
{
    struct device_config *conf;
    int rc;

    QTAILQ_FOREACH(conf, &device_configs, next) {
        if (conf->type != type)
            continue;
        loc_push_restore(&conf->loc);
        rc = func(conf->cmdline);
        loc_pop(&conf->loc);
        if (rc) {
            return rc;
        }
    }
    return 0;
}

static void qemu_disable_default_devices(void)
{
    MachineClass *machine_class = MACHINE_GET_CLASS(current_machine);

    default_driver_check_json();
    qemu_opts_foreach(qemu_find_opts("device"),
                      default_driver_check, NULL, NULL);
    qemu_opts_foreach(qemu_find_opts("global"),
                      default_driver_check, NULL, NULL);

    if (!vga_model && !default_vga) {
        vga_interface_type = VGA_DEVICE;
        vga_interface_created = true;
    }
    if (!has_defaults || machine_class->no_serial) {
        default_serial = 0;
    }
    if (!has_defaults || machine_class->no_parallel) {
        default_parallel = 0;
    }
    if (!has_defaults || machine_class->no_floppy) {
        default_floppy = 0;
    }
    if (!has_defaults || machine_class->no_cdrom) {
        default_cdrom = 0;
    }
    if (!has_defaults || machine_class->no_sdcard) {
        default_sdcard = 0;
    }
    if (!has_defaults) {
        default_audio = 0;
        default_monitor = 0;
        default_net = 0;
        default_vga = 0;
    } else {
        if (default_net && machine_class->default_nic &&
            !module_object_class_by_name(machine_class->default_nic)) {
            warn_report("Default NIC '%s' is not available in this binary",
                        machine_class->default_nic);
            default_net = 0;
        }
    }
}

static void qemu_setup_display(void)
{
    if (dpy.type == DISPLAY_TYPE_DEFAULT && !display_remote) {
        if (!qemu_display_find_default(&dpy)) {
            dpy.type = DISPLAY_TYPE_NONE;
#if defined(CONFIG_VNC)
            vnc_parse("localhost:0,to=99,id=default");
#endif
        }
    }
    if (dpy.type == DISPLAY_TYPE_DEFAULT) {
        dpy.type = DISPLAY_TYPE_NONE;
    }

    qemu_display_early_init(&dpy);
}

static void qemu_create_default_devices(void)
{
    MachineClass *machine_class = MACHINE_GET_CLASS(current_machine);
    const char *vc = qemu_display_get_vc(&dpy);

    if (is_daemonized()) {
        /* According to documentation and historically, -nographic redirects
         * serial port, parallel port and monitor to stdio, which does not work
         * with -daemonize.  We can redirect these to null instead, but since
         * -nographic is legacy, let's just error out.
         * We disallow -nographic only if all other ports are not redirected
         * explicitly, to not break existing legacy setups which uses
         * -nographic _and_ redirects all ports explicitly - this is valid
         * usage, -nographic is just a no-op in this case.
         */
        if (nographic
            && (default_parallel || default_serial || default_monitor)) {
            error_report("-nographic cannot be used with -daemonize");
            exit(1);
        }
    }

    if (nographic || (!vc && !is_daemonized() && isatty(STDOUT_FILENO))) {
        if (default_parallel) {
            add_device_config(DEV_PARALLEL, "null");
        }
        if (default_serial && default_monitor) {
            add_device_config(DEV_SERIAL, "mon:stdio");
        } else {
            if (default_serial) {
                add_device_config(DEV_SERIAL, "stdio");
            }
            if (default_monitor) {
                monitor_parse("stdio", "readline", false);
            }
        }
    } else {
        if (default_serial) {
            add_device_config(DEV_SERIAL, vc ?: "null");
        }
        if (default_parallel) {
            add_device_config(DEV_PARALLEL, vc ?: "null");
        }
        if (default_monitor && vc) {
            monitor_parse(vc, "readline", false);
        }
    }

    if (default_net) {
        QemuOptsList *net = qemu_find_opts("net");
        qemu_opts_parse(net, "nic", true, &error_abort);
#ifdef CONFIG_SLIRP
        qemu_opts_parse(net, "user", true, &error_abort);
#endif
    }

    /* If no default VGA is requested, the default is "none".  */
    if (default_vga) {
        vga_model = get_default_vga_model(machine_class);
    }
    if (vga_model) {
        select_vgahw(machine_class, vga_model);
    }
}

static int serial_parse(const char *devname)
{
    int index = num_serial_hds;
    char label[32];

    if (strcmp(devname, "none") == 0)
        return 0;
    snprintf(label, sizeof(label), "serial%d", index);
    serial_hds = g_renew(Chardev *, serial_hds, index + 1);

    serial_hds[index] = qemu_chr_new_mux_mon(label, devname, NULL);
    if (!serial_hds[index]) {
        error_report("could not connect serial device"
                     " to character backend '%s'", devname);
        return -1;
    }
    num_serial_hds++;
    return 0;
}

Chardev *serial_hd(int i)
{
    assert(i >= 0);
    if (i < num_serial_hds) {
        return serial_hds[i];
    }
    return NULL;
}

static int parallel_parse(const char *devname)
{
    static int index = 0;
    char label[32];

    if (strcmp(devname, "none") == 0)
        return 0;
    if (index == MAX_PARALLEL_PORTS) {
        error_report("too many parallel ports");
        exit(1);
    }
    snprintf(label, sizeof(label), "parallel%d", index);
    parallel_hds[index] = qemu_chr_new_mux_mon(label, devname, NULL);
    if (!parallel_hds[index]) {
        error_report("could not connect parallel device"
                     " to character backend '%s'", devname);
        return -1;
    }
    index++;
    return 0;
}

static int debugcon_parse(const char *devname)
{
    QemuOpts *opts;

    if (!qemu_chr_new_mux_mon("debugcon", devname, NULL)) {
        error_report("invalid character backend '%s'", devname);
        exit(1);
    }
    opts = qemu_opts_create(qemu_find_opts("device"), "debugcon", 1, NULL);
    if (!opts) {
        error_report("already have a debugcon device");
        exit(1);
    }
    qemu_opt_set(opts, "driver", "isa-debugcon", &error_abort);
    qemu_opt_set(opts, "chardev", "debugcon", &error_abort);
    return 0;
}

static gint machine_class_cmp(gconstpointer a, gconstpointer b)
{
    const MachineClass *mc1 = a, *mc2 = b;
    int res;

    if (mc1->family == NULL) {
        if (mc2->family == NULL) {
            /* Compare standalone machine types against each other; they sort
             * in increasing order.
             */
            return strcmp(object_class_get_name(OBJECT_CLASS(mc1)),
                          object_class_get_name(OBJECT_CLASS(mc2)));
        }

        /* Standalone machine types sort after families. */
        return 1;
    }

    if (mc2->family == NULL) {
        /* Families sort before standalone machine types. */
        return -1;
    }

    /* Families sort between each other alphabetically increasingly. */
    res = strcmp(mc1->family, mc2->family);
    if (res != 0) {
        return res;
    }

    /* Within the same family, machine types sort in decreasing order. */
    return strcmp(object_class_get_name(OBJECT_CLASS(mc2)),
                  object_class_get_name(OBJECT_CLASS(mc1)));
}

static void machine_help_func(const QDict *qdict)
{
    GSList *machines, *el;
    const char *type = qdict_get_try_str(qdict, "type");

    machines = object_class_get_list(TYPE_MACHINE, false);
    if (type) {
        ObjectClass *machine_class = OBJECT_CLASS(find_machine(type, machines));
        if (machine_class) {
            type_print_class_properties(object_class_get_name(machine_class));
            return;
        }
    }

    printf("Supported machines are:\n");
    machines = g_slist_sort(machines, machine_class_cmp);
    for (el = machines; el; el = el->next) {
        MachineClass *mc = el->data;
        if (mc->alias) {
            printf("%-20s %s (alias of %s)\n", mc->alias, mc->desc, mc->name);
        }
        printf("%-20s %s%s%s\n", mc->name, mc->desc,
               mc->is_default ? " (default)" : "",
               mc->deprecation_reason ? " (deprecated)" : "");
    }
}

static void
machine_merge_property(const char *propname, QDict *prop, Error **errp)
{
    QDict *opts;

    opts = qdict_new();
    /* Preserve the caller's reference to prop.  */
    qobject_ref(prop);
    qdict_put(opts, propname, prop);
    keyval_merge(machine_opts_dict, opts, errp);
    qobject_unref(opts);
}

static void
machine_parse_property_opt(QemuOptsList *opts_list, const char *propname,
                           const char *arg)
{
    QDict *prop = NULL;
    bool help = false;

    prop = keyval_parse(arg, opts_list->implied_opt_name, &help, &error_fatal);
    if (help) {
        qemu_opts_print_help(opts_list, true);
        exit(0);
    }
    machine_merge_property(propname, prop, &error_fatal);
    qobject_unref(prop);
}

static const char *pid_file;
struct UnlinkPidfileNotifier {
    Notifier notifier;
    char *pid_file_realpath;
};
static struct UnlinkPidfileNotifier qemu_unlink_pidfile_notifier;

static void qemu_unlink_pidfile(Notifier *n, void *data)
{
    struct UnlinkPidfileNotifier *upn;

    upn = DO_UPCAST(struct UnlinkPidfileNotifier, notifier, n);
    unlink(upn->pid_file_realpath);
}

static const QEMUOption *lookup_opt(int argc, char **argv,
                                    const char **poptarg, int *poptind)
{
    const QEMUOption *popt;
    int optind = *poptind;
    char *r = argv[optind];
    const char *optarg;

    loc_set_cmdline(argv, optind, 1);
    optind++;
    /* Treat --foo the same as -foo.  */
    if (r[1] == '-')
        r++;
    popt = qemu_options;
    for(;;) {
        if (!popt->name) {
            error_report("invalid option");
            exit(1);
        }
        if (!strcmp(popt->name, r + 1))
            break;
        popt++;
    }
    if (popt->flags & HAS_ARG) {
        if (optind >= argc) {
            error_report("requires an argument");
            exit(1);
        }
        optarg = argv[optind++];
        loc_set_cmdline(argv, optind - 2, 2);
    } else {
        optarg = NULL;
    }

    *poptarg = optarg;
    *poptind = optind;

    return popt;
}

static MachineClass *select_machine(QDict *qdict, Error **errp)
{
    const char *machine_type = qdict_get_try_str(qdict, "type");
    GSList *machines = object_class_get_list(TYPE_MACHINE, false);
    MachineClass *machine_class;
    Error *local_err = NULL;

    if (machine_type) {
        machine_class = find_machine(machine_type, machines);
        qdict_del(qdict, "type");
        if (!machine_class) {
            error_setg(&local_err, "unsupported machine type");
        }
    } else {
        machine_class = find_default_machine(machines);
        if (!machine_class) {
            error_setg(&local_err, "No machine specified, and there is no default");
        }
    }

    g_slist_free(machines);
    if (local_err) {
        error_append_hint(&local_err, "Use -machine help to list supported machines\n");
        error_propagate(errp, local_err);
    }
    return machine_class;
}

static int object_parse_property_opt(Object *obj,
                                     const char *name, const char *value,
                                     const char *skip, Error **errp)
{
    if (g_str_equal(name, skip)) {
        return 0;
    }

    if (!object_property_parse(obj, name, value, errp)) {
        return -1;
    }

    return 0;
}

/* *Non*recursively replace underscores with dashes in QDict keys.  */
static void keyval_dashify(QDict *qdict, Error **errp)
{
    const QDictEntry *ent, *next;
    char *p;

    for (ent = qdict_first(qdict); ent; ent = next) {
        g_autofree char *new_key = NULL;

        next = qdict_next(qdict, ent);
        if (!strchr(ent->key, '_')) {
            continue;
        }
        new_key = g_strdup(ent->key);
        for (p = new_key; *p; p++) {
            if (*p == '_') {
                *p = '-';
            }
        }
        if (qdict_haskey(qdict, new_key)) {
            error_setg(errp, "Conflict between '%s' and '%s'", ent->key, new_key);
            return;
        }
        qobject_ref(ent->value);
        qdict_put_obj(qdict, new_key, ent->value);
        qdict_del(qdict, ent->key);
    }
}

static void qemu_apply_legacy_machine_options(QDict *qdict)
{
    const char *value;
    QObject *prop;

    keyval_dashify(qdict, &error_fatal);

    /* Legacy options do not correspond to MachineState properties.  */
    value = qdict_get_try_str(qdict, "accel");
    if (value) {
        accelerators = g_strdup(value);
        qdict_del(qdict, "accel");
    }

    value = qdict_get_try_str(qdict, "igd-passthru");
    if (value) {
        object_register_sugar_prop(ACCEL_CLASS_NAME("xen"), "igd-passthru", value,
                                   false);
        qdict_del(qdict, "igd-passthru");
    }

    value = qdict_get_try_str(qdict, "kvm-shadow-mem");
    if (value) {
        object_register_sugar_prop(ACCEL_CLASS_NAME("kvm"), "kvm-shadow-mem", value,
                                   false);
        qdict_del(qdict, "kvm-shadow-mem");
    }

    value = qdict_get_try_str(qdict, "kernel-irqchip");
    if (value) {
        object_register_sugar_prop(ACCEL_CLASS_NAME("kvm"), "kernel-irqchip", value,
                                   false);
        object_register_sugar_prop(ACCEL_CLASS_NAME("whpx"), "kernel-irqchip", value,
                                   false);
        qdict_del(qdict, "kernel-irqchip");
    }

    value = qdict_get_try_str(qdict, "memory-backend");
    if (value) {
        if (mem_path) {
            error_report("'-mem-path' can't be used together with"
                         "'-machine memory-backend'");
            exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
        }

        /* Resolved later.  */
        ram_memdev_id = g_strdup(value);
        qdict_del(qdict, "memory-backend");
    }

    prop = qdict_get(qdict, "memory");
    if (prop) {
        have_custom_ram_size =
            qobject_type(prop) == QTYPE_QDICT &&
            qdict_haskey(qobject_to(QDict, prop), "size");
    }
}

static void object_option_foreach_add(bool (*type_opt_predicate)(const char *))
{
    ObjectOption *opt, *next;

    QTAILQ_FOREACH_SAFE(opt, &object_opts, next, next) {
        const char *type = ObjectType_str(opt->opts->qom_type);
        if (type_opt_predicate(type)) {
            user_creatable_add_qapi(opt->opts, &error_fatal);
            qapi_free_ObjectOptions(opt->opts);
            QTAILQ_REMOVE(&object_opts, opt, next);
            g_free(opt);
        }
    }
}

static void object_option_add_visitor(Visitor *v)
{
    ObjectOption *opt = g_new0(ObjectOption, 1);
    visit_type_ObjectOptions(v, NULL, &opt->opts, &error_fatal);
    QTAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&object_opts, opt, next);
}

static void object_option_parse(const char *str)
{
    QemuOpts *opts;
    const char *type;
    Visitor *v;

    if (str[0] == '{') {
        QObject *obj = qobject_from_json(str, &error_fatal);

        v = qobject_input_visitor_new(obj);
        qobject_unref(obj);
    } else {
        opts = qemu_opts_parse_noisily(qemu_find_opts("object"),
                                       str, true);
        if (!opts) {
            exit(1);
        }

        type = qemu_opt_get(opts, "qom-type");
        if (!type) {
            error_setg(&error_fatal, QERR_MISSING_PARAMETER, "qom-type");
        }
        if (user_creatable_print_help(type, opts)) {
            exit(0);
        }

        v = opts_visitor_new(opts);
    }

    object_option_add_visitor(v);
    visit_free(v);
}

/*
 * Very early object creation, before the sandbox options have been activated.
 */
static bool object_create_pre_sandbox(const char *type)
{
    /*
     * Objects should in general not get initialized "too early" without
     * a reason. If you add one, state the reason in a comment!
     */

    /*
     * Reason: -sandbox on,resourcecontrol=deny disallows setting CPU
     * affinity of threads.
     */
    if (g_str_equal(type, "thread-context")) {
        return true;
    }

    return false;
}

/*
 * Initial object creation happens before all other
 * QEMU data types are created. The majority of objects
 * can be created at this point. The rng-egd object
 * cannot be created here, as it depends on the chardev
 * already existing.
 */
static bool object_create_early(const char *type)
{
    /*
     * Objects should not be made "delayed" without a reason.  If you
     * add one, state the reason in a comment!
     */

    /* Reason: already created. */
    if (object_create_pre_sandbox(type)) {
        return false;
    }

    /* Reason: property "chardev" */
    if (g_str_equal(type, "rng-egd") ||
        g_str_equal(type, "qtest")) {
        return false;
    }

#if defined(CONFIG_VHOST_USER) && defined(CONFIG_LINUX)
    /* Reason: cryptodev-vhost-user property "chardev" */
    if (g_str_equal(type, "cryptodev-vhost-user")) {
        return false;
    }
#endif

    /* Reason: vhost-user-blk-server property "node-name" */
    if (g_str_equal(type, "vhost-user-blk-server")) {
        return false;
    }
    /*
     * Reason: filter-* property "netdev" etc.
     */
    if (g_str_equal(type, "filter-buffer") ||
        g_str_equal(type, "filter-dump") ||
        g_str_equal(type, "filter-mirror") ||
        g_str_equal(type, "filter-redirector") ||
        g_str_equal(type, "colo-compare") ||
        g_str_equal(type, "filter-rewriter") ||
        g_str_equal(type, "filter-replay")) {
        return false;
    }

    /*
     * Allocation of large amounts of memory may delay
     * chardev initialization for too long, and trigger timeouts
     * on software that waits for a monitor socket to be created
     * (e.g. libvirt).
     */
    if (g_str_has_prefix(type, "memory-backend-")) {
        return false;
    }

    return true;
}

static void qemu_apply_machine_options(QDict *qdict)
{
    object_set_properties_from_keyval(OBJECT(current_machine), qdict, false, &error_fatal);

    if (semihosting_enabled(false) && !semihosting_get_argc()) {
        /* fall back to the -kernel/-append */
        semihosting_arg_fallback(current_machine->kernel_filename, current_machine->kernel_cmdline);
    }

    if (current_machine->smp.cpus > 1) {
        replay_add_blocker("smp");
    }
}

static void qemu_create_early_backends(void)
{
    MachineClass *machine_class = MACHINE_GET_CLASS(current_machine);
#if defined(CONFIG_SDL)
    const bool use_sdl = (dpy.type == DISPLAY_TYPE_SDL);
#else
    const bool use_sdl = false;
#endif
#if defined(CONFIG_GTK)
    const bool use_gtk = (dpy.type == DISPLAY_TYPE_GTK);
#else
    const bool use_gtk = false;
#endif

    if (dpy.has_window_close && !use_gtk && !use_sdl) {
        error_report("window-close is only valid for GTK and SDL, "
                     "ignoring option");
    }

    qemu_console_early_init();

    if (dpy.has_gl && dpy.gl != DISPLAYGL_MODE_OFF && display_opengl == 0) {
#if defined(CONFIG_OPENGL)
        error_report("OpenGL is not supported by the display");
#else
        error_report("OpenGL support is disabled");
#endif
        exit(1);
    }

    object_option_foreach_add(object_create_early);

    /* spice needs the timers to be initialized by this point */
    /* spice must initialize before audio as it changes the default audiodev */
    /* spice must initialize before chardevs (for spicevmc and spiceport) */
    qemu_spice.init();

    qemu_opts_foreach(qemu_find_opts("chardev"),
                      chardev_init_func, NULL, &error_fatal);

#ifdef CONFIG_VIRTFS
    qemu_opts_foreach(qemu_find_opts("fsdev"),
                      fsdev_init_func, NULL, &error_fatal);
#endif

    /*
     * Note: we need to create audio and block backends before
     * setting machine properties, so they can be referred to.
     */
    configure_blockdev(&bdo_queue, machine_class, snapshot);
    audio_init_audiodevs();
    if (default_audio) {
        audio_create_default_audiodevs();
    }
}


/*
 * The remainder of object creation happens after the
 * creation of chardev, fsdev, net clients and device data types.
 */
static bool object_create_late(const char *type)
{
    return !object_create_early(type) && !object_create_pre_sandbox(type);
}

static void qemu_create_late_backends(void)
{
    if (qtest_chrdev) {
        qtest_server_init(qtest_chrdev, qtest_log, &error_fatal);
    }

    net_init_clients();

    object_option_foreach_add(object_create_late);

    if (tpm_init() < 0) {
        exit(1);
    }

    qemu_opts_foreach(qemu_find_opts("mon"),
                      mon_init_func, NULL, &error_fatal);

    if (foreach_device_config(DEV_SERIAL, serial_parse) < 0)
        exit(1);
    if (foreach_device_config(DEV_PARALLEL, parallel_parse) < 0)
        exit(1);
    if (foreach_device_config(DEV_DEBUGCON, debugcon_parse) < 0)
        exit(1);

    /* now chardevs have been created we may have semihosting to connect */
    qemu_semihosting_chardev_init();
}

static void qemu_resolve_machine_memdev(void)
{
    if (ram_memdev_id) {
        Object *backend;
        ram_addr_t backend_size;

        backend = object_resolve_path_type(ram_memdev_id,
                                           TYPE_MEMORY_BACKEND, NULL);
        if (!backend) {
            error_report("Memory backend '%s' not found", ram_memdev_id);
            exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
        }
        if (!have_custom_ram_size) {
            backend_size = object_property_get_uint(backend, "size",  &error_abort);
            current_machine->ram_size = backend_size;
        }
        object_property_set_link(OBJECT(current_machine),
                                 "memory-backend", backend, &error_fatal);
    }
}

static void parse_memory_options(void)
{
    QemuOpts *opts = qemu_find_opts_singleton("memory");
    QDict *dict, *prop;
    const char *mem_str;
    Location loc;

    loc_push_none(&loc);
    qemu_opts_loc_restore(opts);

    prop = qdict_new();

    if (qemu_opt_get_size(opts, "size", 0) != 0) {
        /* Fix up legacy suffix-less format */
        mem_str = qemu_opt_get(opts, "size");
        if (g_ascii_isdigit(mem_str[strlen(mem_str) - 1])) {
            g_autofree char *mib_str = g_strdup_printf("%sM", mem_str);
            qdict_put_str(prop, "size", mib_str);
        } else {
            qdict_put_str(prop, "size", mem_str);
        }
    }

    if (qemu_opt_get(opts, "maxmem")) {
        qdict_put_str(prop, "max-size", qemu_opt_get(opts, "maxmem"));
    }
    if (qemu_opt_get(opts, "slots")) {
        qdict_put_str(prop, "slots", qemu_opt_get(opts, "slots"));
    }

    dict = qdict_new();
    qdict_put(dict, "memory", prop);
    keyval_merge(machine_opts_dict, dict, &error_fatal);
    qobject_unref(dict);
    loc_pop(&loc);
}

static void qemu_create_machine(QDict *qdict)
{
    MachineClass *machine_class = select_machine(qdict, &error_fatal);
    object_set_machine_compat_props(machine_class->compat_props);

    current_machine = MACHINE(object_new_with_class(OBJECT_CLASS(machine_class)));
    object_property_add_child(object_get_root(), "machine",
                              OBJECT(current_machine));
    object_property_add_child(container_get(OBJECT(current_machine),
                                            "/unattached"),
                              "sysbus", OBJECT(sysbus_get_default()));

    if (machine_class->minimum_page_bits) {
        if (!set_preferred_target_page_bits(machine_class->minimum_page_bits)) {
            /* This would be a board error: specifying a minimum smaller than
             * a target's compile-time fixed setting.
             */
            g_assert_not_reached();
        }
    }

    cpu_exec_init_all();
    page_size_init();

    if (machine_class->hw_version) {
        qemu_set_hw_version(machine_class->hw_version);
    }

    /*
     * Get the default machine options from the machine if it is not already
     * specified either by the configuration file or by the command line.
     */
    if (machine_class->default_machine_opts) {
        QDict *default_opts =
            keyval_parse(machine_class->default_machine_opts, NULL, NULL,
                         &error_abort);
        qemu_apply_legacy_machine_options(default_opts);
        object_set_properties_from_keyval(OBJECT(current_machine), default_opts,
                                          false, &error_abort);
        qobject_unref(default_opts);
    }
}

static int global_init_func(void *opaque, QemuOpts *opts, Error **errp)
{
    GlobalProperty *g;

    g = g_malloc0(sizeof(*g));
    g->driver   = qemu_opt_get(opts, "driver");
    g->property = qemu_opt_get(opts, "property");
    g->value    = qemu_opt_get(opts, "value");
    qdev_prop_register_global(g);
    return 0;
}

/*
 * Return whether configuration group @group is stored in QemuOpts, or
 * recorded as one or more QDicts by qemu_record_config_group.
 */
static bool is_qemuopts_group(const char *group)
{
    if (g_str_equal(group, "object") ||
        g_str_equal(group, "audiodev") ||
        g_str_equal(group, "machine") ||
        g_str_equal(group, "smp-opts") ||
        g_str_equal(group, "boot-opts")) {
        return false;
    }
    return true;
}

static void qemu_record_config_group(const char *group, QDict *dict,
                                     bool from_json, Error **errp)
{
    if (g_str_equal(group, "object")) {
        Visitor *v = qobject_input_visitor_new_keyval(QOBJECT(dict));
        object_option_add_visitor(v);
        visit_free(v);

    } else if (g_str_equal(group, "audiodev")) {
        Audiodev *dev = NULL;
        Visitor *v = qobject_input_visitor_new_keyval(QOBJECT(dict));
        if (visit_type_Audiodev(v, NULL, &dev, errp)) {
            audio_define(dev);
        }
        visit_free(v);

    } else if (g_str_equal(group, "machine")) {
        /*
         * Cannot merge string-valued and type-safe dictionaries, so JSON
         * is not accepted yet for -M.
         */
        assert(!from_json);
        keyval_merge(machine_opts_dict, dict, errp);
    } else if (g_str_equal(group, "smp-opts")) {
        machine_merge_property("smp", dict, &error_fatal);
    } else if (g_str_equal(group, "boot-opts")) {
        machine_merge_property("boot", dict, &error_fatal);
    } else {
        abort();
    }
}

/*
 * Parse non-QemuOpts config file groups, pass the rest to
 * qemu_config_do_parse.
 */
static void qemu_parse_config_group(const char *group, QDict *qdict,
                                    void *opaque, Error **errp)
{
    QObject *crumpled;
    if (is_qemuopts_group(group)) {
        qemu_config_do_parse(group, qdict, opaque, errp);
        return;
    }

    crumpled = qdict_crumple(qdict, errp);
    if (!crumpled) {
        return;
    }
    switch (qobject_type(crumpled)) {
    case QTYPE_QDICT:
        qemu_record_config_group(group, qobject_to(QDict, crumpled), false, errp);
        break;
    case QTYPE_QLIST:
        error_setg(errp, "Lists cannot be at top level of a configuration section");
        break;
    default:
        g_assert_not_reached();
    }
    qobject_unref(crumpled);
}

static void qemu_read_default_config_file(Error **errp)
{
    ERRP_GUARD();
    int ret;
    g_autofree char *file = get_relocated_path(CONFIG_QEMU_CONFDIR "/qemu.conf");

    ret = qemu_read_config_file(file, qemu_parse_config_group, errp);
    if (ret < 0) {
        if (ret == -ENOENT) {
            error_free(*errp);
            *errp = NULL;
        }
    }
}

static void qemu_set_option(const char *str, Error **errp)
{
    char group[64], id[64], arg[64];
    QemuOptsList *list;
    QemuOpts *opts;
    int rc, offset;

    rc = sscanf(str, "%63[^.].%63[^.].%63[^=]%n", group, id, arg, &offset);
    if (rc < 3 || str[offset] != '=') {
        error_setg(errp, "can't parse: \"%s\"", str);
        return;
    }

    if (!is_qemuopts_group(group)) {
        error_setg(errp, "-set is not supported with %s", group);
    } else {
        list = qemu_find_opts_err(group, errp);
        if (list) {
            opts = qemu_opts_find(list, id);
            if (!opts) {
                error_setg(errp, "there is no %s \"%s\" defined", group, id);
                return;
            }
            qemu_opt_set(opts, arg, str + offset + 1, errp);
        }
    }
}

static void user_register_global_props(void)
{
    qemu_opts_foreach(qemu_find_opts("global"),
                      global_init_func, NULL, NULL);
}

static int do_configure_icount(void *opaque, QemuOpts *opts, Error **errp)
{
    icount_configure(opts, errp);
    return 0;
}

static int accelerator_set_property(void *opaque,
                                const char *name, const char *value,
                                Error **errp)
{
    return object_parse_property_opt(opaque, name, value, "accel", errp);
}

static int do_configure_accelerator(void *opaque, QemuOpts *opts, Error **errp)
{
    bool *p_init_failed = opaque;
    const char *acc = qemu_opt_get(opts, "accel");
    AccelClass *ac = accel_find(acc);
    AccelState *accel;
    int ret;
    bool qtest_with_kvm;

    if (!acc) {
        error_setg(errp, QERR_MISSING_PARAMETER, "accel");
        goto bad;
    }

    qtest_with_kvm = g_str_equal(acc, "kvm") && qtest_chrdev != NULL;

    if (!ac) {
        if (!qtest_with_kvm) {
            error_report("invalid accelerator %s", acc);
        }
        goto bad;
    }
    accel = ACCEL(object_new_with_class(OBJECT_CLASS(ac)));
    object_apply_compat_props(OBJECT(accel));
    qemu_opt_foreach(opts, accelerator_set_property,
                     accel,
                     &error_fatal);
    /*
     * If legacy -singlestep option is set, honour it for TCG and
     * silently ignore for any other accelerator (which is how this
     * option has always behaved).
     */
    if (opt_one_insn_per_tb) {
        /*
         * This will always succeed for TCG, and we want to ignore
         * the error from trying to set a nonexistent property
         * on any other accelerator.
         */
        object_property_set_bool(OBJECT(accel), "one-insn-per-tb", true, NULL);
    }
    ret = accel_init_machine(accel, current_machine);
    if (ret < 0) {
        if (!qtest_with_kvm || ret != -ENOENT) {
            error_report("failed to initialize %s: %s", acc, strerror(-ret));
        }
        goto bad;
    }

    return 1;

bad:
    *p_init_failed = true;
    return 0;
}

static void configure_accelerators(const char *progname)
{
    bool init_failed = false;

    qemu_opts_foreach(qemu_find_opts("icount"),
                      do_configure_icount, NULL, &error_fatal);

    if (QTAILQ_EMPTY(&qemu_accel_opts.head)) {
        char **accel_list, **tmp;

        if (accelerators == NULL) {
            /* Select the default accelerator */
            bool have_tcg = accel_find("tcg");
            bool have_kvm = accel_find("kvm");

            if (have_tcg && have_kvm) {
                if (g_str_has_suffix(progname, "kvm")) {
                    /* If the program name ends with "kvm", we prefer KVM */
                    accelerators = "kvm:tcg";
                } else {
                    accelerators = "tcg:kvm";
                }
            } else if (have_kvm) {
                accelerators = "kvm";
            } else if (have_tcg) {
                accelerators = "tcg";
            } else {
                error_report("No accelerator selected and"
                             " no default accelerator available");
                exit(1);
            }
        }
        accel_list = g_strsplit(accelerators, ":", 0);

        for (tmp = accel_list; *tmp; tmp++) {
            /*
             * Filter invalid accelerators here, to prevent obscenities
             * such as "-machine accel=tcg,,thread=single".
             */
            if (accel_find(*tmp)) {
                qemu_opts_parse_noisily(qemu_find_opts("accel"), *tmp, true);
            } else {
                init_failed = true;
                error_report("invalid accelerator %s", *tmp);
            }
        }
        g_strfreev(accel_list);
    } else {
        if (accelerators != NULL) {
            error_report("The -accel and \"-machine accel=\" options are incompatible");
            exit(1);
        }
    }

    if (!qemu_opts_foreach(qemu_find_opts("accel"),
                           do_configure_accelerator, &init_failed, &error_fatal)) {
        if (!init_failed) {
            error_report("no accelerator found");
        }
        exit(1);
    }

    if (init_failed && !qtest_chrdev) {
        error_report("falling back to %s", current_accel_name());
    }

    if (icount_enabled() && !tcg_enabled()) {
        error_report("-icount is not allowed with hardware virtualization");
        exit(1);
    }
}

static void qemu_validate_options(const QDict *machine_opts)
{
    const char *kernel_filename = qdict_get_try_str(machine_opts, "kernel");
    const char *initrd_filename = qdict_get_try_str(machine_opts, "initrd");
    const char *kernel_cmdline = qdict_get_try_str(machine_opts, "append");

    if (kernel_filename == NULL) {
         if (kernel_cmdline != NULL) {
              error_report("-append only allowed with -kernel option");
              exit(1);
          }

          if (initrd_filename != NULL) {
              error_report("-initrd only allowed with -kernel option");
              exit(1);
          }
    }

    if (loadvm && preconfig_requested) {
        error_report("'preconfig' and 'loadvm' options are "
                     "mutually exclusive");
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }
    if (incoming && preconfig_requested && strcmp(incoming, "defer") != 0) {
        error_report("'preconfig' supports '-incoming defer' only");
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }

#ifdef CONFIG_CURSES
    if (is_daemonized() && dpy.type == DISPLAY_TYPE_CURSES) {
        error_report("curses display cannot be used with -daemonize");
        exit(1);
    }
#endif
}

static void qemu_process_sugar_options(void)
{
    if (mem_prealloc) {
        QObject *smp = qdict_get(machine_opts_dict, "smp");
        if (smp && qobject_type(smp) == QTYPE_QDICT) {
            QObject *cpus = qdict_get(qobject_to(QDict, smp), "cpus");
            if (cpus && qobject_type(cpus) == QTYPE_QSTRING) {
                const char *val = qstring_get_str(qobject_to(QString, cpus));
                object_register_sugar_prop("memory-backend", "prealloc-threads",
                                           val, false);
            }
        }
        object_register_sugar_prop("memory-backend", "prealloc", "on", false);
    }
}

/* -action processing */

/*
 * Process all the -action parameters parsed from cmdline.
 */
static int process_runstate_actions(void *opaque, QemuOpts *opts, Error **errp)
{
    Error *local_err = NULL;
    QDict *qdict = qemu_opts_to_qdict(opts, NULL);
    QObject *ret = NULL;
    qmp_marshal_set_action(qdict, &ret, &local_err);
    qobject_unref(ret);
    qobject_unref(qdict);
    if (local_err) {
        error_propagate(errp, local_err);
        return 1;
    }
    return 0;
}

static void qemu_process_early_options(void)
{
    qemu_opts_foreach(qemu_find_opts("name"),
                      parse_name, NULL, &error_fatal);

    object_option_foreach_add(object_create_pre_sandbox);

#ifdef CONFIG_SECCOMP
    QemuOptsList *olist = qemu_find_opts_err("sandbox", NULL);
    if (olist) {
        qemu_opts_foreach(olist, parse_sandbox, NULL, &error_fatal);
    }
#endif

    if (qemu_opts_foreach(qemu_find_opts("action"),
                          process_runstate_actions, NULL, &error_fatal)) {
        exit(1);
    }

#ifndef _WIN32
    qemu_opts_foreach(qemu_find_opts("add-fd"),
                      parse_add_fd, NULL, &error_fatal);

    qemu_opts_foreach(qemu_find_opts("add-fd"),
                      cleanup_add_fd, NULL, &error_fatal);
#endif

    /* Open the logfile at this point and set the log mask if necessary.  */
    {
        int mask = 0;
        if (log_mask) {
            mask = qemu_str_to_log_mask(log_mask);
            if (!mask) {
                qemu_print_log_usage(stdout);
                exit(1);
            }
        }
        qemu_set_log_filename_flags(log_file, mask, &error_fatal);
    }

    qemu_add_default_firmwarepath();
}

static void qemu_process_help_options(void)
{
    /*
     * Check for -cpu help and -device help before we call select_machine(),
     * which will return an error if the architecture has no default machine
     * type and the user did not specify one, so that the user doesn't need
     * to say '-cpu help -machine something'.
     */
    if (cpu_option && is_help_option(cpu_option)) {
        list_cpus();
        exit(0);
    }

    if (qemu_opts_foreach(qemu_find_opts("device"),
                          device_help_func, NULL, NULL)) {
        exit(0);
    }

    /* -L help lists the data directories and exits. */
    if (list_data_dirs) {
        qemu_list_data_dirs();
        exit(0);
    }
}

static void qemu_maybe_daemonize(const char *pid_file)
{
    Error *err = NULL;

    os_daemonize();
    rcu_disable_atfork();

    if (pid_file) {
        char *pid_file_realpath = NULL;

        if (!qemu_write_pidfile(pid_file, &err)) {
            error_reportf_err(err, "cannot create PID file: ");
            exit(1);
        }

        pid_file_realpath = g_malloc0(PATH_MAX);
        if (!realpath(pid_file, pid_file_realpath)) {
            if (errno != ENOENT) {
                warn_report("not removing PID file on exit: cannot resolve PID "
                            "file path: %s: %s", pid_file, strerror(errno));
            }
            return;
        }

        qemu_unlink_pidfile_notifier = (struct UnlinkPidfileNotifier) {
            .notifier = {
                .notify = qemu_unlink_pidfile,
            },
            .pid_file_realpath = pid_file_realpath,
        };
        qemu_add_exit_notifier(&qemu_unlink_pidfile_notifier.notifier);
    }
}

static void qemu_init_displays(void)
{
    DisplayState *ds;

    /* init local displays */
    ds = init_displaystate();
    qemu_display_init(ds, &dpy);

    /* must be after terminal init, SDL library changes signal handlers */
    os_setup_signal_handling();

    /* init remote displays */
#ifdef CONFIG_VNC
    qemu_opts_foreach(qemu_find_opts("vnc"),
                      vnc_init_func, NULL, &error_fatal);
#endif

    if (using_spice) {
        qemu_spice.display_init();
    }
}

static void qemu_init_board(void)
{
    /* process plugin before CPUs are created, but once -smp has been parsed */
    qemu_plugin_load_list(&plugin_list, &error_fatal);

    /* From here on we enter MACHINE_PHASE_INITIALIZED.  */
    machine_run_board_init(current_machine, mem_path, &error_fatal);

    drive_check_orphaned();

    realtime_init();
}

static void qemu_create_cli_devices(void)
{
    DeviceOption *opt;

    soundhw_init();

    qemu_opts_foreach(qemu_find_opts("fw_cfg"),
                      parse_fw_cfg, fw_cfg_find(), &error_fatal);

    /* init USB devices */
    if (machine_usb(current_machine)) {
        if (foreach_device_config(DEV_USB, usb_parse) < 0)
            exit(1);
    }

    /* init generic devices */
    rom_set_order_override(FW_CFG_ORDER_OVERRIDE_DEVICE);
    qemu_opts_foreach(qemu_find_opts("device"),
                      device_init_func, NULL, &error_fatal);
    QTAILQ_FOREACH(opt, &device_opts, next) {
        DeviceState *dev;
        loc_push_restore(&opt->loc);
        /*
         * TODO Eventually we should call qmp_device_add() here to make sure it
         * behaves the same, but QMP still has to accept incorrectly typed
         * options until libvirt is fixed and we want to be strict on the CLI
         * from the start, so call qdev_device_add_from_qdict() directly for
         * now.
         */
        dev = qdev_device_add_from_qdict(opt->opts, true, &error_fatal);
        object_unref(OBJECT(dev));
        loc_pop(&opt->loc);
    }
    rom_reset_order_override();
}

static void qemu_machine_creation_done(void)
{
    MachineState *machine = MACHINE(qdev_get_machine());

    /* Did we create any drives that we failed to create a device for? */
    drive_check_orphaned();

    /* Don't warn about the default network setup that you get if
     * no command line -net or -netdev options are specified. There
     * are two cases that we would otherwise complain about:
     * (1) board doesn't support a NIC but the implicit "-net nic"
     * requested one
     * (2) CONFIG_SLIRP not set, in which case the implicit "-net nic"
     * sets up a nic that isn't connected to anything.
     */
    if (!default_net && (!qtest_enabled() || has_defaults)) {
        net_check_clients();
    }

    qdev_prop_check_globals();

    qdev_machine_creation_done();

    if (machine->cgs) {
        /*
         * Verify that Confidential Guest Support has actually been initialized
         */
        assert(machine->cgs->ready);
    }

    if (foreach_device_config(DEV_GDB, gdbserver_start) < 0) {
        exit(1);
    }
    if (!vga_interface_created && !default_vga &&
        vga_interface_type != VGA_NONE) {
        warn_report("A -vga option was passed but this machine "
                    "type does not use that option; "
                    "No VGA device has been created");
    }
}

void qmp_x_exit_preconfig(Error **errp)
{
    if (phase_check(PHASE_MACHINE_INITIALIZED)) {
        error_setg(errp, "The command is permitted only before machine initialization");
        return;
    }

    qemu_init_board();
    qemu_create_cli_devices();
    qemu_machine_creation_done();

    if (loadvm) {
        load_snapshot(loadvm, NULL, false, NULL, &error_fatal);
    }
    if (replay_mode != REPLAY_MODE_NONE) {
        replay_vmstate_init();
    }

    if (incoming) {
        Error *local_err = NULL;
        if (strcmp(incoming, "defer") != 0) {
            qmp_migrate_incoming(incoming, false, NULL, &local_err);
            if (local_err) {
                error_reportf_err(local_err, "-incoming %s: ", incoming);
                exit(1);
            }
        }
    } else if (autostart) {
        qmp_cont(NULL);
    }
}

void qemu_init(int argc, char **argv)
{
    QemuOpts *opts;
    QemuOpts *icount_opts = NULL, *accel_opts = NULL;
    QemuOptsList *olist;
    int optind;
    const char *optarg;
    MachineClass *machine_class;
    bool userconfig = true;
    FILE *vmstate_dump_file = NULL;

    qemu_add_opts(&qemu_drive_opts);
    qemu_add_drive_opts(&qemu_legacy_drive_opts);
    qemu_add_drive_opts(&qemu_common_drive_opts);
    qemu_add_drive_opts(&qemu_drive_opts);
    qemu_add_drive_opts(&bdrv_runtime_opts);
    qemu_add_opts(&qemu_chardev_opts);
    qemu_add_opts(&qemu_device_opts);
    qemu_add_opts(&qemu_netdev_opts);
    qemu_add_opts(&qemu_nic_opts);
    qemu_add_opts(&qemu_net_opts);
    qemu_add_opts(&qemu_rtc_opts);
    qemu_add_opts(&qemu_global_opts);
    qemu_add_opts(&qemu_mon_opts);
    qemu_add_opts(&qemu_trace_opts);
    qemu_plugin_add_opts();
    qemu_add_opts(&qemu_option_rom_opts);
    qemu_add_opts(&qemu_accel_opts);
    qemu_add_opts(&qemu_mem_opts);
    qemu_add_opts(&qemu_smp_opts);
    qemu_add_opts(&qemu_boot_opts);
    qemu_add_opts(&qemu_add_fd_opts);
    qemu_add_opts(&qemu_object_opts);
    qemu_add_opts(&qemu_tpmdev_opts);
    qemu_add_opts(&qemu_overcommit_opts);
    qemu_add_opts(&qemu_msg_opts);
    qemu_add_opts(&qemu_name_opts);
    qemu_add_opts(&qemu_numa_opts);
    qemu_add_opts(&qemu_icount_opts);
    qemu_add_opts(&qemu_semihosting_config_opts);
    qemu_add_opts(&qemu_fw_cfg_opts);
    qemu_add_opts(&qemu_action_opts);
    qemu_add_run_with_opts();
    module_call_init(MODULE_INIT_OPTS);

    error_init(argv[0]);
    qemu_init_exec_dir(argv[0]);

    qemu_init_arch_modules();

    qemu_init_subsystems();

    /* first pass of option parsing */
    optind = 1;
    while (optind < argc) {
        if (argv[optind][0] != '-') {
            /* disk image */
            optind++;
        } else {
            const QEMUOption *popt;

            popt = lookup_opt(argc, argv, &optarg, &optind);
            switch (popt->index) {
            case QEMU_OPTION_nouserconfig:
                userconfig = false;
                break;
            }
        }
    }

    machine_opts_dict = qdict_new();
    if (userconfig) {
        qemu_read_default_config_file(&error_fatal);
    }

    /* second pass of option parsing */
    optind = 1;
    for(;;) {
        if (optind >= argc)
            break;
        if (argv[optind][0] != '-') {
            loc_set_cmdline(argv, optind, 1);
            drive_add(IF_DEFAULT, 0, argv[optind++], HD_OPTS);
        } else {
            const QEMUOption *popt;

            popt = lookup_opt(argc, argv, &optarg, &optind);
            if (!(popt->arch_mask & arch_type)) {
                error_report("Option not supported for this target");
                exit(1);
            }
            switch(popt->index) {
            case QEMU_OPTION_cpu:
                /* hw initialization will check this */
                cpu_option = optarg;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_hda:
            case QEMU_OPTION_hdb:
            case QEMU_OPTION_hdc:
            case QEMU_OPTION_hdd:
                drive_add(IF_DEFAULT, popt->index - QEMU_OPTION_hda, optarg,
                          HD_OPTS);
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_blockdev:
                {
                    Visitor *v;
                    BlockdevOptionsQueueEntry *bdo;

                    v = qobject_input_visitor_new_str(optarg, "driver",
                                                      &error_fatal);

                    bdo = g_new(BlockdevOptionsQueueEntry, 1);
                    visit_type_BlockdevOptions(v, NULL, &bdo->bdo,
                                               &error_fatal);
                    visit_free(v);
                    loc_save(&bdo->loc);
                    QSIMPLEQ_INSERT_TAIL(&bdo_queue, bdo, entry);
                    break;
                }
            case QEMU_OPTION_drive:
                opts = qemu_opts_parse_noisily(qemu_find_opts("drive"),
                                               optarg, false);
                if (opts == NULL) {
                    exit(1);
                }
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_set:
                qemu_set_option(optarg, &error_fatal);
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_global:
                if (qemu_global_option(optarg) != 0)
                    exit(1);
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_mtdblock:
                drive_add(IF_MTD, -1, optarg, MTD_OPTS);
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_sd:
                drive_add(IF_SD, -1, optarg, SD_OPTS);
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_pflash:
                drive_add(IF_PFLASH, -1, optarg, PFLASH_OPTS);
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_snapshot:
                snapshot = 1;
                replay_add_blocker("-snapshot");
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_numa:
                opts = qemu_opts_parse_noisily(qemu_find_opts("numa"),
                                               optarg, true);
                if (!opts) {
                    exit(1);
                }
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_display:
                parse_display(optarg);
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_nographic:
                qdict_put_str(machine_opts_dict, "graphics", "off");
                nographic = true;
                dpy.type = DISPLAY_TYPE_NONE;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_portrait:
                graphic_rotate = 90;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_rotate:
                graphic_rotate = strtol(optarg, (char **) &optarg, 10);
                if (graphic_rotate != 0 && graphic_rotate != 90 &&
                    graphic_rotate != 180 && graphic_rotate != 270) {
                    error_report("only 90, 180, 270 deg rotation is available");
                    exit(1);
                }
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_kernel:
                qdict_put_str(machine_opts_dict, "kernel", optarg);
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_initrd:
                qdict_put_str(machine_opts_dict, "initrd", optarg);
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_append:
                qdict_put_str(machine_opts_dict, "append", optarg);
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_dtb:
                qdict_put_str(machine_opts_dict, "dtb", optarg);
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_cdrom:
                drive_add(IF_DEFAULT, 2, optarg, CDROM_OPTS);
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_boot:
                machine_parse_property_opt(qemu_find_opts("boot-opts"), "boot", optarg);
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_fda:
            case QEMU_OPTION_fdb:
                drive_add(IF_FLOPPY, popt->index - QEMU_OPTION_fda,
                          optarg, FD_OPTS);
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_no_fd_bootchk:
                fd_bootchk = 0;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_netdev:
                default_net = 0;
                if (netdev_is_modern(optarg)) {
                    netdev_parse_modern(optarg);
                } else {
                    net_client_parse(qemu_find_opts("netdev"), optarg);
                }
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_nic:
                default_net = 0;
                net_client_parse(qemu_find_opts("nic"), optarg);
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_net:
                default_net = 0;
                net_client_parse(qemu_find_opts("net"), optarg);
                break;
#ifdef CONFIG_LIBISCSI
            case QEMU_OPTION_iscsi:
                opts = qemu_opts_parse_noisily(qemu_find_opts("iscsi"),
                                               optarg, false);
                if (!opts) {
                    exit(1);
                }
                break;
#endif
            case QEMU_OPTION_audiodev:
                default_audio = 0;
                audio_parse_option(optarg);
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_audio: {
                bool help;
                char *model = NULL;
                Audiodev *dev = NULL;
                Visitor *v;
                QDict *dict = keyval_parse(optarg, "driver", &help, &error_fatal);
                default_audio = 0;
                if (help || (qdict_haskey(dict, "driver") &&
                             is_help_option(qdict_get_str(dict, "driver")))) {
                    audio_help();
                    exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
                }
                if (!qdict_haskey(dict, "id")) {
                    qdict_put_str(dict, "id", "audiodev0");
                }
                if (qdict_haskey(dict, "model")) {
                    model = g_strdup(qdict_get_str(dict, "model"));
                    qdict_del(dict, "model");
                    if (is_help_option(model)) {
                        show_valid_soundhw();
                        exit(0);
                    }
                }
                v = qobject_input_visitor_new_keyval(QOBJECT(dict));
                qobject_unref(dict);
                visit_type_Audiodev(v, NULL, &dev, &error_fatal);
                visit_free(v);
                if (model) {
                    audio_define(dev);
                    select_soundhw(model, dev->id);
                    g_free(model);
                } else {
                    audio_define_default(dev, &error_fatal);
                }
                break;
            }
            case QEMU_OPTION_h:
                help(0);
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_version:
                version();
                exit(0);
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_m:
                opts = qemu_opts_parse_noisily(qemu_find_opts("memory"), optarg, true);
                if (opts == NULL) {
                    exit(1);
                }
                break;
#ifdef CONFIG_TPM
            case QEMU_OPTION_tpmdev:
                if (tpm_config_parse(qemu_find_opts("tpmdev"), optarg) < 0) {
                    exit(1);
                }
                break;
#endif
            case QEMU_OPTION_mempath:
                mem_path = optarg;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_mem_prealloc:
                mem_prealloc = 1;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_d:
                log_mask = optarg;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_D:
                log_file = optarg;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_DFILTER:
                qemu_set_dfilter_ranges(optarg, &error_fatal);
                break;
#if defined(CONFIG_TCG) && defined(CONFIG_LINUX)
            case QEMU_OPTION_perfmap:
                perf_enable_perfmap();
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_jitdump:
                perf_enable_jitdump();
                break;
#endif
            case QEMU_OPTION_seed:
                qemu_guest_random_seed_main(optarg, &error_fatal);
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_s:
                add_device_config(DEV_GDB, "tcp::" DEFAULT_GDBSTUB_PORT);
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_gdb:
                add_device_config(DEV_GDB, optarg);
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_L:
                if (is_help_option(optarg)) {
                    list_data_dirs = true;
                } else {
                    qemu_add_data_dir(g_strdup(optarg));
                }
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_bios:
                qdict_put_str(machine_opts_dict, "firmware", optarg);
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_singlestep:
                opt_one_insn_per_tb = true;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_S:
                autostart = 0;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_k:
                keyboard_layout = optarg;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_vga:
                vga_model = optarg;
                default_vga = 0;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_g:
                {
                    const char *p;
                    int w, h, depth;
                    p = optarg;
                    w = strtol(p, (char **)&p, 10);
                    if (w <= 0) {
                    graphic_error:
                        error_report("invalid resolution or depth");
                        exit(1);
                    }
                    if (*p != 'x')
                        goto graphic_error;
                    p++;
                    h = strtol(p, (char **)&p, 10);
                    if (h <= 0)
                        goto graphic_error;
                    if (*p == 'x') {
                        p++;
                        depth = strtol(p, (char **)&p, 10);
                        if (depth != 1 && depth != 2 && depth != 4 &&
                            depth != 8 && depth != 15 && depth != 16 &&
                            depth != 24 && depth != 32)
                            goto graphic_error;
                    } else if (*p == '\0') {
                        depth = graphic_depth;
                    } else {
                        goto graphic_error;
                    }

                    graphic_width = w;
                    graphic_height = h;
                    graphic_depth = depth;
                }
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_echr:
                {
                    char *r;
                    term_escape_char = strtol(optarg, &r, 0);
                    if (r == optarg)
                        printf("Bad argument to echr\n");
                    break;
                }
            case QEMU_OPTION_monitor:
                default_monitor = 0;
                if (strncmp(optarg, "none", 4)) {
                    monitor_parse(optarg, "readline", false);
                }
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_qmp:
                monitor_parse(optarg, "control", false);
                default_monitor = 0;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_qmp_pretty:
                monitor_parse(optarg, "control", true);
                default_monitor = 0;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_mon:
                opts = qemu_opts_parse_noisily(qemu_find_opts("mon"), optarg,
                                               true);
                if (!opts) {
                    exit(1);
                }
                default_monitor = 0;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_chardev:
                opts = qemu_opts_parse_noisily(qemu_find_opts("chardev"),
                                               optarg, true);
                if (!opts) {
                    exit(1);
                }
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_fsdev:
                olist = qemu_find_opts("fsdev");
                if (!olist) {
                    error_report("fsdev support is disabled");
                    exit(1);
                }
                opts = qemu_opts_parse_noisily(olist, optarg, true);
                if (!opts) {
                    exit(1);
                }
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_virtfs: {
                QemuOpts *fsdev;
                QemuOpts *device;
                const char *writeout, *sock_fd, *socket, *path, *security_model,
                           *multidevs;

                olist = qemu_find_opts("virtfs");
                if (!olist) {
                    error_report("virtfs support is disabled");
                    exit(1);
                }
                opts = qemu_opts_parse_noisily(olist, optarg, true);
                if (!opts) {
                    exit(1);
                }

                if (qemu_opt_get(opts, "fsdriver") == NULL ||
                    qemu_opt_get(opts, "mount_tag") == NULL) {
                    error_report("Usage: -virtfs fsdriver,mount_tag=tag");
                    exit(1);
                }
                fsdev = qemu_opts_create(qemu_find_opts("fsdev"),
                                         qemu_opts_id(opts) ?:
                                         qemu_opt_get(opts, "mount_tag"),
                                         1, NULL);
                if (!fsdev) {
                    error_report("duplicate or invalid fsdev id: %s",
                                 qemu_opt_get(opts, "mount_tag"));
                    exit(1);
                }

                writeout = qemu_opt_get(opts, "writeout");
                if (writeout) {
#ifdef CONFIG_SYNC_FILE_RANGE
                    qemu_opt_set(fsdev, "writeout", writeout, &error_abort);
#else
                    error_report("writeout=immediate not supported "
                                 "on this platform");
                    exit(1);
#endif
                }
                qemu_opt_set(fsdev, "fsdriver",
                             qemu_opt_get(opts, "fsdriver"), &error_abort);
                path = qemu_opt_get(opts, "path");
                if (path) {
                    qemu_opt_set(fsdev, "path", path, &error_abort);
                }
                security_model = qemu_opt_get(opts, "security_model");
                if (security_model) {
                    qemu_opt_set(fsdev, "security_model", security_model,
                                 &error_abort);
                }
                socket = qemu_opt_get(opts, "socket");
                if (socket) {
                    qemu_opt_set(fsdev, "socket", socket, &error_abort);
                }
                sock_fd = qemu_opt_get(opts, "sock_fd");
                if (sock_fd) {
                    qemu_opt_set(fsdev, "sock_fd", sock_fd, &error_abort);
                }

                qemu_opt_set_bool(fsdev, "readonly",
                                  qemu_opt_get_bool(opts, "readonly", 0),
                                  &error_abort);
                multidevs = qemu_opt_get(opts, "multidevs");
                if (multidevs) {
                    qemu_opt_set(fsdev, "multidevs", multidevs, &error_abort);
                }
                device = qemu_opts_create(qemu_find_opts("device"), NULL, 0,
                                          &error_abort);
                qemu_opt_set(device, "driver", "virtio-9p-pci", &error_abort);
                qemu_opt_set(device, "fsdev",
                             qemu_opts_id(fsdev), &error_abort);
                qemu_opt_set(device, "mount_tag",
                             qemu_opt_get(opts, "mount_tag"), &error_abort);
                break;
            }
            case QEMU_OPTION_serial:
                add_device_config(DEV_SERIAL, optarg);
                default_serial = 0;
                if (strncmp(optarg, "mon:", 4) == 0) {
                    default_monitor = 0;
                }
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_action:
                olist = qemu_find_opts("action");
                if (!qemu_opts_parse_noisily(olist, optarg, false)) {
                     exit(1);
                }
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_watchdog_action: {
                opts = qemu_opts_create(qemu_find_opts("action"), NULL, 0, &error_abort);
                qemu_opt_set(opts, "watchdog", optarg, &error_abort);
                break;
            }
            case QEMU_OPTION_parallel:
                add_device_config(DEV_PARALLEL, optarg);
                default_parallel = 0;
                if (strncmp(optarg, "mon:", 4) == 0) {
                    default_monitor = 0;
                }
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_debugcon:
                add_device_config(DEV_DEBUGCON, optarg);
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_loadvm:
                loadvm = optarg;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_full_screen:
                dpy.has_full_screen = true;
                dpy.full_screen = true;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_pidfile:
                pid_file = optarg;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_win2k_hack:
                win2k_install_hack = 1;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_acpitable:
                opts = qemu_opts_parse_noisily(qemu_find_opts("acpi"),
                                               optarg, true);
                if (!opts) {
                    exit(1);
                }
                acpi_table_add(opts, &error_fatal);
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_smbios:
                opts = qemu_opts_parse_noisily(qemu_find_opts("smbios"),
                                               optarg, false);
                if (!opts) {
                    exit(1);
                }
                smbios_entry_add(opts, &error_fatal);
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_fwcfg:
                opts = qemu_opts_parse_noisily(qemu_find_opts("fw_cfg"),
                                               optarg, true);
                if (opts == NULL) {
                    exit(1);
                }
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_preconfig:
                preconfig_requested = true;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_enable_kvm:
                qdict_put_str(machine_opts_dict, "accel", "kvm");
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_M:
            case QEMU_OPTION_machine:
                {
                    bool help;

                    keyval_parse_into(machine_opts_dict, optarg, "type", &help, &error_fatal);
                    if (help) {
                        machine_help_func(machine_opts_dict);
                        exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
                    }
                    break;
                }
            case QEMU_OPTION_accel:
                accel_opts = qemu_opts_parse_noisily(qemu_find_opts("accel"),
                                                     optarg, true);
                optarg = qemu_opt_get(accel_opts, "accel");
                if (!optarg || is_help_option(optarg)) {
                    printf("Accelerators supported in QEMU binary:\n");
                    GSList *el, *accel_list = object_class_get_list(TYPE_ACCEL,
                                                                    false);
                    for (el = accel_list; el; el = el->next) {
                        gchar *typename = g_strdup(object_class_get_name(
                                                   OBJECT_CLASS(el->data)));
                        /* omit qtest which is used for tests only */
                        if (g_strcmp0(typename, ACCEL_CLASS_NAME("qtest")) &&
                            g_str_has_suffix(typename, ACCEL_CLASS_SUFFIX)) {
                            gchar **optname = g_strsplit(typename,
                                                         ACCEL_CLASS_SUFFIX, 0);
                            printf("%s\n", optname[0]);
                            g_strfreev(optname);
                        }
                        g_free(typename);
                    }
                    g_slist_free(accel_list);
                    exit(0);
                }
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_usb:
                qdict_put_str(machine_opts_dict, "usb", "on");
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_usbdevice:
                qdict_put_str(machine_opts_dict, "usb", "on");
                add_device_config(DEV_USB, optarg);
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_device:
                if (optarg[0] == '{') {
                    QObject *obj = qobject_from_json(optarg, &error_fatal);
                    DeviceOption *opt = g_new0(DeviceOption, 1);
                    opt->opts = qobject_to(QDict, obj);
                    loc_save(&opt->loc);
                    assert(opt->opts != NULL);
                    QTAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&device_opts, opt, next);
                } else {
                    if (!qemu_opts_parse_noisily(qemu_find_opts("device"),
                                                 optarg, true)) {
                        exit(1);
                    }
                }
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_smp:
                machine_parse_property_opt(qemu_find_opts("smp-opts"),
                                           "smp", optarg);
                break;
#ifdef CONFIG_VNC
            case QEMU_OPTION_vnc:
                vnc_parse(optarg);
                display_remote++;
                break;
#endif
            case QEMU_OPTION_no_acpi:
                warn_report("-no-acpi is deprecated, use '-machine acpi=off' instead");
                qdict_put_str(machine_opts_dict, "acpi", "off");
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_no_hpet:
                warn_report("-no-hpet is deprecated, use '-machine hpet=off' instead");
                qdict_put_str(machine_opts_dict, "hpet", "off");
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_no_reboot:
                olist = qemu_find_opts("action");
                qemu_opts_parse_noisily(olist, "reboot=shutdown", false);
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_no_shutdown:
                olist = qemu_find_opts("action");
                qemu_opts_parse_noisily(olist, "shutdown=pause", false);
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_uuid:
                if (qemu_uuid_parse(optarg, &qemu_uuid) < 0) {
                    error_report("failed to parse UUID string: wrong format");
                    exit(1);
                }
                qemu_uuid_set = true;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_option_rom:
                if (nb_option_roms >= MAX_OPTION_ROMS) {
                    error_report("too many option ROMs");
                    exit(1);
                }
                opts = qemu_opts_parse_noisily(qemu_find_opts("option-rom"),
                                               optarg, true);
                if (!opts) {
                    exit(1);
                }
                option_rom[nb_option_roms].name = qemu_opt_get(opts, "romfile");
                option_rom[nb_option_roms].bootindex =
                    qemu_opt_get_number(opts, "bootindex", -1);
                if (!option_rom[nb_option_roms].name) {
                    error_report("Option ROM file is not specified");
                    exit(1);
                }
                nb_option_roms++;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_semihosting:
                qemu_semihosting_enable();
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_semihosting_config:
                if (qemu_semihosting_config_options(optarg) != 0) {
                    exit(1);
                }
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_name:
                opts = qemu_opts_parse_noisily(qemu_find_opts("name"),
                                               optarg, true);
                if (!opts) {
                    exit(1);
                }
                /* Capture guest name if -msg guest-name is used later */
                error_guest_name = qemu_opt_get(opts, "guest");
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_prom_env:
                if (nb_prom_envs >= MAX_PROM_ENVS) {
                    error_report("too many prom variables");
                    exit(1);
                }
                prom_envs[nb_prom_envs] = optarg;
                nb_prom_envs++;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_old_param:
                old_param = 1;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_rtc:
                opts = qemu_opts_parse_noisily(qemu_find_opts("rtc"), optarg,
                                               false);
                if (!opts) {
                    exit(1);
                }
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_icount:
                icount_opts = qemu_opts_parse_noisily(qemu_find_opts("icount"),
                                                      optarg, true);
                if (!icount_opts) {
                    exit(1);
                }
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_incoming:
                if (!incoming) {
                    runstate_set(RUN_STATE_INMIGRATE);
                }
                incoming = optarg;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_only_migratable:
                only_migratable = 1;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_nodefaults:
                has_defaults = 0;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_xen_domid:
                if (!(accel_find("xen")) && !(accel_find("kvm"))) {
                    error_report("Option not supported for this target");
                    exit(1);
                }
                xen_domid = atoi(optarg);
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_xen_attach:
                if (!(accel_find("xen"))) {
                    error_report("Option not supported for this target");
                    exit(1);
                }
                xen_mode = XEN_ATTACH;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_xen_domid_restrict:
                if (!(accel_find("xen"))) {
                    error_report("Option not supported for this target");
                    exit(1);
                }
                xen_domid_restrict = true;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_trace:
                trace_opt_parse(optarg);
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_plugin:
                qemu_plugin_opt_parse(optarg, &plugin_list);
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_readconfig:
                qemu_read_config_file(optarg, qemu_parse_config_group, &error_fatal);
                break;
#ifdef CONFIG_SPICE
            case QEMU_OPTION_spice:
                opts = qemu_opts_parse_noisily(qemu_find_opts("spice"), optarg, false);
                if (!opts) {
                    exit(1);
                }
                display_remote++;
                break;
#endif
            case QEMU_OPTION_qtest:
                qtest_chrdev = optarg;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_qtest_log:
                qtest_log = optarg;
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_sandbox:
                olist = qemu_find_opts("sandbox");
                if (!olist) {
#ifndef CONFIG_SECCOMP
                    error_report("-sandbox support is not enabled "
                                 "in this QEMU binary");
#endif
                    exit(1);
                }

                opts = qemu_opts_parse_noisily(olist, optarg, true);
                if (!opts) {
                    exit(1);
                }
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_add_fd:
#ifndef _WIN32
                opts = qemu_opts_parse_noisily(qemu_find_opts("add-fd"),
                                               optarg, false);
                if (!opts) {
                    exit(1);
                }
#else
                error_report("File descriptor passing is disabled on this "
                             "platform");
                exit(1);
#endif
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_object:
                object_option_parse(optarg);
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_overcommit:
                opts = qemu_opts_parse_noisily(qemu_find_opts("overcommit"),
                                               optarg, false);
                if (!opts) {
                    exit(1);
                }
                enable_mlock = qemu_opt_get_bool(opts, "mem-lock", false);
                enable_cpu_pm = qemu_opt_get_bool(opts, "cpu-pm", false);
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_compat:
                {
                    CompatPolicy *opts_policy;
                    Visitor *v;

                    v = qobject_input_visitor_new_str(optarg, NULL,
                                                      &error_fatal);

                    visit_type_CompatPolicy(v, NULL, &opts_policy, &error_fatal);
                    QAPI_CLONE_MEMBERS(CompatPolicy, &compat_policy, opts_policy);

                    qapi_free_CompatPolicy(opts_policy);
                    visit_free(v);
                    break;
                }
            case QEMU_OPTION_msg:
                opts = qemu_opts_parse_noisily(qemu_find_opts("msg"), optarg,
                                               false);
                if (!opts) {
                    exit(1);
                }
                configure_msg(opts);
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_dump_vmstate:
                if (vmstate_dump_file) {
                    error_report("only one '-dump-vmstate' "
                                 "option may be given");
                    exit(1);
                }
                vmstate_dump_file = fopen(optarg, "w");
                if (vmstate_dump_file == NULL) {
                    error_report("open %s: %s", optarg, strerror(errno));
                    exit(1);
                }
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_enable_sync_profile:
                qsp_enable();
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_nouserconfig:
                /* Nothing to be parsed here. Especially, do not error out below. */
                break;
#if defined(CONFIG_POSIX)
            case QEMU_OPTION_runas:
                if (!os_set_runas(optarg)) {
                    error_report("User \"%s\" doesn't exist"
                                 " (and is not <uid>:<gid>)",
                                 optarg);
                    exit(1);
                }
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_chroot:
                warn_report("option is deprecated,"
                            " use '-run-with chroot=...' instead");
                os_set_chroot(optarg);
                break;
            case QEMU_OPTION_daemonize:
                os_set_daemonize(true);
                break;
#if defined(CONFIG_LINUX)
            /* deprecated */
            case QEMU_OPTION_asyncteardown:
                init_async_teardown();
                break;
#endif
            case QEMU_OPTION_run_with: {
                const char *str;
                opts = qemu_opts_parse_noisily(qemu_find_opts("run-with"),
                                                         optarg, false);
                if (!opts) {
                    exit(1);
                }
#if defined(CONFIG_LINUX)
                if (qemu_opt_get_bool(opts, "async-teardown", false)) {
                    init_async_teardown();
                }
#endif
                str = qemu_opt_get(opts, "chroot");
                if (str) {
                    os_set_chroot(str);
                }
                break;
            }
#endif /* CONFIG_POSIX */

            default:
                error_report("Option not supported in this build");
                exit(1);
            }
        }
    }
    /*
     * Clear error location left behind by the loop.
     * Best done right after the loop.  Do not insert code here!
     */
    loc_set_none();

    qemu_validate_options(machine_opts_dict);
    qemu_process_sugar_options();

    /*
     * These options affect everything else and should be processed
     * before daemonizing.
     */
    qemu_process_early_options();

    qemu_process_help_options();
    qemu_maybe_daemonize(pid_file);

    /*
     * The trace backend must be initialized after daemonizing.
     * trace_init_backends() will call st_init(), which will create the
     * trace thread in the parent, and also register st_flush_trace_buffer()
     * in atexit(). This function will force the parent to wait for the
     * writeout thread to finish, which will not occur, and the parent
     * process will be left in the host.
     */
    if (!trace_init_backends()) {
        exit(1);
    }
    trace_init_file();

    qemu_init_main_loop(&error_fatal);
    cpu_timers_init();

    user_register_global_props();
    replay_configure(icount_opts);

    configure_rtc(qemu_find_opts_singleton("rtc"));

    /* Transfer QemuOpts options into machine options */
    parse_memory_options();

    qemu_create_machine(machine_opts_dict);

    suspend_mux_open();

    qemu_disable_default_devices();
    qemu_setup_display();
    qemu_create_default_devices();
    qemu_create_early_backends();

    qemu_apply_legacy_machine_options(machine_opts_dict);
    qemu_apply_machine_options(machine_opts_dict);
    qobject_unref(machine_opts_dict);
    phase_advance(PHASE_MACHINE_CREATED);

    /*
     * Note: uses machine properties such as kernel-irqchip, must run
     * after qemu_apply_machine_options.
     */
    configure_accelerators(argv[0]);
    phase_advance(PHASE_ACCEL_CREATED);

    /*
     * Beware, QOM objects created before this point miss global and
     * compat properties.
     *
     * Global properties get set up by qdev_prop_register_global(),
     * called from user_register_global_props(), and certain option
     * desugaring.  Also in CPU feature desugaring (buried in
     * parse_cpu_option()), which happens below this point, but may
     * only target the CPU type, which can only be created after
     * parse_cpu_option() returned the type.
     *
     * Machine compat properties: object_set_machine_compat_props().
     * Accelerator compat props: object_set_accelerator_compat_props(),
     * called from do_configure_accelerator().
     */

    machine_class = MACHINE_GET_CLASS(current_machine);
    if (!qtest_enabled() && machine_class->deprecation_reason) {
        warn_report("Machine type '%s' is deprecated: %s",
                     machine_class->name, machine_class->deprecation_reason);
    }

    /*
     * Create backends before creating migration objects, so that it can
     * check against compatibilities on the backend memories (e.g. postcopy
     * over memory-backend-file objects).
     */
    qemu_create_late_backends();

    /*
     * Note: creates a QOM object, must run only after global and
     * compat properties have been set up.
     */
    migration_object_init();

    /* parse features once if machine provides default cpu_type */
    current_machine->cpu_type = machine_class->default_cpu_type;
    if (cpu_option) {
        current_machine->cpu_type = parse_cpu_option(cpu_option);
    }
    /* NB: for machine none cpu_type could STILL be NULL here! */

    qemu_resolve_machine_memdev();
    parse_numa_opts(current_machine);

    if (vmstate_dump_file) {
        /* dump and exit */
        module_load_qom_all();
        dump_vmstate_json_to_file(vmstate_dump_file);
        exit(0);
    }

    if (!preconfig_requested) {
        qmp_x_exit_preconfig(&error_fatal);
    }
    qemu_init_displays();
    accel_setup_post(current_machine);
    os_setup_post();
    resume_mux_open();
}