diff --git a/block/blkdebug.c b/block/blkdebug.c
index 0759452..71b4275 100644
--- a/block/blkdebug.c
+++ b/block/blkdebug.c
@@ -888,6 +888,20 @@
     return 0;
 }
 
+static const char *const blkdebug_strong_runtime_opts[] = {
+    "config",
+    "inject-error.",
+    "set-state.",
+    "align",
+    "max-transfer",
+    "opt-write-zero",
+    "max-write-zero",
+    "opt-discard",
+    "max-discard",
+
+    NULL
+};
+
 static BlockDriver bdrv_blkdebug = {
     .format_name            = "blkdebug",
     .protocol_name          = "blkdebug",
@@ -917,6 +931,8 @@
                                 = blkdebug_debug_remove_breakpoint,
     .bdrv_debug_resume          = blkdebug_debug_resume,
     .bdrv_debug_is_suspended    = blkdebug_debug_is_suspended,
+
+    .strong_runtime_opts        = blkdebug_strong_runtime_opts,
 };
 
 static void bdrv_blkdebug_init(void)
diff --git a/block/blklogwrites.c b/block/blklogwrites.c
index 36e3d0f..5da5df1 100644
--- a/block/blklogwrites.c
+++ b/block/blklogwrites.c
@@ -517,6 +517,13 @@
                                  LOG_DISCARD_FLAG, false);
 }
 
+static const char *const blk_log_writes_strong_runtime_opts[] = {
+    "log-append",
+    "log-sector-size",
+
+    NULL
+};
+
 static BlockDriver bdrv_blk_log_writes = {
     .format_name            = "blklogwrites",
     .instance_size          = sizeof(BDRVBlkLogWritesState),
@@ -536,6 +543,7 @@
     .bdrv_co_block_status   = bdrv_co_block_status_from_file,
 
     .is_filter              = true,
+    .strong_runtime_opts    = blk_log_writes_strong_runtime_opts,
 };
 
 static void bdrv_blk_log_writes_init(void)
diff --git a/block/crypto.c b/block/crypto.c
index d5b1da6..fd8c7cf 100644
--- a/block/crypto.c
+++ b/block/crypto.c
@@ -619,6 +619,12 @@
     return spec_info;
 }
 
+static const char *const block_crypto_strong_runtime_opts[] = {
+    BLOCK_CRYPTO_OPT_LUKS_KEY_SECRET,
+
+    NULL
+};
+
 BlockDriver bdrv_crypto_luks = {
     .format_name        = "luks",
     .instance_size      = sizeof(BlockCrypto),
@@ -640,6 +646,8 @@
     .bdrv_getlength     = block_crypto_getlength,
     .bdrv_get_info      = block_crypto_get_info_luks,
     .bdrv_get_specific_info = block_crypto_get_specific_info_luks,
+
+    .strong_runtime_opts = block_crypto_strong_runtime_opts,
 };
 
 static void block_crypto_init(void)
diff --git a/block/curl.c b/block/curl.c
index b7ac265..1c9e4f6 100644
--- a/block/curl.c
+++ b/block/curl.c
@@ -947,6 +947,19 @@
     return s->len;
 }
 
+static const char *const curl_strong_runtime_opts[] = {
+    CURL_BLOCK_OPT_URL,
+    CURL_BLOCK_OPT_SSLVERIFY,
+    CURL_BLOCK_OPT_COOKIE,
+    CURL_BLOCK_OPT_COOKIE_SECRET,
+    CURL_BLOCK_OPT_USERNAME,
+    CURL_BLOCK_OPT_PASSWORD_SECRET,
+    CURL_BLOCK_OPT_PROXY_USERNAME,
+    CURL_BLOCK_OPT_PROXY_PASSWORD_SECRET,
+
+    NULL
+};
+
 static BlockDriver bdrv_http = {
     .format_name                = "http",
     .protocol_name              = "http",
@@ -961,6 +974,8 @@
 
     .bdrv_detach_aio_context    = curl_detach_aio_context,
     .bdrv_attach_aio_context    = curl_attach_aio_context,
+
+    .strong_runtime_opts        = curl_strong_runtime_opts,
 };
 
 static BlockDriver bdrv_https = {
@@ -977,6 +992,8 @@
 
     .bdrv_detach_aio_context    = curl_detach_aio_context,
     .bdrv_attach_aio_context    = curl_attach_aio_context,
+
+    .strong_runtime_opts        = curl_strong_runtime_opts,
 };
 
 static BlockDriver bdrv_ftp = {
@@ -993,6 +1010,8 @@
 
     .bdrv_detach_aio_context    = curl_detach_aio_context,
     .bdrv_attach_aio_context    = curl_attach_aio_context,
+
+    .strong_runtime_opts        = curl_strong_runtime_opts,
 };
 
 static BlockDriver bdrv_ftps = {
@@ -1009,6 +1028,8 @@
 
     .bdrv_detach_aio_context    = curl_detach_aio_context,
     .bdrv_attach_aio_context    = curl_attach_aio_context,
+
+    .strong_runtime_opts        = curl_strong_runtime_opts,
 };
 
 static void curl_block_init(void)
diff --git a/block/gluster.c b/block/gluster.c
index 7289106..af64330 100644
--- a/block/gluster.c
+++ b/block/gluster.c
@@ -1495,6 +1495,21 @@
 }
 
 
+static const char *const gluster_strong_open_opts[] = {
+    GLUSTER_OPT_VOLUME,
+    GLUSTER_OPT_PATH,
+    GLUSTER_OPT_TYPE,
+    GLUSTER_OPT_SERVER_PATTERN,
+    GLUSTER_OPT_HOST,
+    GLUSTER_OPT_PORT,
+    GLUSTER_OPT_TO,
+    GLUSTER_OPT_IPV4,
+    GLUSTER_OPT_IPV6,
+    GLUSTER_OPT_SOCKET,
+
+    NULL
+};
+
 static BlockDriver bdrv_gluster = {
     .format_name                  = "gluster",
     .protocol_name                = "gluster",
@@ -1522,6 +1537,7 @@
 #endif
     .bdrv_co_block_status         = qemu_gluster_co_block_status,
     .create_opts                  = &qemu_gluster_create_opts,
+    .strong_runtime_opts          = gluster_strong_open_opts,
 };
 
 static BlockDriver bdrv_gluster_tcp = {
@@ -1551,6 +1567,7 @@
 #endif
     .bdrv_co_block_status         = qemu_gluster_co_block_status,
     .create_opts                  = &qemu_gluster_create_opts,
+    .strong_runtime_opts          = gluster_strong_open_opts,
 };
 
 static BlockDriver bdrv_gluster_unix = {
@@ -1580,6 +1597,7 @@
 #endif
     .bdrv_co_block_status         = qemu_gluster_co_block_status,
     .create_opts                  = &qemu_gluster_create_opts,
+    .strong_runtime_opts          = gluster_strong_open_opts,
 };
 
 /* rdma is deprecated (actually never supported for volfile fetch).
@@ -1615,6 +1633,7 @@
 #endif
     .bdrv_co_block_status         = qemu_gluster_co_block_status,
     .create_opts                  = &qemu_gluster_create_opts,
+    .strong_runtime_opts          = gluster_strong_open_opts,
 };
 
 static void bdrv_gluster_init(void)
diff --git a/block/iscsi.c b/block/iscsi.c
index ff47320..a0c0084 100644
--- a/block/iscsi.c
+++ b/block/iscsi.c
@@ -2448,6 +2448,20 @@
     }
 };
 
+static const char *const iscsi_strong_runtime_opts[] = {
+    "transport",
+    "portal",
+    "target",
+    "user",
+    "password",
+    "password-secret",
+    "lun",
+    "initiator-name",
+    "header-digest",
+
+    NULL
+};
+
 static BlockDriver bdrv_iscsi = {
     .format_name     = "iscsi",
     .protocol_name   = "iscsi",
@@ -2482,6 +2496,8 @@
 
     .bdrv_detach_aio_context = iscsi_detach_aio_context,
     .bdrv_attach_aio_context = iscsi_attach_aio_context,
+
+    .strong_runtime_opts = iscsi_strong_runtime_opts,
 };
 
 #if LIBISCSI_API_VERSION >= (20160603)
@@ -2519,6 +2535,8 @@
 
     .bdrv_detach_aio_context = iscsi_detach_aio_context,
     .bdrv_attach_aio_context = iscsi_attach_aio_context,
+
+    .strong_runtime_opts = iscsi_strong_runtime_opts,
 };
 #endif
 
diff --git a/block/nbd.c b/block/nbd.c
index 83e6e9e..318a587 100644
--- a/block/nbd.c
+++ b/block/nbd.c
@@ -538,6 +538,17 @@
     return NULL;
 }
 
+static const char *const nbd_strong_runtime_opts[] = {
+    "path",
+    "host",
+    "port",
+    "export",
+    "tls-creds",
+    "server.",
+
+    NULL
+};
+
 static BlockDriver bdrv_nbd = {
     .format_name                = "nbd",
     .protocol_name              = "nbd",
@@ -557,6 +568,7 @@
     .bdrv_refresh_filename      = nbd_refresh_filename,
     .bdrv_co_block_status       = nbd_client_co_block_status,
     .bdrv_dirname               = nbd_dirname,
+    .strong_runtime_opts        = nbd_strong_runtime_opts,
 };
 
 static BlockDriver bdrv_nbd_tcp = {
@@ -578,6 +590,7 @@
     .bdrv_refresh_filename      = nbd_refresh_filename,
     .bdrv_co_block_status       = nbd_client_co_block_status,
     .bdrv_dirname               = nbd_dirname,
+    .strong_runtime_opts        = nbd_strong_runtime_opts,
 };
 
 static BlockDriver bdrv_nbd_unix = {
@@ -599,6 +612,7 @@
     .bdrv_refresh_filename      = nbd_refresh_filename,
     .bdrv_co_block_status       = nbd_client_co_block_status,
     .bdrv_dirname               = nbd_dirname,
+    .strong_runtime_opts        = nbd_strong_runtime_opts,
 };
 
 static void bdrv_nbd_init(void)
diff --git a/block/nfs.c b/block/nfs.c
index 19ee07c..6985a44 100644
--- a/block/nfs.c
+++ b/block/nfs.c
@@ -878,6 +878,15 @@
 }
 #endif
 
+static const char *nfs_strong_runtime_opts[] = {
+    "path",
+    "user",
+    "group",
+    "server.",
+
+    NULL
+};
+
 static BlockDriver bdrv_nfs = {
     .format_name                    = "nfs",
     .protocol_name                  = "nfs",
@@ -905,6 +914,8 @@
     .bdrv_refresh_filename          = nfs_refresh_filename,
     .bdrv_dirname                   = nfs_dirname,
 
+    .strong_runtime_opts            = nfs_strong_runtime_opts,
+
 #ifdef LIBNFS_FEATURE_PAGECACHE
     .bdrv_co_invalidate_cache       = nfs_co_invalidate_cache,
 #endif
diff --git a/block/null.c b/block/null.c
index d442d3e..858892f 100644
--- a/block/null.c
+++ b/block/null.c
@@ -252,6 +252,13 @@
     bs->full_open_options = qobject_ref(opts);
 }
 
+static const char *const null_strong_runtime_opts[] = {
+    BLOCK_OPT_SIZE,
+    NULL_OPT_ZEROES,
+
+    NULL
+};
+
 static BlockDriver bdrv_null_co = {
     .format_name            = "null-co",
     .protocol_name          = "null-co",
@@ -269,6 +276,7 @@
     .bdrv_co_block_status   = null_co_block_status,
 
     .bdrv_refresh_filename  = null_refresh_filename,
+    .strong_runtime_opts    = null_strong_runtime_opts,
 };
 
 static BlockDriver bdrv_null_aio = {
@@ -288,6 +296,7 @@
     .bdrv_co_block_status   = null_co_block_status,
 
     .bdrv_refresh_filename  = null_refresh_filename,
+    .strong_runtime_opts    = null_strong_runtime_opts,
 };
 
 static void bdrv_null_init(void)
diff --git a/block/nvme.c b/block/nvme.c
index 6c2ce7d..bf656b2 100644
--- a/block/nvme.c
+++ b/block/nvme.c
@@ -1136,6 +1136,13 @@
     qemu_vfio_dma_unmap(s->vfio, host);
 }
 
+static const char *const nvme_strong_runtime_opts[] = {
+    NVME_BLOCK_OPT_DEVICE,
+    NVME_BLOCK_OPT_NAMESPACE,
+
+    NULL
+};
+
 static BlockDriver bdrv_nvme = {
     .format_name              = "nvme",
     .protocol_name            = "nvme",
@@ -1153,6 +1160,7 @@
 
     .bdrv_refresh_filename    = nvme_refresh_filename,
     .bdrv_refresh_limits      = nvme_refresh_limits,
+    .strong_runtime_opts      = nvme_strong_runtime_opts,
 
     .bdrv_detach_aio_context  = nvme_detach_aio_context,
     .bdrv_attach_aio_context  = nvme_attach_aio_context,
diff --git a/block/qcow.c b/block/qcow.c
index d47515d..25d2025 100644
--- a/block/qcow.c
+++ b/block/qcow.c
@@ -1186,6 +1186,12 @@
     }
 };
 
+static const char *const qcow_strong_runtime_opts[] = {
+    "encrypt." BLOCK_CRYPTO_OPT_QCOW_KEY_SECRET,
+
+    NULL
+};
+
 static BlockDriver bdrv_qcow = {
     .format_name	= "qcow",
     .instance_size	= sizeof(BDRVQcowState),
@@ -1209,6 +1215,7 @@
     .bdrv_get_info          = qcow_get_info,
 
     .create_opts            = &qcow_create_opts,
+    .strong_runtime_opts    = qcow_strong_runtime_opts,
 };
 
 static void bdrv_qcow_init(void)
diff --git a/block/qcow2.c b/block/qcow2.c
index 3826ce7..92242fb 100644
--- a/block/qcow2.c
+++ b/block/qcow2.c
@@ -4936,6 +4936,12 @@
     }
 };
 
+static const char *const qcow2_strong_runtime_opts[] = {
+    "encrypt." BLOCK_CRYPTO_OPT_QCOW_KEY_SECRET,
+
+    NULL
+};
+
 BlockDriver bdrv_qcow2 = {
     .format_name        = "qcow2",
     .instance_size      = sizeof(BDRVQcow2State),
@@ -4984,6 +4990,7 @@
     .bdrv_inactivate            = qcow2_inactivate,
 
     .create_opts         = &qcow2_create_opts,
+    .strong_runtime_opts = qcow2_strong_runtime_opts,
     .bdrv_co_check       = qcow2_co_check,
     .bdrv_amend_options  = qcow2_amend_options,
 
diff --git a/block/quorum.c b/block/quorum.c
index a890f21..1af6458 100644
--- a/block/quorum.c
+++ b/block/quorum.c
@@ -1104,6 +1104,15 @@
     return NULL;
 }
 
+static const char *const quorum_strong_runtime_opts[] = {
+    QUORUM_OPT_VOTE_THRESHOLD,
+    QUORUM_OPT_BLKVERIFY,
+    QUORUM_OPT_REWRITE,
+    QUORUM_OPT_READ_PATTERN,
+
+    NULL
+};
+
 static BlockDriver bdrv_quorum = {
     .format_name                        = "quorum",
 
@@ -1128,6 +1137,8 @@
 
     .is_filter                          = true,
     .bdrv_recurse_is_first_non_filter   = quorum_recurse_is_first_non_filter,
+
+    .strong_runtime_opts                = quorum_strong_runtime_opts,
 };
 
 static void bdrv_quorum_init(void)
diff --git a/block/raw-format.c b/block/raw-format.c
index d07bcda..e3e5ba2 100644
--- a/block/raw-format.c
+++ b/block/raw-format.c
@@ -532,6 +532,13 @@
                                  read_flags, write_flags);
 }
 
+static const char *const raw_strong_runtime_opts[] = {
+    "offset",
+    "size",
+
+    NULL
+};
+
 BlockDriver bdrv_raw = {
     .format_name          = "raw",
     .instance_size        = sizeof(BDRVRawState),
@@ -561,7 +568,8 @@
     .bdrv_lock_medium     = &raw_lock_medium,
     .bdrv_co_ioctl        = &raw_co_ioctl,
     .create_opts          = &raw_create_opts,
-    .bdrv_has_zero_init   = &raw_has_zero_init
+    .bdrv_has_zero_init   = &raw_has_zero_init,
+    .strong_runtime_opts  = raw_strong_runtime_opts,
 };
 
 static void bdrv_raw_init(void)
diff --git a/block/rbd.c b/block/rbd.c
index 8a1a9f4..0c549c9 100644
--- a/block/rbd.c
+++ b/block/rbd.c
@@ -1228,6 +1228,18 @@
     }
 };
 
+static const char *const qemu_rbd_strong_runtime_opts[] = {
+    "pool",
+    "image",
+    "conf",
+    "snapshot",
+    "user",
+    "server.",
+    "password-secret",
+
+    NULL
+};
+
 static BlockDriver bdrv_rbd = {
     .format_name            = "rbd",
     .instance_size          = sizeof(BDRVRBDState),
@@ -1265,6 +1277,8 @@
 #ifdef LIBRBD_SUPPORTS_INVALIDATE
     .bdrv_co_invalidate_cache = qemu_rbd_co_invalidate_cache,
 #endif
+
+    .strong_runtime_opts    = qemu_rbd_strong_runtime_opts,
 };
 
 static void bdrv_rbd_init(void)
diff --git a/block/replication.c b/block/replication.c
index 9b33200..4c80b54 100644
--- a/block/replication.c
+++ b/block/replication.c
@@ -676,6 +676,13 @@
     aio_context_release(aio_context);
 }
 
+static const char *const replication_strong_runtime_opts[] = {
+    REPLICATION_MODE,
+    REPLICATION_TOP_ID,
+
+    NULL
+};
+
 BlockDriver bdrv_replication = {
     .format_name                = "replication",
     .instance_size              = sizeof(BDRVReplicationState),
@@ -692,6 +699,7 @@
     .bdrv_recurse_is_first_non_filter = replication_recurse_is_first_non_filter,
 
     .has_variable_length        = true,
+    .strong_runtime_opts        = replication_strong_runtime_opts,
 };
 
 static void bdrv_replication_init(void)
diff --git a/block/sheepdog.c b/block/sheepdog.c
index b916ba0..cbdfe9a 100644
--- a/block/sheepdog.c
+++ b/block/sheepdog.c
@@ -3203,6 +3203,15 @@
     }
 };
 
+static const char *const sd_strong_runtime_opts[] = {
+    "vdi",
+    "snap-id",
+    "tag",
+    "server.",
+
+    NULL
+};
+
 static BlockDriver bdrv_sheepdog = {
     .format_name                  = "sheepdog",
     .protocol_name                = "sheepdog",
@@ -3238,6 +3247,7 @@
     .bdrv_attach_aio_context      = sd_attach_aio_context,
 
     .create_opts                  = &sd_create_opts,
+    .strong_runtime_opts          = sd_strong_runtime_opts,
 };
 
 static BlockDriver bdrv_sheepdog_tcp = {
@@ -3275,6 +3285,7 @@
     .bdrv_attach_aio_context      = sd_attach_aio_context,
 
     .create_opts                  = &sd_create_opts,
+    .strong_runtime_opts          = sd_strong_runtime_opts,
 };
 
 static BlockDriver bdrv_sheepdog_unix = {
@@ -3312,6 +3323,7 @@
     .bdrv_attach_aio_context      = sd_attach_aio_context,
 
     .create_opts                  = &sd_create_opts,
+    .strong_runtime_opts          = sd_strong_runtime_opts,
 };
 
 static void bdrv_sheepdog_init(void)
diff --git a/block/ssh.c b/block/ssh.c
index bbc513e..190ef95 100644
--- a/block/ssh.c
+++ b/block/ssh.c
@@ -1254,6 +1254,17 @@
     return ssh_grow_file(s, offset, errp);
 }
 
+static const char *const ssh_strong_runtime_opts[] = {
+    "host",
+    "port",
+    "path",
+    "user",
+    "host_key_check",
+    "server.",
+
+    NULL
+};
+
 static BlockDriver bdrv_ssh = {
     .format_name                  = "ssh",
     .protocol_name                = "ssh",
@@ -1270,6 +1281,7 @@
     .bdrv_co_truncate             = ssh_co_truncate,
     .bdrv_co_flush_to_disk        = ssh_co_flush,
     .create_opts                  = &ssh_create_opts,
+    .strong_runtime_opts          = ssh_strong_runtime_opts,
 };
 
 static void bdrv_ssh_init(void)
diff --git a/block/throttle.c b/block/throttle.c
index 636c976..f64dcc2 100644
--- a/block/throttle.c
+++ b/block/throttle.c
@@ -227,6 +227,12 @@
     atomic_dec(&tgm->io_limits_disabled);
 }
 
+static const char *const throttle_strong_runtime_opts[] = {
+    QEMU_OPT_THROTTLE_GROUP_NAME,
+
+    NULL
+};
+
 static BlockDriver bdrv_throttle = {
     .format_name                        =   "throttle",
     .instance_size                      =   sizeof(ThrottleGroupMember),
@@ -259,6 +265,7 @@
     .bdrv_co_drain_end                  =   throttle_co_drain_end,
 
     .is_filter                          =   true,
+    .strong_runtime_opts                =   throttle_strong_runtime_opts,
 };
 
 static void bdrv_throttle_init(void)
diff --git a/block/vpc.c b/block/vpc.c
index 52ab717..a902a4c 100644
--- a/block/vpc.c
+++ b/block/vpc.c
@@ -1218,6 +1218,12 @@
     }
 };
 
+static const char *const vpc_strong_runtime_opts[] = {
+    VPC_OPT_SIZE_CALC,
+
+    NULL
+};
+
 static BlockDriver bdrv_vpc = {
     .format_name    = "vpc",
     .instance_size  = sizeof(BDRVVPCState),
@@ -1238,6 +1244,7 @@
 
     .create_opts            = &vpc_create_opts,
     .bdrv_has_zero_init     = vpc_has_zero_init,
+    .strong_runtime_opts    = vpc_strong_runtime_opts,
 };
 
 static void bdrv_vpc_init(void)
diff --git a/block/vvfat.c b/block/vvfat.c
index b7b61ea..5f66787 100644
--- a/block/vvfat.c
+++ b/block/vvfat.c
@@ -3253,6 +3253,16 @@
     }
 }
 
+static const char *const vvfat_strong_runtime_opts[] = {
+    "dir",
+    "fat-type",
+    "floppy",
+    "label",
+    "rw",
+
+    NULL
+};
+
 static BlockDriver bdrv_vvfat = {
     .format_name            = "vvfat",
     .protocol_name          = "fat",
@@ -3267,6 +3277,8 @@
     .bdrv_co_preadv         = vvfat_co_preadv,
     .bdrv_co_pwritev        = vvfat_co_pwritev,
     .bdrv_co_block_status   = vvfat_co_block_status,
+
+    .strong_runtime_opts    = vvfat_strong_runtime_opts,
 };
 
 static void bdrv_vvfat_init(void)
diff --git a/block/vxhs.c b/block/vxhs.c
index 0cb0a00..2e18229 100644
--- a/block/vxhs.c
+++ b/block/vxhs.c
@@ -556,6 +556,16 @@
     return vdisk_size;
 }
 
+static const char *const vxhs_strong_runtime_opts[] = {
+    VXHS_OPT_VDISK_ID,
+    "tls-creds",
+    VXHS_OPT_HOST,
+    VXHS_OPT_PORT,
+    VXHS_OPT_SERVER".",
+
+    NULL
+};
+
 static BlockDriver bdrv_vxhs = {
     .format_name                  = "vxhs",
     .protocol_name                = "vxhs",
@@ -567,6 +577,7 @@
     .bdrv_getlength               = vxhs_getlength,
     .bdrv_aio_preadv              = vxhs_aio_preadv,
     .bdrv_aio_pwritev             = vxhs_aio_pwritev,
+    .strong_runtime_opts          = vxhs_strong_runtime_opts,
 };
 
 static void bdrv_vxhs_init(void)
diff --git a/include/block/block_int.h b/include/block/block_int.h
index e4d4817..160e8ca 100644
--- a/include/block/block_int.h
+++ b/include/block/block_int.h
@@ -517,6 +517,13 @@
     void (*bdrv_register_buf)(BlockDriverState *bs, void *host, size_t size);
     void (*bdrv_unregister_buf)(BlockDriverState *bs, void *host);
     QLIST_ENTRY(BlockDriver) list;
+
+    /* Pointer to a NULL-terminated array of names of strong options
+     * that can be specified for bdrv_open(). A strong option is one
+     * that changes the data of a BDS.
+     * If this pointer is NULL, the array is considered empty.
+     * "filename" and "driver" are always considered strong. */
+    const char *const *strong_runtime_opts;
 };
 
 typedef struct BlockLimits {