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<H1>Berkeley TestFloat Release 3: Source Documentation</H1>

<P>
John R. Hauser<BR>
2014 _____<BR>
</P>

<P>
*** CONTENT DONE.
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*** REPLACE QUOTATION MARKS.
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<H2>Contents</H2>

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*** CHECK.<BR>
*** FIX FORMATTING.
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<BLOCKQUOTE>
1. Introduction<BR>
2. Limitations<BR>
3. Acknowledgments and License<BR>
4. TestFloat Package Directory Structure<BR>
5. Dependence on Berkeley SoftFloat<BR>
6. Issues for Porting TestFloat to a New Target<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6.1. Standard Headers <CODE>&lt;stdbool.h&gt;</CODE> and <CODE>&lt;stdint.h&gt;</CODE><BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6.2. Standard Header <CODE>&lt;fenv.h&gt;</CODE><BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6.3. Macros for Build Options<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6.4. Specializing the <CODE>testfloat</CODE> Program<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6.5. Improving the Random Number Functions<BR>
7. Contact Information<BR>
</BLOCKQUOTE>


<H2>1. Introduction</H2>

<P>
This document gives information needed for compiling and/or porting Berkeley
TestFloat, a small collection of programs for testing that an implementation of
binary floating-point conforms to the IEEE Standard for Floating-Point
Arithmetic.
For basic documentation about TestFloat refer to
<A HREF="TestFloat-general.html"><CODE>TestFloat-general.html</CODE></A>.
</P>

<P>
The source code for TestFloat is intended to be relatively machine-independent.
Most programs in the TestFloat package should be compilable with any
ISO-standard C compiler that also supports <NOBR>64-bit</NOBR> integers.
If the all-in-one <CODE>testfloat</CODE> program will be used to test a new
floating-point implementation, additional effort will likely be required to
retarget that program to invoke the new floating-point operations.
TestFloat has been successfully compiled with the GNU C Compiler
(<CODE>gcc</CODE>) for several platforms.
</P>

<P>
<NOBR>Release 3</NOBR> of TestFloat is a complete rewrite relative to
<NOBR>Release 2</NOBR> or earlier.
</P>

<P>
TestFloat depends on Berkeley SoftFloat, which is a software implementation of
binary floating-point that conforms to the IEEE Standard for Floating-Point
Arithmetic.
SoftFloat is not included with the TestFloat sources.
It can be obtained from the Web page
<A HREF="http://www.jhauser.us/arithmetic/SoftFloat.html"><CODE>http://www.jhauser.us/arithmetic/SoftFloat.html</CODE></A>.
</P>


<H2>2. Limitations</H2>

<P>
TestFloat assumes the computer has an addressable byte size of either 8 or
<NOBR>16 bits</NOBR>.
(Nearly all computers in use today have <NOBR>8-bit</NOBR> bytes.)
</P>

<P>
TestFloat is written entirely <NOBR>in C</NOBR>.
The C compiler used must conform at a minimum to the 1989 ANSI standard for the
C language (same as the 1990 ISO standard) and must in addition support basic
arithmetic on <NOBR>64-bit</NOBR> integers.
Earlier releases of TestFloat were capable of testing <NOBR>32-bit</NOBR>
single-precision and <NOBR>64-bit</NOBR> double-precision floating-point
without requiring compiler support for <NOBR>64-bit</NOBR> integers, but this
option is not supported with <NOBR>Release 3</NOBR>.
Since 1999, ISO standards for C have mandated compiler support for
<NOBR>64-bit</NOBR> integers.
A compiler conforming to the 1999 C Standard or later is recommended but not
strictly required.
</P>

<P>
<NOBR>C Standard</NOBR> header files <CODE>&lt;stdbool.h&gt;</CODE> and
<CODE>&lt;stdint.h&gt;</CODE> are required for defining standard Boolean and
integer types.
If these headers are not supplied with the C compiler, minimal substitutes must
be provided.
TestFloat's dependence on these headers is detailed later in
<NOBR>section 6.1</NOBR>, <I>Standard Headers <CODE>&lt;stdbool.h&gt;</CODE>
and <CODE>&lt;stdint.h&gt;</CODE></I>.
</P>


<H2>3. Acknowledgments and License</H2>

<P>
The TestFloat package was written by me, <NOBR>John R.</NOBR> Hauser.
<NOBR>Release 3</NOBR> of TestFloat is a completely new implementation
supplanting earlier releases.
This project was done in the employ of the University of California, Berkeley,
within the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, first
for the Parallel Computing Laboratory (Par Lab) and then for the ASPIRE Lab.
The work was officially overseen by Prof. Krste Asanovic, with funding provided
by these sources:
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<TABLE>
<TR>
<TD><NOBR>Par Lab:</NOBR></TD>
<TD>
Microsoft (Award #024263), Intel (Award #024894), and U.C. Discovery
(Award #DIG07-10227), with additional support from Par Lab affiliates Nokia,
NVIDIA, Oracle, and Samsung.
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><NOBR>ASPIRE Lab:</NOBR></TD>
<TD>
DARPA PERFECT program (Award #HR0011-12-2-0016), with additional support from
ASPIRE industrial sponsor Intel and ASPIRE affiliates Google, Nokia, NVIDIA,
Oracle, and Samsung.
</TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
</P>

<P>
The following applies to the whole of TestFloat <NOBR>Release 3</NOBR> as well
as to each source file individually.
</P>

<P>
Copyright 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 The Regents of the University of California
(Regents).
All Rights Reserved.
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
</P>

<P>
Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
list of conditions, and the following two paragraphs of disclaimer.
Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this
list of conditions, and the following two paragraphs of disclaimer in the
documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
Neither the name of the Regents nor the names of its contributors may be used
to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific
prior written permission.
</P>

<P>
IN NO EVENT SHALL REGENTS BE LIABLE TO ANY PARTY FOR DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL,
INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, INCLUDING LOST PROFITS, ARISING OUT OF
THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE AND ITS DOCUMENTATION, EVEN IF REGENTS HAS BEEN
ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
</P>

<P>
REGENTS SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMS ANY WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
THE SOFTWARE AND ACCOMPANYING DOCUMENTATION, IF ANY, PROVIDED HEREUNDER IS
PROVIDED "<NOBR>AS IS</NOBR>".
REGENTS HAS NO OBLIGATION TO PROVIDE MAINTENANCE, SUPPORT, UPDATES,
ENHANCEMENTS, OR MODIFICATIONS.
</P>


<H2>4. TestFloat Package Directory Structure</H2>

<P>
Because TestFloat is targeted to multiple platforms, its source code is
slightly scattered between target-specific and target-independent directories
and files.
The supplied directory structure is as follows:
<PRE>
     doc
     source
         subj-C
     build
         template
         Win32-MinGW
         Linux-386-GCC
</PRE>
The majority of the TestFloat sources are provided in the <CODE>source</CODE>
directory.
The <NOBR><CODE>subj-C</CODE></NOBR> subdirectory contains the sources that
configure the all-in-one <CODE>testfloat</CODE> program to test the C
compiler's implementation of the standard C types <CODE>float</CODE>,
<CODE>double</CODE>, and possibly <CODE>long</CODE> <CODE>double</CODE>.
The `<CODE>subj</CODE>' in <NOBR><CODE>subj-C</CODE></NOBR> is an abbreviation
of <I>subject</I>, referring to the floating-point that is the subject of the
test.
If <CODE>testfloat</CODE> is retargeted to test other floating-point
implementations, the corresponding source files would be expected to be in
other subdirectories alongside <NOBR><CODE>subj-C</CODE></NOBR>, with names of
the form <NOBR><CODE>subj-&lt;target&gt;</CODE></NOBR>.
More about retargeting <CODE>testfloat</CODE> is found in
<NOBR>section 6.4</NOBR>, <I>Specializing the <CODE>testfloat</CODE>
Program</I>.
</P>

<P>
The <CODE>build</CODE> directory is intended to contain a subdirectory for each
target platform for which builds of the TestFloat programs may be created.
For each build target, the target's subdirectory is where all derived object
files and the completed TestFloat executables are created.
The <CODE>template</CODE> subdirectory is not an actual build target but
contains sample files for creating new target directories.
</P>

<P>
Ignoring the <CODE>template</CODE> directory, the supplied target directories
are intended to follow a naming system of
<NOBR><CODE>&lt;execution-environment&gt;-&lt;compiler&gt;</CODE></NOBR>.
For the example targets,
<NOBR><CODE>&lt;execution-environment&gt;</CODE></NOBR> is <CODE>Win32</CODE>
and <CODE>Linux-386</CODE>, and <NOBR><CODE>&lt;compiler&gt;</CODE></NOBR> is
<CODE>MinGW</CODE> and <CODE>GCC</CODE>, respectively.
</P>

<P>
As supplied, each target directory contains two files:
<PRE>
     Makefile
     platform.h
</PRE>
The provided <CODE>Makefile</CODE> is written for GNU <CODE>make</CODE>.
A build of TestFloat for the specific target is begun by executing the
<CODE>make</CODE> command with the target directory as the current directory.
A completely different build tool can be used if an appropriate
<CODE>Makefile</CODE> equivalent is created.
</P>

<P>
The <CODE>platform.h</CODE> header file exists to provide a location for
additional C declarations specific to the build target.
Every C source file of TestFloat contains a <CODE>#include</CODE> for
<CODE>platform.h</CODE>.
In many cases, the contents of <CODE>platform.h</CODE> can be as simple as one
or two lines of code.
If the target's compiler or library has bugs or other shortcomings, workarounds
for these issues may be possible with target-specific declarations in
<CODE>platform.h</CODE>, without the need to modify the main TestFloat sources.
</P>

<P>
It may not be necessary to build all of the TestFloat programs.
For testing a floating-point implementation, typically
<CODE>testfloat_gen</CODE> and <CODE>testfloat</CODE> will not both be used,
and <CODE>testfloat_ver</CODE> may not be needed either.
The Makefile (or equivalent) can be modified not to create unneeded programs.
This may be especially relevant for the all-in-one test program
<CODE>testfloat</CODE>, which might not build without special attention.
</P>


<H2>5. Dependence on Berkeley SoftFloat</H2>

<P>
In addition to the distributed sources, TestFloat depends on the existence of a
compatible Berkeley SoftFloat library and the corresponding header file
<CODE>softfloat.h</CODE>.
As mentioned earlier, SoftFloat is a separate package available at Web page
<A HREF="http://www.jhauser.us/arithmetic/SoftFloat.html"><CODE>http://www.jhauser.us/arithmetic/SoftFloat.html</CODE></A>.
The SoftFloat library must be compiled before the TestFloat programs can be
built.
In the example Makefiles, the locations of the SoftFloat header files and
pre-compiled library are specified by these macros:
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<DL>
<DT><CODE>SOFTFLOAT_INCLUDE_DIR</CODE>
<DD>
The path of the directory containing <CODE>softfloat.h</CODE>, as well as other
nonstandard header files referenced by <CODE>softfloat.h</CODE>, if any.
<DT><CODE>SOFTFLOAT_H</CODE>
<DD>
A list of the full paths of all SoftFloat header files needed by SoftFloat
clients.  This list must include <CODE>softfloat.h</CODE> and may also include
other header files referenced by <CODE>softfloat.h</CODE>, such as
<CODE>softfloat_types.h</CODE>.
This macro is used only to establish build dependencies between the SoftFloat
header files and TestFloat's source files, in case the SoftFloat header files
are changed.
<DT><CODE>SOFTFLOAT_LIB</CODE>
<DD>
The full path of the compiled SoftFloat library (usually
<CODE>softfloat.a</CODE>).
</DL>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
</P>


<H2>6. Issues for Porting TestFloat to a New Target</H2>

<H3>6.1. Standard Headers <CODE>&lt;stdbool.h&gt;</CODE> and <CODE>&lt;stdint.h&gt;</CODE></H3>

<P>
The TestFloat sources make use of standard headers
<CODE>&lt;stdbool.h&gt;</CODE> and <CODE>&lt;stdint.h&gt;</CODE>, which have
been part of the ISO C Standard Library since 1999.
With any recent compiler, these standard headers are likely to be supported,
even if the compiler does not claim complete conformance to the latest ISO C
Standard.
For older or nonstandard compilers, substitutes for
<CODE>&lt;stdbool.h&gt;</CODE> and <CODE>&lt;stdint.h&gt;</CODE> may need to be
created.
TestFloat depends on these names from <CODE>&lt;stdbool.h&gt;</CODE>:
<PRE>
     bool
     true
     false
</PRE>
and on these names from <CODE>&lt;stdint.h&gt;</CODE>:
<PRE>
     uint16_t
     uint32_t
     uint64_t
     int32_t
     int64_t
     UINT64_C
     INT64_C
     uint_least8_t
     uint_fast8_t
     uint_fast16_t
     uint_fast32_t
     uint_fast64_t
     int_fast16_t
     int_fast32_t
     int_fast64_t
</PRE>
</P>


<H3>6.2. Standard Header <CODE>&lt;fenv.h&gt;</CODE></H3>

<P>
Because the supplied all-in-one <CODE>testfloat</CODE> program tests the
floating-point operations of the C language, it uses the facilities provided by
standard C header <CODE>&lt;fenv.h&gt;</CODE> to access the floating-point
environment of C, in particular to set the rounding mode and to access the
floating-point exception flags.
Like <CODE>&lt;stdbool.h&gt;</CODE> and <CODE>&lt;stdint.h&gt;</CODE>,
<CODE>&lt;fenv.h&gt;</CODE> has been part of the ISO C Standard Library since
1999, but older or nonstandard C compilers may not support it.
</P>

<P>
Some form of standard header <CODE>&lt;fenv.h&gt;</CODE> is needed only if the
<CODE>testfloat</CODE> program is wanted <EM>and</EM> the program will not be
retargeted to invoke a floating-point implementation in a way that bypasses the
standard C environment.
Typically, if <CODE>testfloat</CODE> is wanted, it will be retargeted to invoke
a new floating-point implementation directly, making
<CODE>&lt;fenv.h&gt;</CODE> irrelevant.
For more about retargeting <CODE>testfloat</CODE>, see <NOBR>section 6.4</NOBR>
below, <I>Specializing the <CODE>testfloat</CODE> Program</I>.
</P>


<H3>6.3. Macros for Build Options</H3>

<P>
The TestFloat source files are affected by a few C preprocessor macros:
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<DL>
<DT><CODE>LITTLEENDIAN</CODE>
<DD>
Must be defined for little-endian machines;
must not be defined for big-endian machines.
<DT><CODE>EXTFLOAT80</CODE>
<DD>
Must be defined if the TestFloat programs are to support the
<NOBR>80-bit</NOBR> double-extended-precision floating-point format.
<DT><CODE>FLOAT128</CODE>
<DD>
Must be defined if the TestFloat programs are to support the
<NOBR>128-bit</NOBR> quadruple-precision floating-point format.
</DL>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
Following the usual custom <NOBR>for C</NOBR>, the content of a macro's
definition is irrelevant;
what matters is a macro's effect on <CODE>#ifdef</CODE> directives.
</P>

<P>
It is recommended that any definition of macro <CODE>LITTLEENDIAN</CODE> be
made in a build target's <CODE>platform.h</CODE> header file, because
endianness is expected to be determined inflexibly by the target machine.
On the other hand, the <CODE>EXTFLOAT80</CODE> and <CODE>FLOAT128</CODE> macros
are not dictated by the target and hence might be better located in the
target's Makefile (or its equivalent).
</P>


<H3>6.4. Specializing the <CODE>testfloat</CODE> Program</H3>

<P>
The supplied sources for the all-in-one <CODE>testfloat</CODE> program cause
<CODE>testfloat</CODE> to test the C compiler's <CODE>float</CODE> and
<CODE>double</CODE> types for C operations <CODE>+</CODE>, <CODE>-</CODE>,
<CODE>*</CODE>, <CODE>/</CODE>, etc.
The supplied version is also capable of testing C type <CODE>long</CODE>
<CODE>double</CODE> if the sources are compiled with one of these macros
defined:
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<DL>
<DT><CODE>LONG_DOUBLE_IS_EXTFLOAT80</CODE>
<DD>
Indicates that type <CODE>long</CODE> <CODE>double</CODE> is
<NOBR>80-bit</NOBR> double-extended-precision floating-point.
<DT><CODE>LONG_DOUBLE_IS_FLOAT128</CODE>
<DD>
Indicates that type <CODE>long</CODE> <CODE>double</CODE> is
<NOBR>128-bit</NOBR> quadruple-precision floating-point.
</DL>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
By default, <CODE>testfloat</CODE> assumes that only the IEEE Standard's
original four rounding modes (<CODE>near_even</CODE>, <CODE>minMag</CODE>,
<CODE>min</CODE>, and <CODE>max</CODE>) are supported by the floating-point
being tested.
If the fifth rounding mode, <CODE>near_maxMag</CODE>, is also supported, an
additional macro can be defined:
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<DL>
<DT><CODE>SUBJFLOAT_ROUND_NEAR_MAXMAG</CODE>
<DD>
Indicates that the subject floating-point supports rounding mode
<CODE>near_maxMag</CODE> (nearest/away).
</DL>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
</P>

<P>
To test a new and/or different implementation of floating-point,
<CODE>testfloat</CODE> must normally be retargeted to invoke this other
floating-point instead of C's floating-point.
Two source files define the functions that <CODE>testfloat</CODE> uses to
invoke floating-point operations for testing:
<PRE>
     subjfloat_config.h
     subjfloat.c
</PRE>
For the default target of testing C's floating-point, these files are contained
in directory <NOBR><CODE>source/subj-C</CODE></NOBR> as discussed earlier.
For a different subject floating-point, it is recommended that appropriate
versions of <CODE>subjfloat_config.h</CODE> and <CODE>subjfloat.c</CODE> be
stored in a sibling <NOBR><CODE>subj-&lt;target&gt;</CODE></NOBR> directory,
where <CODE>&lt;target&gt;</CODE> names the particular target.
</P>

<P>
Header file <CODE>subjfloat_config.h</CODE> defines a macro of the form
<CODE>SUBJ_*</CODE> for each subject function supported.
For example, if function <CODE>subj_f32_add</CODE> exists to perform
<NOBR>32-bit</NOBR> floating-point addition, then
<CODE>subjfloat_config.h</CODE> should have a definition for macro
<CODE>SUBJ_F32_ADD</CODE>.
The actual function <CODE>subj_f32_add</CODE> is expected to be defined in
<CODE>subjfloat.c</CODE>, along with all other subject functions.
A common header file, <CODE>subjfloat.h</CODE>, (not target-specific) provides
prototype declarations for all possible subject functions that
<CODE>testfloat</CODE> may be compiled to test, whether actually existing or
not.
(There is no penalty for the header to declare prototypes of nonexistent
functions that are never called.)
For a specific build of <CODE>testfloat</CODE>, the <CODE>-list</CODE> option
will list all subject functions that the <CODE>testfloat</CODE> program is able
to invoke and thus test.
</P>

<P>
In the source code as supplied, macros <CODE>LONG_DOUBLE_IS_EXTFLOAT80</CODE>
and <CODE>LONG_DOUBLE_IS_FLOAT128</CODE> affect only the target-specific source
files in <NOBR><CODE>source/subj-C</CODE></NOBR>, so these macros can be
ignored for any other subject floating-point that does not depend on them.
On the other hand, macro <CODE>SUBJFLOAT_ROUND_NEAR_MAXMAG</CODE> always
determines whether the <CODE>testfloat</CODE> program attempts to test rounding
mode <CODE>near_maxMag</CODE>, regardless of the subject floating-point.
</P>


<H3>6.5. Improving the Random Number Functions</H3>

<P>
If you are serious about using TestFloat for testing floating-point, you should
consider replacing the random number functions in <CODE>random.c</CODE>.
The supplied random number functions are built on top of the standard C
<CODE>rand</CODE> function.
Because function <CODE>rand</CODE> is rather poor on some systems, the
functions in <CODE>random.c</CODE> assume very little about the quality of
<CODE>rand</CODE>.
As a result, <CODE>rand</CODE> is called more frequently than it might need to
be, shortening the time before random number sequences repeat, and possibly
wasting time as well.
If <CODE>rand</CODE> is better on a given target platform, or if another,
better random number generator is available (such as <CODE>rand48</CODE> on
most UNIX-derived systems), TestFloat can be improved by overriding the given
<CODE>random.c</CODE> with a target-specific one.
</P>

<P>
Rather than modifying the supplied file <CODE>random.c</CODE>, it is
recommended instead that a new, alternate file be created and the target's
Makefile be modified to refer to that alternate file in place of
<CODE>random.c</CODE>.
</P>


<H2>7. Contact Information</H2>

<P>
At the time of this writing, the most up-to-date information about TestFloat
and the latest release can be found at the Web page
<A HREF="http://www.jhauser.us/arithmetic/TestFloat.html"><CODE>http://www.jhauser.us/arithmetic/TestFloat.html</CODE></A>.
</P>


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